声场高温流化床流化特性

在内径50 mm、高1000 mm的声场高温鼓泡流化床中,研究Geldart A, B两类颗粒的流化特性,考察了床层温度、声波频率及声压级对流化床最小流化速度的影响. 结果表明,引入声场后,颗粒的最小流化速度随温度升高而下降;固定温度及频率,最小流化速度随声压级增大而减小;固定声压级与温度,颗粒最小流化速度随声波频率增大先减小后增大,存在一个最佳频率范围. 对床内压力波动信号进行分析,得出声场影响高温流化床流化质量的判据：当声压大于110 dB、频率在100~200 Hz范围内时压力波动偏差与最小流化速度值最小.     

声场强化微小流化床流动特性研究

在内径4.3mm微小流化床中,考察了声场对FCC及石英砂颗粒流化质量的影响。重点讨论了声压级与频率对微小流化床最小流化速度的影响。结果表明,声场能改善微小流化床流化质量。尤其对于51μm石英砂颗粒,声场可以使其消除沟流,实现稳定流化。声压越大,声场对微小流化床流化质量改善越明显。最小流化速度随声压增高呈单调下降趋势。相同声场条件下,声波对微小流化床最小流化速度数值降低幅度大于大尺度流化床。声场对微小流化床最小流化速度的影响存在最佳频率。但不同颗粒的最佳频率不同。内径4.3mm流化床,51,67,83μm石英砂颗粒与83μmFCC颗粒对应的最佳频率分别为90,90,140和140Hz。在一定的声压与频率下,声场可以降低最小流化速度约9%～21%。对于微小流化床,床径越小,则床层空隙率越大,越有利于实现外场强化,最小流化速度的降低幅度也逐渐增大。     

纳米TiO2颗粒在声场流化床中的流化特性

以原生纳米级TiO2颗粒为物料，在内径为130mm的声场流化床中，考察声压、频率对纳米颗粒的流化特性的影响。结果表明，适当的低频强声波的引入能很好的抑制沟流，消除节涌，大大降低了流化床中纳米颗粒聚团的尺寸，使之在低气速下实现稳定流化，从而显著改善纳米颗粒的流化质量。     

粒径及声场对SiO2超细颗粒流化行为的影响

采用内径为56 mm的玻璃管流化床,考察了平均粒径分别为5~10 nm(1#), 0.5 mm(2#)及10 mm(3#)的SiO2超细颗粒在无声场及声场存在下的流化行为. 无声场时,1#和2#颗粒可在较高的气速下形成稳定聚团,单位质量颗粒团间作用力与原生颗粒相比显著下降,因而可实现稳定的聚团流化,3#颗粒因颗粒间粘性力较大,无法实现稳定流化. 40~60 Hz的声场对3种超细颗粒的流化行为均可起到一定的改善作用,在此频率范围外,声场的作用不明显. 提高声压级,可以使1#和2#颗粒团发生一定程度的破碎,聚团尺寸减小,最小流化速度降低. 在实验范围内,添加声场无法使3#颗粒实现稳定流化.     

超细颗粒在声场流化床中的流化特性

在内径为130mm的声场流化床中,以原生纳米级SiO2超细颗粒为物料,在声压水平为0～140dB、声波频率为0～500Hz范围内系统地考察了声波对超细颗粒流化特性的影响。结果表明：当声波频率为100～150Hz、声压大于130dB时,声波可以有效地消除节涌、抑制沟流、降低临界流化速度,显著地改善纳米SiO2颗粒的流化质量。在频率一定的情况下,声压越高,超细颗粒的临界流化速度越低,流化质量越好。当频率低于100Hz或高于150Hz时,随着频率的进一步降低或增加,超细颗粒的临界流化速度都增大,甚至又出现节涌和沟流。声波的效果减弱甚至消失。     

声场流化床A类颗粒浓度分布研究

在内径140 mm,高1 600 mm的鼓泡流化床中,以流化催化裂化(FCC)颗粒为流化介质,采用光导纤维探针测定不同轴/径向位置的颗粒浓度分布.考察了操作气速和外加声场对密相区颗粒浓度的影响.结果表明,鼓泡床密相区颗粒浓度沿轴向逐渐减小,沿径向呈抛物线分布.声场的引入可以降低颗粒起始流化速度:声压级越大,起始流化速度越小:固定声压频率在150 Hz时颗粒起始流化速度最小.1随着声压强度的增大,床层中心区和上部密相区颗粒浓度增大.固定声压级,频率在100～400 Hz颗粒浓度较大,频率低于100 Hz或高于400 Hz时,声波的作用效果减弱.     

