Low-Sidelobe Pattern Synthesis Using Iterative Fourier Techniques Coded in MATLAB [EM Programmer's Notebook]

The iterative Fourier technique for the synthesis of low-sidelobe patterns for linear arrays with uniform element spacing is described. The method uses the property that for a linear array with uniform element spacing, an inverse Fourier transform relationship exists between the array factor and the element excitations. This property is used in an iterative way to derive the array element excitations from the prescribed array factor. A brief outline of the iterative Fourier technique for the synthesis of low-sidelobe patterns for linear arrays will be given. The effectiveness of this method for realizing low-sidelobe sum and difference patterns will be demonstrated for linear arrays equipped with 50 and 80 elements. This demonstration of effectiveness also involves the recovery of the original low-sidelobe patterns, as close as possible, in case of element failures. Included is a program listing of this synthesis method, coded in MATLABtrade. With a few minor modifications/additions, the included MATLAB program can also be used for the design of thinned linear arrays having a periodic element spacing. Since the computational part of the included MATLAB program is coded using vector/matrix operations, this program can easily be extended for the synthesis of low-sidelobe patterns of planar arrays with a periodic element spacing, including pattern recovery in the case of defective elements.     

Element Failure Correction for a Large Monopulse Phased Array Antenna With Active Amplitude Weighting

Recently a new method is introduced to synthesize low sidelobe patterns for planar array antennas with a periodic element arrangement. The method makes use of the property that for a planar array with periodic spacing of the elements, an inverse Fourier transform relationship exists between the array factor and the element excitations. This property is used in an iterative way to derive the array element excitations from the prescribed array factor. The same method is also able to partially compensate the degradation of the sidelobe and gain performance of array patterns due to element failures. Numerical examples of array-failure correction using this method are given for ultralow sidelobe sum and difference patterns of a 5800-element circular array where the failed elements are randomly dispersed across the aperture. The tapers in this array are created exclusively by active weighting in the transmit/receive (T/R) modules using variable gain control.     

Element spacing limitations of Dolph-Pritchard optimum endfire arrays

It is generally accepted that the Dolph-Pritchard technique for computing optimum or Chebyshev radiation patterns for single-lobe endfire arrays is valid for any array element spacing less than one-half wavelength. However, it can be shown that multiple-lobe radiation patterns will be obtained using this technique for element spacing less than one-half wavelength. A maximum element spacing for single-lobe radiation patterns can be derived, and this spacing is a function of the major-lobe-to-sidelobe amplitude ratio as well as the order of the Chebyshev polynomial. In general, for large amplitude ratios this maximum spacing approaches one-quarter wavelength.     

On grating nulls in adaptive arrays

The effect of element patterns on grating nulls in adaptive arrays is considered. Two simple array models, a two-element and a three-element array with dipole element patterns, are used to study this question. The element patterns are assumed unequal (i.e., the beam maxima point in different directions). It is shown that element patterns greatly affect the occurrence of grating nulls in the array. Unequal element patterns cause extra grating nulls ("sign reversal grating nulls") to occur, in addition to conventional grating nulls. These sign reversal grating nulls can occur even with element spacing less than a half-wavelength. For a two-element array with dipole element patterns, it turns out that grating nulls cannot be avoided if the spacing is greater than a half-wavelength. However, with more than two elements, the situation is not so bleak. An example is given of a three-element array with dipole patterns and one-wavelength spacing in which all grating nulls are eliminated.     

Antenna Pattern Correction Technique Based on an Adaptive Array Algorithm

An antenna pattern correction technique is presented that is based on an adaptive array algorithm. In the method, the antenna pattern of the antenna under test (AUT) is measured several times at different positions in the quiet-zone. The corrected antenna pattern is obtained by taking a weighted average of the measured patterns. An array synthesis algorithm is employed for obtaining the averaging weights at each rotation angle of the AUT. The weights are adapted specifically for a given AUT. The adaptive array correction technique is demonstrated in a hologram based compact antenna test range (CATR) at 310 GHz with both a synthetic antenna and a physical test antenna. For verification, the accuracy provided by the adaptive array correction technique is compared to that provided by uniform weighting.     

基于神经网络的MOS电阻阵列非均匀性校正

对MOS电阻阵列非均匀性产生的原因进行了深入分析,并提出了一种可明显提高红外图像生成质量的新的电阻阵列非均匀性校正方法.通过离线测试得到整个电阻阵列的电压-温度数据和待校正单元的电压-温度数据.以这些原始数据作为神经网络的输入,建立电阻阵列中每个单元的校正前输入和期望输入之间的函数关系,生成查找表,从而解决MOS电阻阵...     

