AI for air traffic

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) air traffic control (ATC) system operates the US airspace for all users (commercial, corporate, government, military, and general aviation). The system includes such elements as the central flow control facility, en-route centers, flight service stations, terminal facilities, and airport towers. The example presented describes an application of a knowledge-based system for nationwide air traffic management operations     

基于DSP和GPS定位航空管制空域辅助监测系统浅析

本文主要介绍在航空管制工作中飞行空域监测的意义,以及逼近空域的飞行目标到空域距离的计算方法。本文介绍的辅助监测系统主要辅助部队航空管制员在部队训练和演习过程中,监测空域与航路分布密集区的飞行活动,从而减轻管制人员的工作强度,提高航空管制的效率,及时发出危险告警,有力保障空中交通安全。     

An experimental approach to measuring the effects of a controllerconflict probe in a free routing environment

The unstructured traffic environment that is gradually evolving in the National Airspace System may necessitate decision aiding tools to help controllers manage aircraft traffic efficiently and within acceptable safety and workload levels. An experiment was designed to assess the effect of conflict detection and trial planning resolution aids and traffic conditions on the performance of controllers and the efficiency of flight. Twelve controllers participated in a high-fidelity simulation study in the Indianapolis Center dynamic simulation facility using the user request evaluation tool (URET). Study results indicated that URET clearly improves the acceptability of operations and may enhance safety, particularly in the unstructured environment. In addition, the study findings strongly support a shift toward more strategic air traffic control with conflict probe as well as a significant increase in the contribution of the D controller to the primary sector tasks. Because of study limitations, it was not possible to associate any quantitative estimates of airspace user benefits with the potentially more efficient resolution strategies. The results and experimental approach are discussed in terms of their contribution to measurement methods and issues in the evolutionary progression toward a free flight-based air traffic system     

Problem resolution support for free flight operations

The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) has been conducting research into new automation capabilities to support free flight operations. One of these capabilities is a problem resolution function to assist the en route sector controller team in handling the more complex traffic patterns that can result from a less structured free flight environment. This function is termed problem analysis, resolution and ranking (PARR). PARR is envisaged as an enhancement to the user request evaluation tool (URET) free flight phase 1 (FFP1) capability, and has been designated as priority research for the follow-on free flight phase 2 (FFP2) effort. PARR is being developed as a series of incremental enhancements, with the first step focusing on the resolution of aircraft-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-airspace problems. Follow-on enhancements include resolutions for metering and other traffic flow management (TFM) flow initiatives, resolutions for the avoidance of severe weather areas, and the integration into a common en route sector team CHI. A research management plan has been prepared by the Federal Aviation Administration and MITRE/CAASD to support this development process. The paper describes the initial PARR capabilities, along with an extension to incorporate assigned metering time constraints     

基于计算几何方法的飞行冲突检测

在对自由飞行进行适当的简化建模后,引入常用于计算流体力学Delaunay网格生成方法,对于空中交通冲突进行检测,能够同时检测到空域内的多架飞机间的冲突.该方法能同时探测多架飞机之间发生的冲突和潜在冲突,减少不必要的距离探测,从而减少了计算量,同时较传统的方法也大大地减少了运算量.最后通过仿真模拟,显示此方法的优越性.该方法可以用于以后的空域设计和管理,使空域结构更为合理、稳固.在今后的设计使用上,这种方法有可能减轻飞行员和管制员主观性的工作负荷.     

Benefits of direct-to tool in National Airspace System

Initiatives in air traffic management both in the United States and in Europe are aimed at providing air traffic controllers with automation tools to separate traffic, meet time constraints required for traffic flow and accommodate route preferences of users such as airlines. These efforts are expected to result in removal of restrictions on users preferred routes without compromising safety. Thus, aircraft will be able to fly optimal routes such as great circle and wind-optimal routes. NASA has developed the design for a new automation tool, referred to as the direct-to tool, which advises the controller on direct time-saving routes for any aircraft irrespective of levels of equipage. In contrast to earlier studies on the potential benefits of direct routes in the National Airspace System, the objective of the paper is to evaluate the benefits based on a controller tool. The paper describes the benefits of applying this algorithm to the 20 air route traffic control centers within the United States. Benefits are measured in terms of the total time savings accrued by flying the direct route. Results are described for three different implementations dependent on the search region bounding each air route traffic control center. The first region exactly encloses the air route traffic control center airspace, the second is the smallest rectangular bounding region while the third is a bigger rectangular bounding region approximately twice as large as the second region. It is shown that the application of the direct-to routing algorithm does not significantly alter the number of conflicts and their spatial distribution compared to the case in which the aircraft fly along the airways. The results presented in the paper suggest that the direct-to routing algorithm can provide significant cost savings to the users without adversely impacting the air traffic management functions     

