多功能空调热水器系统的改进

为了解决多功能空调夏季单独制热水时,室外风机频繁启停的问题,设计了一种改进的多功能空调热水器。通过改进多功能空调热水器系统的室外风冷换热器,改变了风机的输入电压和转速,调节了风冷换热器的吸热量,使其在不同季节的各种模式下,均能够高效稳定的运行。通过实验找出了压缩机和风机稳定运行的临界输出电压,得到了与节流阀各个开度相对应的系统COP。与未改造前的系统相比,多功能空调热水器系统加入了变压器之后,系统的稳定性增加。在室外环境温度为32℃,节流阀开度为0.4,变压器输出电压为160 V时,可达到夏季单独制热水模式的最佳工况,其COP为4.68。     

以毛细管为节流装置的CO_2小型热泵热水器实验研究

介绍以毛细管为节流装置跨临界CO2热泵热水试验系统。实验研究了不同气冷器进水温度下系统的COP及其变化、气冷器沿管长水温温升梯度变化。分析了不同环境温度下制冷剂充注量对系统高压侧压力的影响。可以得出:以毛细管做节流装置也可以得到较高的COP;气冷器水温在高温CO2进口段温升幅度最大;系统对环境温度的变化很敏感,环境温度较低时要想得到合适的高压侧压力,制冷剂的充注量要比环境温度高时多。     

空气源热泵热水器制冷剂充注量的试验研究

为了研究制冷剂充注量对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响,对一台充注非共沸混合制冷剂的试验机组进行不同充注量的试验,并根据试验数据分析充注量与制热量、耗功、吸排气温度、压缩比和COP的关系。结果表明:制冷剂充注量从1.95 kg增加到2.5 kg时,制热量和耗功分别增加3.41%和3.03%,COP几乎相同;充注量对压缩机的吸、排气温度和压缩比的影响很明显;为了保证机组运行的稳定安全性,最佳充注量应为2.3 kg。     

太阳能复合能源空调热水系统中热泵系统换热性能的试验研究

通过将太阳能热水系统和空调热泵系统结合,设计出太阳能复合能源空调系统.针对该新型系统中的热泵空调热水子系统进行研究,在标准工况下,分别对该系统的3种模式下的换热性能进行试验,数据分析结果表明该系统比传统系统更为高效的,其单独制冷模式下系统最高COP可达5.34,单独热水模式下的静态加热系统COP可达5.78,制冷兼热水模式下系统COP可达4.5.     

热泵型空调器运行特性的实验研究

用空气焓差实验法,在制冷工况下对一台热泵型空调器进行最佳充注量的实验研究,同时,分别在制冷工况和制热工况下测量冷凝器和蒸发器管壁的温度分布。实验结果表明,空调系统中存在一个最佳制冷剂充注量,使得空调系统的制冷量和能效比达到最大值。根据实验结果,分别给出在制冷工况和制热工况下进行冷凝器和蒸发器换热计算时,制冷剂与管壁之间的平均温差。     

带废热回收的家用热泵热水装置实验研究

为回收家庭洗浴废水中的废热,提高能源利用率,本文设计了一种带废热回收的热泵热水装置,并通过搭建实验台研究了该装置制取热水的循环性能。在进水温度为16℃,出水温度为36～46℃时进行实验测试,研究制热量、制热COP、压缩机功率、出水量等参数随出水温度和制冷剂充注量的变化规律。实验结果表明:适当提高制冷剂充注量有利于制热量、制热COP的稳定,在最小的制冷剂充注量为1.4 kg时,获得最大制热量为7.9 k W,制热COP为7.7;在出水温度为36～46℃,随出水温度的升高,压缩机功率增大,出水体积流量下降。该装置能够有效回收废水中的热量,制热量稳定在约7.5 k W,制热COP大于6.0。     

变容量家庭能源中心制冷兼制热水模式性能实验研究

现有的多功能热泵机组的制冷兼制热水模式存在结构复杂、能量控制难以满足需求等问题,为此,提出基于数码涡旋压缩机的变容量家庭能源中心系统,并确定制冷兼制热水模式的机组性能系数计算方法。通过实验对比分析制冷兼制热水模式和单独制冷模式的性能,结果表明:与单独制冷模式相比,制冷兼制热水模式的制冷量有所衰减,但机组的总能量输出和性能系数分别提高了17.3%和36.8%。实验研究制冷兼制热水模式在水箱初始温度、不同压缩机负荷和不同环境温度下的动态特性和性能表现。通过分析该模式在各种工况下的性能变化规律,总结控制策略,可保证该模式的安全高效运行。     

制冷剂充注量及毛细管长度对空气源热泵热水器性能的影响

对一台空气源热泵热水器进行制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度的性能匹配试验。试验结果表明:在试验所取的制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度范围内,随着制冷剂充注量增大,制热量和COP先增大后减小,功耗则不断增大;随着毛细管长度增大,制热量、功耗和COP均是先增大后减小;当系统在最佳匹配时,COP达到4.14 W/W。制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度对制热量的影响相对较大,对功耗的影响相对较小,当制冷剂充注量和毛细管长度发生变化时,在差异程度最大时,制热量的变化率比功耗的变化率分别高183.3%和82.4%;在制冷剂充注量较大时,COP会明显下降。当制冷剂充注量较大时,在运行前期的水温增长速率比制冷剂充注量较小时高,在运行后期(约60 min以后)反而比较低。     

带外经济器的喷射节流制冷装置的研究

由于在传统制冷空调循环中的节流阀造成了大量能量损失,故现在以喷射器代替节流阀,并配合使用外经济器来达到节能效果。通过与不同制冷循环在不同工况下的对比与研究,最终确定带外经济器的喷射节流制冷循环所适合的制冷工况。     

带外经济器的喷射节流制冷装置的研究

在传统制冷空调循环中,节流阀造成了大量能量损失。现在以喷射器代替节流阀,并配合使用外经济器来达到节能效果。通过与不同制冷循环在不同工况下的对比研究,最终确定带外经济器的喷射节流制冷循环所适合的制冷工况。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.