氟盐冷却球床堆球栅元少群截面计算

氟盐冷却球床堆经10余年的发展,已逐步由预概念设计走向试验堆基准设计。本文采用确定论软件中的碰撞概率法模块对氟盐冷却球床堆球栅元建模,计算了其无穷增殖因数,少群均匀化总截面、俘获截面和裂变截面,并使用连续能量蒙特卡罗软件验证与分析。其中使用基于碰撞概率法的共振处理程序直接求解共振能区超精细群慢化方程,很好地处理了氟盐冷却球床堆的球型燃料元件所构成的双重非均匀系统。结果表明:确定论软件中碰撞概率法模块的计算结果与蒙特卡罗软件结果吻合,适用于对氟盐冷却球床堆进行少群截面加工。     

超级均匀化方法用于球床氟盐冷却高温堆扩散计算

球床氟盐冷却高温堆的控制棒位于侧反应射层内,存在无裂变中子源且受堆芯泄漏谱强烈影响的强吸收体区域扩散计算难题。超级均匀化方法(Super Homogenization,SPH)被用于对氟盐球冷却床堆侧反射层中控制棒区域的强吸收体进行等效均匀化处理,同时堆芯除控制棒区域外采用谱修正方法(Spectra Modification,SM),将输运计算的结果作为基准进行验算。结果表明,SM-SPH模型能有效地计算球床氟盐冷却高温堆反射层控制棒价值及通量分布,并且较常规的SPH方法能更好地处理棒间干涉效应。     

10 MW高温气冷实验堆硼吸收球停堆系统气力输送模拟试验研究

吸收球停堆系统是10MW高温气冷实验堆(HTR-10)的第二停堆系统,于紧急事故停堆之后、重新开堆之前投入运行,利用负压输送过程将在紧急停堆时进入反应堆堆芯落球孔道内的中子吸收球输送到位于堆顶的贮球罐内,实现正常开堆或反应堆再临界。运用气力输送的密相输送理论,对回路各部件和各管段的气固两相流阻力进行计算,并在1：1模拟试验台架上,以空气和氦气为载体,真实硼吸收球为物料,进行了气力输送试验研究。试验数据与理论分析相符合,吸收球第二停堆系统的气力输送功能满足HTR-10工程的技术要求。     

350MWt模块式高温气冷球床堆设计研究

提出一种350 MWt模块式高温气冷球床堆(HTR-350)方案设计,该堆采用具有石墨球中心区的环形堆芯设计方案,以强化反应堆在失冷失压事故中堆芯固有余热导出能力,从而可将国外设计的球床式模块堆的单堆功率由200 MW提高到350 MW,改善了模块堆的经济性。文章描述了HTR-350设计特点、主要参数及事故安全特性,并论述为克服环形堆出口气流温度不均匀性所采取的技术措施,给出了堆芯出口气流混合模型实验的结果。     

250 MW球床模块式高温气冷堆进水事故研究

基于250 MW球床模块式高温气冷堆(HTR-PM)的初步设计,以高温气冷堆专用系统分析软件TINTE程序为主要工具,对蒸汽发生器1根传热管双端断裂设计基准的进水事故进行了分析,研究了反应堆温度和压力的变化特性、球床石墨的腐蚀率以及安全阀开启所造成的可燃气体排放等.此外,还分析了风机挡板关闭失效情况下堆内温度分布差异所造成的自然循环对事故后果的影响.计算结果表明:在蒸汽发生器1根传热管双端断裂、最大进水量600 kg情况下,事故后燃料元件的最高温度远低于设计限值,化学反应所引起的石墨腐蚀不会造成反应堆结构强度的破坏和燃料元件的意外破损,释放到反应堆舱室的可燃气体含量也不存在爆炸危险.     

10MW高温气冷堆气体采样分析系统研究

10MW高温气冷堆的氦气净化系统由氧化铜床、分子筛床、低温吸附器等主要净化设备及其它辅助设备组成,气体采样分析系统由气相色谱仪,湿度计、红外分析仪组成。在投入HTR-10使用中,其湿度计和红外分析仪均能达到设计要求,实现了对反应堆一回路氦气中H2O,CO,CO2的连续监测。其气相色谱仪满足设计要求．实现了对反应堆一回路氦气中H2,O2、N2、CH4、CO、CO2的间歇取样分析。     

1 GWt PB-FHR负荷跟踪运行特性分析

为研究熔盐堆系统在商业应用中的价值，分析其是否满足电网负荷的变化需求和安全运行的能力，本文以1 GWt球床式氟盐冷却高温堆（PB-FHR）为研究对象，仿真计算其在负荷跟踪模式下的瞬态行为和运行特性。以RELAP5/MOD4.0程序为研究工具，并植入相关的熔盐物性与计算关系式，建立氟盐冷却高温堆的热工水力系统与功率控制系统的仿真模型，对典型负荷工况参数变化情况下控制系统的响应特性进行仿真分析。结果表明：该氟盐冷却高温堆系统在设计的控制逻辑的调控下，展示出良好的负荷跟踪运行能力，堆芯功率能迅速响应负荷变化，功率超调和温度超调小，反应堆的运行参数始终处于合理的运行范围内。     