低空安全走廊及应急管理可视化研究进展

低空飞行安全环境是低空空域管理的重要研究内容,低空安全走廊及应急管理的可视化研究可以用于飞行器在低空空域的飞行安全保障及对地面人群和建筑物的保护等方面。综合阐述了近年来低空安全走廊及应急管理可视化的研究进展。首先总结了国内外低空空域的飞行安全事故和现状。然后从三维低空安全走廊构建、动态信息交互机制及安全应急管理策略、低空起降阶段安全监管可视化三个方面介绍了低空安全走廊及应急管理可视化的研究进展,阐述了应用于低空安全走廊及应急管理可视化方面的相关技术,并对低空安全走廊及应急管理可视化的发展趋势进行了展望。对相关领域研究者开展研究具有一定的参考和指导价值。     

The rate control index for traffic flow

The objective of air traffic flow management is to maintain safe and efficient use of airspace and airports by regulating the flow of traffic. We introduce a single-valued metric for post-operatively rating the performance of achieved traffic flow against targeted traffic flow. We provide variations on the metric, one of which factors out stochastic conditions upon which a plan is formulated, and show how these improve on current traffic control analysis techniques. The core of the metric is intuitive and simple, yet leads to an interesting optimization problem that can be efficiently solved via dynamic programming. Numerical results of the metric are given as well as a sample of the type of analysis that should follow a low rating by the metric. Although this metric was originally developed to rate the performance of ground delay programs, it is equally applicable to any setting in which the flow of discrete objects such as vehicles is controlled and later evaluated     

多业务ATM网络的设计与实现

研究了电力公司的主要信息业务及ATM网络对信息业务的承载能力，分析了电力ATM网络设计中的主要问题，如网络拓扑结构、网络管理、传输速率、接口和容量、流量管理、自愈能力等，提出了话音业务、会议电视业务、调度实时数据业务、IP数据业务的接入方式和实现方法。     

On optimal cooperative conflict resolution for air trafficmanagement systems

We consider optimal resolution of air traffic (AT) conflicts. Aircraft are assumed to cruise within a given altitude layer and are modeled as a kinematic system with constant velocity and curvature bounds. Aircraft cannot get closer to each other than a predefined safety distance. For such a system of multiple aircraft, we consider the problem of planning optimal paths among given waypoints. Necessary conditions for optimality of solutions are derived and used to devise a parametrization of possible trajectories that turns into efficient numerical solutions to the problem. Simulation results for a realistic aircraft conflict scenario are provided. A decentralized implementation of the optimal conflict resolution scheme is introduced that may allow free-flight coordination in a cooperative airspace management scheme. Impact of decentralization on performance and safety is finally discussed with the help of extensive simulations     

不间断电源在航空管理设备供电系统中的应用

分析了民航机场航管设备的供电重要性。通过不问断电源（UPS）在航管楼内的应用实例，提出了保证航管设备安全运行的可靠供电方案，并在民航华东空中管理局内逐步得以推广。     

Transients computation for relay testing in real-time

This paper discusses characteristics of a new digital simulator for protection relay testing. The most demanding design requirement is computation of fault transients under the condition of real-time change of power system configuration due to relay operation. This problem is solved using EMTP computational techniques enhanced with novel numerical solutions for dynamic power system configuration change and nonlinear element modeling. An advanced computer architecture is utilized to achieve further optimization of the execution time for the transients computation code. The main advantage of this design is the use of conventional single processor computer architecture in combination with advanced digital signal processors (DSPs). This makes this simulator an off-the-shelf product with all the benefits of commercially available computers priced at a relatively low cost     

Examination of Multiple Mode/Route-Choice Paradigms Under ATIS

The objective of this paper is to collect and analyze data that can be used to model mode- and different route-choice paradigms using same subjects and same experiment. In this paper, the authors estimated five models to address drivers' diversion, compliance, and route choice. In addition, the effect of advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) on the mode choice is also considered. A travel simulator was used as a dynamic data collection tool. The simulator uses a realistic network, two modes of travel, real historical volumes, and different weather conditions. It provides five different levels of traffic information/advice, one at a time, and collects dynamic mode choices and pretrip (long-term) and en-route (short-term) route choices. The binomial and multinomial generalized extreme equations (BGEE and MGEE) were used to account for the correlation between repeated choices made by the same subject. In addition, MGEE accounts for the correlation between alternatives in multidimensional route-choice models. The modeling results showed that travel time and familiarity with the device that provides the information had significant effects on the first four models. It is shown that developing in-vehicle information devices may lead to a less transit usage in some cases; this indicates a potential drawback of this technology. Expressway users are shown as the most travel-time savers who would divert if they are guided to a less-travel-time alternative. The number of traffic signals on the normal and advised routes affects the diversion from the normal route and compliance with the pretrip advised route. This paper underlines the importance of modeling correlation, if it exists, in mode/route-choice data.     

