基于电池储能和Crowbar的风力发电机低电压穿越控制的研究

文章提出一种基于电池储能和Crowbar协调控制提高DFIG的LVRT能力的策略。在系统电压小幅跌落时,电池储能系统,通过PQ解耦PI控制,适当调节交流侧输出电压幅值和相位,以提供满足系统电压稳定的无功功率;当系统电压大幅跌落时,电池储能协同Crowbar电路的投切控制,及时卸荷多余能量并保护变流器,保证DFIG在故障期间不脱网运行。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台对本文提出的控制策略进行仿真,结果表明本文的控制策略能在系统电压在大幅深度跌落情况下,使DFIG具备LVRT能力。     

应用撬棒电路的双馈型风力发电机低电压穿越分析

风电场规模已经变得越来越大,风电机组的解列会严重影响系统的稳定性,这就要求风电机组具有低电压穿越能力以应对电网电压跌落。由于DFIG的定子侧直接与电网相联,在电网电压突然跌落时,定转子中会出现很大的电压和电流,需采用Crowbar电路（撬棒电路）来旁路转子侧变流器。文中分析了Crowbar电路的控制原理,然后在理论分析的基础上进行了仿真,仿真结果验证了Crowbar电路能够帮助DFIG在故障期间实现低电压穿越,最后进一步分析了Crowbar电路投切时间的选取。     

双馈异步风电机组机侧转速控制器的设计与仿真研究

双馈异步风力发电机组(DFIG)机侧(即转子侧)变流器作为其电控系统的核心控制部件,主要负责双馈感应电机的转速控制和发电机无功调节任务,但由于其具有非线性、强耦合等复杂特性,导致变流器的控制器设计十分困难。针对上述情况,提供一种DFIG转子侧变流器控制策略设计方法和控制参数优化方法,可通过调节转子侧电流大小实现双馈感应电机转速、无功的无静差调节;并以1.5 MW DFIG实际参数为模型,利用Simulink仿真软件对该控制策略进行仿真验证。研究结果表明：利用PI控制器可实现DFIG转速-转矩控制,发电机转子侧电流理论上可实现无静差跟踪。     

双馈感应式风力发电系统低电压运行特性研究

双馈感应发电机（DFIG）具有有功、无功功率独立调节能力及励磁变频器所需容量小等优点,在风力发电系统中得到越来越广泛的应用。但正是励磁变频器的过流能力限制使得其对电网故障非常敏感,电网故障下DFIG风电机组的控制能力受到限制。当前国外大多数风电并网标准都要求风力发电机在电网电压跌落的情况下不能从电网中解列,以便在故障后电网恢复过程中提供功率支持,避免发生后续更为严重的电网故障,这即是对风电机组低电压穿越能力的要求。为了保护变流器和对电网提供支撑,需要研制一种能够在电网故障发生时为故障电流进行旁路的设备——Crowbar电路。针对Crowbar的电流旁路装置进行了研究,说明Crowbar电路具有抑制转子浪涌电流和保护直流母线的作用,并在小功率平台上进行了试验,证明了这种设备对于提高DFIG系统的LVRT能力具有重要的作用。     

基于Crowbar与动态电压恢复器提高风力机低电压穿越

针对双馈式风电机组,文章提出了Crowbar与动态电压恢复器组合电路实现DFIG低电压穿越。在电网故障时,通过采用DVR的完全补偿法控制策略来补偿电网故障电压,从而使风电机组定子端电压保持恒定;并且Crowbar在电网故障比较严重时投入与DVR同时作用,Crowbar以限制双馈电机转子侧的过电流。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC中构建仿真模型,仿真结果表明,在电网故障时,投入DVR与Crowbar电路,可将电网电压恢复到额定值,并及时有效地抑制了转子侧的过电流,进而提高了风电机组的低电压穿越能力。     

一种抑制双馈风机故障电流频率偏移的有效方法

随着风机装机容量的增加,双馈感应风机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)的故障特性对继电保护的影响越来越大,其不同的Crowbar控制策略会导致不同的故障特性。在深入分析DFIG暂态电流特征和Crowbar作用后转子短路电流变化的基础上,结合其定、转子电流的对应关系,提出一种优化的Crowbar控制策略。电网故障期间内Crowbar电路分时段投切,既能满足DFIG的低电压穿越要求,又能改善其故障电流频率偏移的程度。有效地减少了电流差动保护、距离保护及方向元件、选相元件的错误动作,在根源处减轻基于工频量的傅氏算法出现偏差对继电保护造成的影响。最后利用RTDS平台,以内蒙古某风场为依托,验证所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