FHR在全厂断电事故下对RVACS散热能力的要求

氟盐冷却高温堆(Fluoride salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor,FHR)是一种采用包覆颗粒燃料、高温熔融氟盐冷却剂的先进反应堆。部分FHR概念采用了反应堆容器辅助冷却系统(Reactor Vessel Auxiliary Cooling System,RVACS)导出事故下的堆芯余热。RVACS通过导热、对流换热、辐射换热等非能动过程,在事故发生时将堆芯余热排出至大气中。本文采用中国科学院上海应用物理研究所设计的10 MW FHR作为基准,利用RELAP5-MS程序,对其在全厂断电事故下的瞬态过程进行了模拟,验证了RVACS的余热导出能力。本文进一步研究了高反应堆功率情况下的全厂断电事故的瞬态过程,探讨了不同反应堆功率的FHR对RVACS散热能力的要求。     

HTR-10堆芯球流运动的唯象学DEM模拟

清华大学研发的10 MW高温气冷堆（HTR-10）是国际上重要的先进实验反应堆,球流运动的研究具有基础性地位。通过唯象的方法对HTR-10堆芯的球流运动进行了离散元数值模拟,通过已由实验验证的计算程序,采用与HTR-10堆芯1∶1的计算模型,计算了27 000个元件单元的运动,包括不同摩擦系数f和不同底部锥角A下的球流运动。结果表明：在HTR-10堆芯设计条件下,球流运动较均匀,堆芯底部不存在滞留区;f越大或A越大,堆芯球流越均匀,表现出更好的整体性向下运动;当f达到0.8上限时,HTR-10堆芯球流依然保持了整体性运动,底部无任何被滞留的球。本工作对进一步优化球床式高温气冷堆堆芯设计具有重要意义。     

不同燃料组合在液态氟盐冷却高温堆中的物理性能研究

液态氟盐冷却高温堆是第四代反应堆中的一种具有极大优势的堆型,对其燃料的研究工作具有重要的意义。本工作采用SCALE5.1程序包,对六种不同燃料组合在高温球床堆中的物理性能进行了研究,分别比较了剩余反应性、等效满功率运行天数、燃耗和中子能谱等重要参数。结果显示,采用233U或235U启堆时,使用232Th的实际转换成裂变材料的量不如使用238U转换的多,并会消耗更多的核燃料;采用239Pu启堆时,使用232Th可使反应堆维持较长的时间,而使用238U却导致反应堆很快不能自持。研究表明,从节约核燃料和延长堆芯寿期的角度看,在不进行在线换料后处理的情况下,232Th在热堆中的表现不如238U,但在超热堆中238U的表现不如232Th。     

球床氟盐冷却高温堆堆芯热工水力模拟

本文对球床氟盐冷却高温堆堆芯热工流体现象进行了研究。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法进行了三维建模和计算,得到了燃料元件球表面温度分布和堆芯冷却剂速度场、温度场和压力的分布,验证了稳态工况下氟盐对堆芯的冷却能力,分析了氟盐的特殊热工流体力学性质对堆芯安全的影响,结果可用于球床氟盐冷却高温堆的初步设计。     

The design features of the HTR-10

The 10 MW High Temperature Gas-cooled Test Reactor (HTR-10) is a modular pebble bed type reactor. This paper briefly introduces the main design features and safety concept of the HTR-10. The design features of the pebble bed reactor core, the pressure boundary of the primary circuit, the decay heat removal system and the two independent reactor shutdown systems and the barrier of confinement are described in this paper.     

随机球床模拟方法对氟盐冷却高温堆中子学参数的影响分析

氟盐冷却高温堆（FHR）采用氟盐冷却球形燃料元件,其中子物理计算面临双重不均匀性问题：燃料球在堆芯内的随机排布和包覆燃料颗粒在燃料球中的随机排布。此问题是该堆型设计中面临的主要挑战之一。本文基于MCNP程序和固态燃料钍基熔盐堆（TMSR-SF1）模型完成了不同燃料球床与燃料球描述对关键中子学参数（如k_eff、堆芯能谱、控制棒价值和温度系数等）的影响分析。燃料球床描述使用随机序列添加（RSA）方法建立了随机球床模型与体心立方（BCC）结构的等效规则模型。包覆燃料颗粒描述则基于简立方（SC）等效模型利用MCNP程序中的URAN卡实现随机扰动。结果表明,包覆燃料颗粒随机分布的影响远小于燃料球随机分布的影响;尽管具有相同的总堆积密度,等效规则模型相比于随机球床模型会增加堆芯中子的泄漏,低估冷态满装载反应性约0.5%,高估控制棒价值约5%。     

HTR-10 full core first criticality analysis with MCNP

Experimental facilities like HTR-10, HTTR, and ASTRA serve as the source of information for the currently designed high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactors. It is also desired to verify the existing codes against the data obtained in such facilities. In this study, first criticality calculations of a pebble bed gas-cooled reactor, HTR-10, is performed with MCNP-4B, a code system for Monte Carlo particle transport simulation. HTR-10 has rather unique characteristics in terms of the randomness in geometry as in the case of all pebble bed reactors. The geometrical model of the full reactor is obtained by using lattice and universe facilities provided by MCNP. Modeling details are discussed with necessary simplifications. Results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations are compared with available data. It is observed that Monte Carlo simulations yield sufficiently accurate results in terms of initial criticality of the HTR-10 reactor.     