A simulator of the manufacturing of induction motors

The main purpose of the simulator is to provide feedback in the form of motor cost and production scheduling during the process of motor design. The paper concentrates on modeling and simulating a factory, modeling production costs, and providing examples of how the design of electric motors can be improved by taking manufacturing information into account via software. The simulator uses principles of system dynamics and technical cost modeling to model the flows of materials and the evolution of product through manufacturing stages across the factory floor. The inputs to the simulator are blueprint data for motor design, and the status of the factory. The output from the simulator is cost and schedule information. The simulator also provides a mechanism whereby design variables can be tested for variations that produce cost improvements     

Design, simulation, and evaluation of automated container terminals

Due to the boom in world trade, port authorities are looking into ways of making existing facilities more efficient. One way to improve efficiency, increase capacity, and meet future demand is to use advanced technologies and automation in order to speed up terminal operations. In this paper, we design, analyze, and evaluate four different automated container terminal (ACT) concepts. These concepts include automated container terminals based on the use of automated guidance vehicles (AGVs), a linear motor conveyance system (LMCS), an overhead grid rail system (GR), and a high-rise automated storage and retrieval structure (AS/RS). We use future demand scenarios to design the characteristics of each terminal in terms of configuration, equipment and operations. A microscopic simulation model is developed and used to simulate each terminal system for the same operational scenario and evaluate its performance. A cost model is used to evaluate the cost associated with each terminal concept. Our results indicate that automation could improve the performance of conventional terminals substantially and at a much lower cost. Among the four concepts considered the one based on automated guidance vehicles is found to be the most effective in terms of performance and cost     

异步传输模式测试仪中业务量整形器的实现

业务量整形器用于延迟一个业务流中部分或全部数据包的传输,以便使业务流符合业务量的要求。在ATM传输系统中,业务量整形器是实现ATM业务量管制的关键电路,用于监视和控制ATM信元的传输速率。本文通过分析通用信元速率算法(GCRA),给出了采用此法实现异步传输模式测试仪中业务量整形器的设计方法,并用双漏桶算法更好地实现了对业务流的监视和控制。     

基于3S技术的低空空域告警航图可视化匹配设计初探

将3S技术应用于低空空域告警航图可视化设计,探索建立低空告警航图平台和低空告警航图匹配模型的技术路线。根据低空飞行任务需求和紧急程度选择适当空间分辨率的多源遥感数据。对地理障碍物信息进行筛选,构建低空告警航图障碍物数据库,设计低空空域告警航图平台。使用飞行器机载定位系统采集飞行器位置信息,与低空告警专用航图障碍物信息进行对比,对低空飞行危险情况预警,将RS、GIS、GNSS技术应用于低空空域告警航图可视化设计,为后续开展低空空域告警航图可视化的飞行视景匹配研究提供参考。     

A review of conflict detection and resolution modeling methods

A number of methods have been proposed to automate air traffic conflict detection and resolution (CDR), but there has been little cohesive discussion or comparative evaluation of approaches. The paper presents a survey of 68 CDR modeling methods, several of which are currently in use or under operational evaluation. A framework that articulates the basic functions of CDR is used to categorize the models. The taxonomy includes: dimensions of state information (vertical, horizontal, or three-dimensional, 3-D); method of dynamic state propagation (nominal, worst case, or probabilistic); conflict detection threshold; conflict resolution method (prescribed, optimized, force field, or manual); maneuvering dimensions (speed change, lateral, vertical, or combined manoeuvres); and management of multiple aircraft conflicts (pairwise or global). An overview of important considerations for these and other CDR functions is provided, and the current system design process is critiqued     

An application of Q‐value‐based dynamic programming with Boltzmann distribution to real‐world road networks

In order to alleviate traffic congestion and improve the efficiency of traffic systems from a global perspective, a dynamic traffic management model is proposed in this paper. The proposed model is applied to the large‐scale microscopic simulator SOUND/4U based on the real‐world road network of Kurosaki, Kitakyushu, Japan. All the vehicles in the simulator follow the direction from the route guidance of the dynamic traffic management model, in which the extended Q‐value‐based dynamic Programming with Boltzmann distribution (QDP‐BD) and the time‐varying traffic information are used to generate the routes from the origins to the destinations. The simulation results show that the proposed QDP‐BD can reduce traffic congestion and improve the efficiency of the whole traffic system effectively compared with the greedy method in the real‐world road network. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

两轴转台控制系统设计

转台系统是以控制论、相似原理、系统和信息技术为基础,利用计算机和专用物理设备等辅助工具,为飞行器实验提供平台的专用设备。不同的转台系统对控制精度有着不同的要求,本文在给定技术指标的要求下,利用PMAC运动控制器,为转台设计了一套PID控制方案。通过对转台进行建模、仿真,验证了所设计方案的可行性。最后,搭建电路并调试系统,实现了预期的要求。