数字端射阵列栅瓣抑制研究

通过拉大端射天线阵元间距到1．5λ,可以获得组阵高增益,但是引入了栅瓣问题。提出了一种基于最小二乘估计的虚拟内插阵元算法来实现栅瓣抑制。虚拟端射阵列的阵元间距减小到（或者小于）0．5λ,这样栅瓣得到抑制。最后进行试验验证算法的可行性和正确性。试验结果表明：随着虚拟内插端射天线阵元个数的增加,栅瓣明显被抑制,峰值副瓣电平降低。在相邻两个实阵元间内插3个虚拟阵元,虚拟端射阵列保持了实端射阵列高增益,而实阵列峰值副瓣电平为-8．35dB,下降到虚拟阵列峰值副瓣电平为-18．25dB,栅瓣得到有效抑制。试验结果验证了基于最小二乘估计的虚拟内插阵元算法的可行性和正确性。     

基于激光线阵的线阵相机在线畸变标定和校正

为了提高线阵相机畸变标定和校正的实时性和便捷性,研究并提出了一种基于激光线阵的线阵相机在线畸变标定和校正的方法。以一组相对间隔已知的激光线阵作为基准,根据其相对间隔的变化而实现相机的在线标定和校正,而无需已知相机和成像物体的相对位置,也无需其他设备,操作简单。该方法适用于成像过程中物距不变的情况。经实验证明,当激光线阵中激光线数量为41,且物距为0.25 m时,校正后影像点的位置偏差均方根为0.5685 pixel。     

基于最小二乘虚拟阵元的解模糊方法

阵列信号处理中,当阵元间距〈1/2波长时方向估计会出现模糊。文中提出一种基于最小二乘虚拟阵元的方向估计解模糊方法,该方法根据实际已知阵元的接收数据,运用最小二乘法估计出相邻阵元间虚拟阵元上的接收数据,在实际孔径不变的情况下使阵元间距减小,从而实现了方向估计的解模糊。同时,文中还对此方法在解模糊时的虚拟阵元数进行了分析。仿真实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

基于虚拟阵叠加原理的阵列抗干扰方法研究

提出了一种基于虚拟阵叠加原理的阵列抗干扰方法。将相控阵列分解成一个主阵列和 N 个虚拟阵列,主阵列采用 Taylor 幅度加权实现低旁瓣电平,并通过相位控制使主波束对准来波方向。虚拟阵列也采用 Taylor 加权,并在主阵列旁瓣上产生 N 个零点,实现阵列的旁瓣对消, 虚拟阵的低旁瓣将减少对阵列主波束的影响,虚拟阵加权后与主阵列叠加最终得到整个阵列抗干扰的幅相权值。文中使用该方法对一个 24 元直线阵进行抗 3 个干扰的设计验证,在 3 个干扰方向实现了小于-100dB 的零点,证实了该方法的有效性。     

基于权值约束变换误差的虚拟阵列波束形成

针对内插变换应用于波束形成时,适用角度范围受限的问题,提出了一种利用权值约束变换误差的改进算法.该方法将权值和变换误差约束为近似正交的关系,在虚拟阵列接收信号的协方差矩阵上加载变换误差协方差矩阵,改善了变换误差过大时波束形成性能下降的问题.仿真结果表明,改进后的算法应用于大角度内插变换波束形成时,在干扰处仍能形成稳定的较深的零点,增加了虚拟阵列波束形成的输出信干噪比（Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio,SINR）.与现有方法相比,该方法增加了内插变换应用于虚拟阵列波束形成时的适用角度范围,且能够补偿阵列本身带来的误差,计算复杂度较低.     

Phase-locked injection laser arrays with variable stripe spacing

A phase-locked injection laser array is described which utilizes variations in spacing of identical lasing elements to vary the coupling between them. In general, phase-locked arrays have been fabricated as periodic structures with uniform coupling, although arrays with different element sizes have been described. An important advantage of the variable spacing array (VSA) structure over those designs is that the fundamental array mode can be readily matched to a uniform pumping profile across the entire array aperture. This allows the variable spacing arrays to be optimized for high-power operation. A coupled-mode analysis indicates that excellent matching of fundamental array mode to a uniform gain distribution can be obtained. However, for some array geometries the operation of array modes other than conventional 0 and 180° phase shift modes is enhanced. Variable spacing arrays have exhibited phase-locked behavior to CW outputs as high as 80 mW (7 elements) and single longitudinal mode operation to powers > 50 mW. Observation of the array emission patterns confirms the results of the coupled-mode analysis.     