Thermal hydraulic calculation of the HTR-10 for the initial and equilibrium core

The thermal hydraulic calculations of the 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled-test module (HTR-10) are among the most important indications to judge the reactor performance under design conditions. The power distribution, the temperature distribution and the flow distribution of the HTR-10 are calculated for initial and equilibrium core in this paper. The temperature distribution includes the temperature parameters of fuel elements, the helium coolant and the main components in the reactor. In the temperature calculation of fuel elements, several uncertain factors are considered carefully, including non-uniform burnup, power distribution deviation, manufacture deviation of fuel elements, graphite balls mixed with fuel balls in the core, calculation deviation of heat transfer and so on. In the flow distribution calculation, the conservative pebble bed core flow value is selected. The results show that the maximum fuel temperature is much lower than the limitation and the flow distribution can meet the cooling requirement in the reactor core.     

Reactor protection system testing for the solid fuel thorium molten salt reactor

Safety system testing is one of the most rigorous and time-consuming requirements in the verification and validation process for reactor protection systems(RPSs).This paper presents the development of a test system for the fully digital and field-programmable gate array-based RPS of the solid fuel(SF) thorium-breeding molten salt pebble bed fluoride salt-cooled reactor(TMSR),denoted as the TMSR-SF1 project,developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences.The test system is applied to the RPS to ensure that it fully meets its designed functions and system specifications.We first introduce the testing principles and methods.Then,the hardware component designs and the software program development of the test system are discussed.Finally,the test process and test results are discussed and summarized.     

DEM-CFD simulation of modular PB-FHR core with two-grid method

For designing and optimizing the reactor core of modular pebble-bed fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor (PB-FHR),it is of importance to simulate the coupled fluid and particle flow due to strong coolantpebble interactions.Computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (DEM) coupling approach can be used to track particles individually while it requires a fluid cell being greater than the pebble diameter.However,the large size of pebbles makes the fluid grid too coarse to capture the complicated flow pattern.To solve this problem,a two-grid approach is proposed to calculate interphase momentum transfer between pebbles and coolant without the constraint on the shape and size of fluid meshes.The solid velocity,fluid velocity,fluid pressure and void fraction are mapped between hexahedral coarse particle grid and fine fluid grid.Then the total interphase force can be calculated independently to speed up computation.To evaluate suitability of this two-grid approach,the pressure drop and minimum fluidization velocity of a fluidized bed were predicted,and movements of the pebbles in complex flow field were studied experimentally and numerically.The spouting fluid through a central inlet pipe of a scaled visible PB-FHR core facility was set up to provide the complex flow field.Water was chosen as liquid to simulate the molten salt coolant,and polypropylene balls were used to simulate the pebble fuels.Results show that the pebble flow pattern captured from experiment agrees well with the simulation from two-grid approach,hence the applicability of the two-grid approach for the later PB-FHR core design.     

球床高温堆平衡态燃耗计算程序的开发

基于MCNP5和ORIGEN2耦合方法,开发了平衡态下球床高温堆的燃耗计算程序PBRE,用于堆的性能价值分析。为节省蒙特卡罗计算时间,对迭代收敛的方法进行优化,使之可在10个迭代步内收敛。使用PBRE对清华大学HTR-10进行建模计算,得到的平均卸料燃耗深度与文献报道值一致,表明PBRE程序适用于球床堆平衡态的燃耗分析。     

Possible design of PBR for passive decay heat removal

Conditions for design parameters of above-ground and underground, prismatic high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR)s for passive decay heat removal based on fundamental heat transfer mechanisms were obtained in the previous works. In the present study, analogous conditions were obtained for pebble bed reactors by performing the same procedure using the model for heat transfer in porous media of COMSOL 4.3a software, and the results were compared. For the power density profile, several approximated distributions together with original one throughout the 10-MWt high-temperature gas-cooled reactor-test module (HTR-10) were used, and it was found that an HTR-10 with a uniform power density profile has the higher safety margin than those with other profiles. In other words, the safety features of a PBR can be enhanced by flattening the power density profile. We also found that a prismatic HTGR with a uniform power density profile throughout the core has a greater safety margin than a PBR with the same design characteristics. However, when the power density profile is not flattened during the operation, the PBR with the linear power density profile has more safety margin than the prismatic HTGR with the same design parameters and with the power density profile by cosine and Bessel functions.