导向管喷动床内单相流场及声波对流场影响的数值模拟

为阐明超细粉在声场导向管喷动流化床内的流化机理,并为进一步优化和完善床层结构及操作条件提供基础,采用标准k-ε湍流模型计算了导向管喷动流化床内的单相气体流场,考察了进口流化气速和射流气速对气体流动规律的影响,以及声场对导向管喷动流化床内气体轴向速度分布及其脉动均方根的影响。结果表明:在高速射流条件下,导向管喷动流化床内气体呈内循环流动,气体循环流量随流化气速度的增加而减小,但随射流气速度的增加而增加;外加声场使环隙区和喷泉区的气体流动更加均匀,显著增加环隙区和喷泉区气流的湍动程度,且湍动程度随声压级的增大而显著增大,随声波频率的升高而小幅度降低。     

双组分颗粒声场流态化的实验研究

在内径为56 mm的玻璃声场流化床中,以5~10 nm未改性和有机改性的SiO2为实验物料主体颗粒,Fe3O4(粒径小于0.053 mm)为客体颗粒,在声压级为90~105 dB时系统考察了声场频率、声场强度和主客体颗粒不同配比关系对超细颗粒流化行为和聚团尺寸的影响。结果表明,当声场频率处于50 Hz,声压级大于100 dB时,声波可以有效地消除节涌、抑制沟流、降低临界流化速度,减小聚团尺寸,显著改善超细颗粒的流化质量。声场频率一定,声场强度越大,颗粒团聚体的直径越小。客体颗粒的添加比例存在一适宜范围。     

大颗粒流态化特性的实验研究

通过对大颗粒流化曲线及床层高度的测试对大颗粒流化床的流化过程进行了研究。结果显示,大颗粒的流态化过程是一个渐进的过程,整个流化过程可以分为:床层高度恒定、颗粒位置调整、表面颗粒运动、节涌波动和完全流化5个阶段。由于颗粒自身特性的影响,导致大颗粒流化过程中的各个特征速度(如起始鼓泡流化速度和完全流化速度)产生了有别于小颗粒流化床的特性。     

PVC类废塑料在冷态流化床中流化行为的研究

在Φ50 mm×800 mm圆柱体的冷态流化床反应器中,对PVC类废塑料、石英砂及其混合物的流化特性进行了研究。研究了PVC颗粒粒径与混合物料中PVC质量分数对混合物料的流化特性的影响规律,得到指导热态实验的关键参数。实验结果表明,PVC颗粒粒径与混合物料中PVC质量分数会影响混合物料的最小流化速度,也影响PVC颗粒与石英砂混合的均匀度。混合物料中PVC的质量分数越小,其最小流化速度就越小,混合物料也越容易实现充分混合;PVC颗粒为Geldart B类颗粒,但由于形状不规则,黏性力大,塌落特性明显,流化性能较差,显示出C类颗粒的流化特性,同时实际的最小流化速度要大于理论最小流化速度。PVC与石英砂混合物料冷态流化行为的研究结果为热态流化床降解PVC颗粒提供了基础数据和实践依据。     

Fluidization of fine particles in a sound field and identification of group C/A particles using acoustic waves

Effects of sound field on the fluidization of fine particles have been comprehensively examined by using fine powders (4.8-65 μm average in size) including Al₂O₃, TiO₂, glass beads and FCC catalyst. It is found that the fluidization quality of fine particles can be enhanced with the assistance of a sound field, resulting in higher pressure drops and a lower u_mf. The effect of sound on the fluidization of fine particles is strongly dependent on the particle properties (Geldart type and particle size) as well as the parameters of the sound field such as sound pressure level (or intensity) and frequency. Given a fixed sound frequency, the effect becomes more significant at a higher sound pressure level. For the present sound-aided fluidized bed system, there is a resonant frequency at about 100-110 Hz, at which the effectiveness of the sound wave in improving fluidization of fine particles is most remarkable. In addition, based on the different attenuation features of sonic waves in the gas-solid suspension of group C and A particles, a novel acoustic method is explored to distinguish group C from group A particles.     