基于PSO-MUSIC算法的分布式目标DOA估计

提出了一种基于粒子群优化算法（PSO）和多重信号分类（MUSIC）算法的分布式目标波达方向（Direction of Arrival,DOA）估计方法。在空间欠采样情况下,该方法首先利用粒子群优化算法优化阵列阵元间距,得到阵列天线方向图高旁瓣电平最小情况下的阵元间距,阵列阵元间距决定了阵列流形,然后在该阵列流形下构造分布式目标信号模型,最后结合分布式目标导向矢量和MUSIC算法获得空间欠采样情况下分布式目标中心DOA的准确估计。仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

稀疏阵列的FIM波束形成

运用插值技术对等距稀疏阵列进行FIM（傅里叶积分法）波束形成处理,不仅有效地增加了阵元数目,而且解决了等距稀疏阵列因阵元间距大于半波长而引起的信号角度模糊问题,同时采用FIM波束形成技术提高了指向性性能和抑制相关干扰噪声性能。通过对插值技术和FIM波束形成技术的研究,给出了设计虚拟阵列的计算步骤。通过对仿真数据和实测声呐海试数据进行处理证实了该方法的有效性。     

运用遗传算法结合FFT进行多单元失效阵列校准

提出了利用遗传算法（GA）结合快速傅立叶变换（FFT）方法来进行阵列失效的校准,通过引入傅立叶变换的变换域和角域的映射,在变换域中利用FFT计算个体阵列的阵因子,减少了GA评估个体的时间,从而大大提高了失效校准的速度。以一个-35分贝副瓣电平的32单元阵列为例,校准一单元失效和二单元失效的时间都减少了至少一个数量级,算法也可应用于两个以上单元失效的情况。     

非均匀天线组阵SUMPLE合成相位补偿及信号强度估计

SUMPLE相关算法是深空网天线组阵中信号合成最重要的方法之一.在对SUMPLE相关算法分析的基础上,将均匀天线阵SUMPLE相位漂移补偿方法推广到了非均匀天线阵.根据权值系数的计算方法,提出一种非均匀阵各天线信号强度的估计算法.理论分析与仿真结果表明,所推导的相位补偿方法能有效消除非均匀阵合成信号的相位漂移问题;所提出的天线信号强度估计方法具有较高的估计精度.进行补偿相位估计时,应对权值系数进行低通或卡尔曼滤波,以降低权值系数的随机噪声.     

Edge effects in finite arrays of uniform slits on a ground plane

The results obtained by modeling a linear array as an infinite periodic structure can be used for the analysis of finite arrays as the zero-order approximation of a perturbation technique. This idea is utilized to investigate the edge effects in two arrays of uniform slits fed by parallel-plate waveguides terminated on a ground plane. It is shown that the realized gain pattern of an element depends substantially upon its position in the array. This is true particularly for the deep resonance notches in the patterns which are present for certain element spacings. When the array is excited with uniform magnitude and linear phase, the aperture voltages are the superposition of a term, corresponding to the infinite array model, plus another correction term (a "spatial transient") representing the edge effect. The influence of this term is particularly relevant when the array is scanned at endfire. In such a case, the method introduced here allows the prediction of the element terminal admittances and the array pattern, while according to the infinite array model no radiation would be permitted.     

基于粒子群算法的非均匀稀布阵列综合

给出了一种基于粒子群算法的非均匀稀布阵列综合方法,设计有最小阵元间距约束的稀布阵,通过加入间距约束向量改进了适应度算法,不仅减小了布阵空间,而且消除了优化过程中的不合格个体。在给定阵列孔径和阵元数的条件下,实现了最小阵元间距约束下抑制栅瓣,降低旁瓣电平的阵列综合。通过仿真实例,验证了此方法的高效可行性。     

考虑互耦修正的机会阵雷达波束方向图综合优化

机会阵雷达大量天线单元在空间随机分布,波束方向图综合时考虑阵元间的互耦影响十分必要。该文基于子阵思想,提出交叉划分子阵,利用子阵的互阻抗矩阵构建任意阵的互阻抗矩阵,并结合自适应算法实现了互耦情况下的机会阵雷达的波束综合优化。该方法利用矩量法计算子阵的广义互阻抗矩阵,应用最大输出信噪比准则,在方向图区域施加干扰信号自适应地调整阵因子,综合了非均匀偶极子线阵和面阵,结果与FEKO软件仿真结果吻合良好。     

A numerical pattern synthesis algorithm for arrays

A numerical technique for pattern synthesis in arrays is presented. For a given set of elements, the technique allows one to find a set of array coefficients that steer the main beam in a given direction and yield sidelobes meeting a specified criterion, if such a set of array coefficients exists. If the pattern specifications cannot be met with the given elements, the algorithm finds the best attainable pattern. The advantage of this technique is that it can be used with an arbitrary set of array elements. Different elements in the array can have different element patterns, and the array can have arbitrary nonuniform spacing between elements. The synthesis technique is based on adaptive array theory. The given array elements are assumed to be used as the elements of an adaptive array. The main beam is pointed in the proper direction by choosing the steering vector for that direction, and the sidelobes are controlled by introducing a large number of interfering signals at many angles throughout the sidelobe region. The algorithm iterates on the interference powers until a suitable pattern is obtained