基于VSC-HVDC风电并网系统风电场侧故障下系统低电压穿越能力研究

针对经柔性直流输电(VSC-HVDC)并网的风电场,风电场侧故障易造成风机脱网的问题,提出了一种新型无功控制策略。该策略能充分利用故障两侧的无功源,即双馈风力发电机(DFIG)与VSC-HVDC风电场侧变流器(WFSVSC)来提供无功支持,实现低电压穿越。采用DIgSILENT软件进行仿真,仿真结果表明该控制策略能有效减小故障恢复期间的电压波动,缩短故障恢复时间,具有更好的低电压穿越能力。     

基于安全电压的双馈风电机组高电压穿越判别方法

基于双馈风电机组的动态无功支持能力,在电网电压骤升时协调控制网侧变流器和发电机定子输出的无功功率,维持直流侧母线电压的安全稳定运行。根据DFIG直流侧电容的高电压穿越安全要求,定义了电网电压骤升时双馈风力发电机组接入电压的安全电压。然后基于安全电压给出了DFIG在电网电压骤升时能否实现高电压穿越的判断依据,并给出了其高电压穿越时的无功协调输出策略。仿真结果验证了所提的方法。     

一种新型的风电场低电压穿越时撬棒电路设计与阻值选定

针对传统撬棒电路（Crowbar）在风电场低电压穿越时给电网带来无功负担问题,提出了一种新型的Crowbar保护电路,介绍了新型Crowbar的设计与阻值选定,并在PSCAD环境下搭建双馈式感应发电机（DFIG）模型,分析比较了无Crowbar保护电路、带有传统Crowbar保护电路和新型Crowbar保护电路时DFIG在电网电压跌落情况下的动态特性。结果表明,新型的Crowbar在有效保护风电场的同时减少了电网的无功负担,有效地弥补了传统Crowbar带来的电网无功负担。     

考虑低电压穿越影响的双馈感应 发电机谐波电流特性

双馈感应发电机（DFIG）作为当前应用最广泛的风力发电机,其特殊的结构使其故障运行特性十分复杂,尤其在低电压穿越（LVRT）运行状态下,已对电网安全运行和保护控制的顺利实施造成一系列影响。目前对DFIG的短路电流特性已有大量研究,但是针对定转子电流谐波特性的研究还鲜有报道。考虑LVRT的影响,对电网不对称故障情况下DFIG定、转子谐波电流的特性进行研究。从电磁暂态过程的角度详细推导了Crowbar动作后的DFIG定子谐波电流的解析表达式;在Crowbar未动作时,从转子侧变流器影响机理出发,研究了由变流器控制引起的定、转子谐波电流的产生机理。所得结论通过仿真进行了验证     

直驱永磁风力发电系统电网侧变换器的模糊功率控制

针对基于储能的并网永磁直驱风力发电系统的运行特点,提出了一种对电网侧变换器的模糊功率控制策略,当电网发生电压瞬时跌落时使电网侧变换器运行在模糊功率控制模式,依据电网电压跌落深度及风机输出功率大小通过模糊控制器来确定发出无功电流的大小,从而使风电系统能够适度地向电网提供一定的无功功率来支撑电网电压。仿真结果表明,所提出的控制策略正确、有效。     

Co‐ordinated voltage control of DFIG wind turbines in uninterrupted operation during grid faults

Emphasis in this article is on the design of a co‐ordinated voltage control strategy for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines that enhances their capability to provide grid support during grid faults. In contrast to its very good performance in normal operation, the DFIG wind turbine concept is quite sensitive to grid faults and requires special power converter protection. The fault ride‐through and grid support capabilities of the DFIG address therefore primarily the design of DFIG wind turbine control with special focus on power converter protection and voltage control issues. A voltage control strategy is designed and implemented in this article, based on the idea that both converters of the DFIG (i.e. rotor‐side converter and grid‐side converter) participate in the grid voltage control in a co‐ordinated manner. By default the grid voltage is controlled by the rotor‐side converter as long as it is not blocked by the protection system, otherwise the grid‐side converter takes over the voltage control. Moreover, the article presents a DFIG wind farm model equipped with a grid fault protection system and the described co‐ordinated voltage control. The whole DFIG wind farm model is implemented in the power system simulation toolbox PowerFactory DIgSILENT. The DFIG wind farm ride‐through capability and contribution to voltage control in the power system are assessed and discussed by means of simulations with the use of a transmission power system generic model developed and delivered by the Danish Transmission System Operator Energinet.dk. The simulation results show how a DFIG wind farm equipped with voltage control can help a nearby active stall wind farm to ride through a grid fault, without implementation of any additional ride‐through control strategy in the active stall wind farm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.     