Effect of sound on the fluidization of group B particles

The behaviour of several kinds of group B particles ranging from 100 μm to 600 μm was studied in a sound wave vibrated fluidized bed (SVFB). The fluidized bed consists of a transparent Plexiglas tube that is 54 mm i.d. × 1 m high. A speaker mounted at the top of the bed was supplied by a function generator with square waves and was used to generate the sound as the source of vibration of the fluidized bed. The influence of the particle size, density of particles and sphericity of particles on the minimum fluidization velocity, pressure fluctuations and bubble rise velocity in the SVFB was investigated. The minimum fluidization velocity decreased as the sound energy increased. When the sound energy was strong enough and greater than the critical power, the minimum fluidization velocity would approach the same value regardless of the degree of resonance (DOR) value if the particles were in spherical shape. For non-spherical shape particles the minimum fluidization velocity was the function of the DOR value if the power was greater than the critical power. For the middle particle size range, the standard deviation of pressure fluctuations in an SVFB became lower than the one without the effect of sound in high superficial gas velocity range, but the result was reverse for the low superficial velocity; for the large particle size range, the standard deviation of pressure fluctuations in an SVFB was larger than the one without the effect of sound. The sound could also reduce the bubble rise velocity in an SVFB.     

Characterization of flow regime transition and particle motion using acoustic emission measurement in a gas‐solid fluidized bed

Particle motion is a major determinant of the dynamical performance of a fluidized bed. It plays an important role in determining and optimizing the complex correlation of fluidization condition between particle‐particle and particle‐environment in a system. A passive acoustic emission (AE) technique is applied to monitor, characterize, and control the fluidization condition of polyethylene particles in a gas‐solid fluidized bed. Experimental results show that AE signals are very sensitive to the particle movements by analyzing energy distribution, which can help to understand the status of the system. The AE energy temporal analysis is further used to identify the transition of flow regimes. Moreover, the activity of particle motion can be quantitatively determined by using a combination of granular temperature and AE spatial energy analysis. This work provides valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of particles in a gas‐solid fluidized bed based on AE technique. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

磁流化床稳定性分析

应用Foscolo的颗粒床模型分析了磁流化床稳定性,得到了磁流化床的稳定判据;根据得到的判据分别对层流和湍流情况分析了磁场对磁流化床稳定性的影响。     

Experimental and numerical research for fluidization behaviors in a gas–solid acoustic fluidized bed

The effects of sound assistance on fluidization behaviors were systematically investigated in a gas–solid acoustic fluidized bed. A model modified from Syamlal–O'Brien drag model was established. The original solid momentum equation was developed and an acoustic model was also proposed. The radial particle volume fraction, axial root‐mean‐square of bed pressure drop, granular temperature, and particle velocity in gas–solid acoustic fluidized bed were simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Fluent 6.2. The results showed that radial particle volume fraction increased using modified drag model compared with that using the original one. Radial particle volume fraction was revealed as a parabolic concentration profile. Axial particle volume fraction decreased with the increasing bed height. The granular temperature increased with increasing sound pressure level. It showed that simulation values using CFD code Fluent 6.2 were in agreement with the experimental data. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010     

流化床声发射机理及其在故障诊断中的应用

引　言流化床反应器能否长期稳定运行是一个十分严重的挑战 ,如果不彻底掌握流化质量的控制规律 ,对诸如强放热聚合反应过程 ,床层中流化粒子易于聚集、结块 ,甚至导致流化床崩溃而被迫停车 .因此 ,流化床故障诊断一直是工业界和学术界共同面临的难题 .流化系统一旦出现故障就会有反映流动规律本质的特征物理量出现较大变化以至突变 ,只是有些物理量对这些变化存在空间或时间上的不敏感性 .如压力信号就存在时间上的不敏感性 ,即往往压力信号出现显著变化时 ,床层流化质量已无法通过改变操作条件来改善 ;而光纤测量则存在空间上的不敏感性 ,…     

Wavelet Analysis of Particle Concentration Signals in an Acoustic Bubbling Fluidized Bed

The time series of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particle concentrations were measured by an optical fiber probe under conditions of different sound pressure levels and sound frequencies in an acoustic bubbling fluidized bed (? 140 mm × 1600 mm). The results show that the minimum fluidization velocity had a minimum value when the sound wave frequency was 150 Hz. Under the same sound frequency, the fluidization velocity decreased as the sound pressure level increased. The particle concentration signals in an acoustic fluidized bed were also analyzed by means of wavelet analysis. On the basis of discrete wavelet transform, an original signal was resolved into five detailed scale signals. By using wavelet energy analysis, it was found that the peak frequency of the scale 3 or 4 detail wavelet signals represents the bubbling frequency and the peak amplitude for the bubble size. The results indicate that the bubbling frequency and bubble size decreased with increasing sound pressure level at a given frequency. In addition they decreased with increasing sound frequency ranging from 50–150 Hz, but further increased with increasing sound frequency ranging from 150–500 Hz.