基于双环控制的双馈风力发电机组控制策略

在分析了双馈风力发电机组运行特性的基础上,提出一种基于双环控制的变换器控制策略。在转子侧,变换器采用定子磁链定向矢量控制技术,推导出了用转子有功电流和无功电流独立解耦控制有功功率和无功功率的策略,并实现了风能的最大跟踪;在电网侧,变换器采用电网电压定向矢量控制技术,构建了电流内环、电压外环的双闭环PI控制系统。利用PSCAD/EMTDC软件,构建了双馈风力发电机组仿真模型。仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性和合理性     

变阻值Crowbar电路及其在提高双馈式风电机组低电压穿越能力中的应用

双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越能力较差,Crowbar技术是提高双馈风力发电机低电压穿越能力的有效手段。分析了DFIG机端短路时Crowbar阻值对转子电流和暂态过程的影响,指出传统Crowbar电路采用固定的阻值,无法兼顾低电压穿越过程中各阶段对该阻值的不同要求。为此提出了一种变阻值Crowbar的电路,采用这种电路只要控制脉宽就可以改变Crowbar电路的等效电阻,在电网发生地电压故障后,可以根据保护过程不同阶段的特点及时调整Crowbar电路电阻,提高双馈风力发电机的低电压穿越能力。为了验证调整效果对新设计的Crowbar电路的调整效果进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,变阻值Crowbar能够通过控制脉宽实现对Crowbar等效电阻的有效控制。     

A complete modeling and simulation of DFIG based wind turbine system using fuzzy logic control

The current paper talks about the variable speed wind turbine generation system (WTGS). So, the WTGS is equipped with a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) and two bidirectional converters in the rotor open circuit. A vector control (VC) of the rotor side converter (RSC) offers independent regulation of the stator active and reactive power and the optimal rotational speed tracking in the power maximization operating mode. A VC scheme for the grid-side converter (GSC) allows an independent regulation of the active and reactive power to exchange with the grid and sinusoidal supply currents and keeps the DC-link voltage constant. A fuzzy inference system (FIS) is adopted as an alternative of the conventional proportional and integral (PI) controller to reject some uncertainties or disturbance. The performances have been verified using the Matlab/Simulink software.     

DFIG-DVR系统在不平衡电网电压下的运行特性

针对双馈风电机组(DFIG)在电网电压不平衡时,二倍频扰动分量会造成定转子过电流、功率脉动、转矩脉动等一系列电气和机械的问题,提出了新型DFIG-DVR系统,即串联DVR始终维持DFIG定子端电压恒定,从根源上隔离电网不平衡故障的影响,从而在整个故障运行过程中,DFIG仍可以实现转子侧变换器功率解耦控制和网侧变换器维持直流电压恒定的目标。采用PSCAD/EMTDC建立DFIG-DVR系统模型,对比分析了电网电压不平衡时DVR的不投切与投切对DFIG的影响。结果表明,在电网电压不平衡条件下,所提控制方案可以实现DFIG的平衡运行。     

DFIG sliding mode control fed by back-to-back PWM converter with DC-link voltage control for variable speed wind turbine

This paper proposes an indirect power control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with the rotor connected to the electric grid through a back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM) converter for variable speed wind power generation. Appropriate state space model of the DFIG is deduced. An original control strategy based on a variable structure control theory, also called sliding mode control, is applied to achieve the control of the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the DFIG and the grid. A proportional-integral-(PI) controller is used to keep the DC-link voltage constant for a back-to-back PWM converter. Simulations are conducted for validation of the digital controller operation using Matlab/Simulink software.     

Dynamic contribution of variable-speed wind energy conversion system in system frequency regulation

Frequency regulation in a generation mix having large wind power penetration is a critical issue, as wind units isolate from the grid during disturbances with advanced power electronics controllers and reduce equivalent system inertia. Thus, it is important that wind turbines also contribute to system frequency control. This paper examines the dynamic contribution of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine in system frequency regulation. The modified inertial support scheme is proposed which helps the DFIG to provide the short term transient active power support to the grid during transients and arrests the fall in frequency. The frequency deviation is considered by the controller to provide the inertial control. An additional reference power output is used which helps the DFIG to release kinetic energy stored in rotating masses of the turbine. The optimal speed control parameters have been used for the DFIG to increases its participation in frequency control. The simulations carried out in a two-area interconnected power system demonstrate the contribution of the DFIG in load frequency control.