纳米粒子对CO_2水合物导热性能的影响

试验研究了不同种类(Al_2O_3、Cu、SiO_2)、不同质量分数(0.05%、0.1%、0.15%)及不同粒径(10、30、50 nm)的纳米粒子对CO_2水合物热导率的影响。结果表明温度为-5~5℃时,纯CO_2水合物热导率为0.553~0.5861W·m~(-1)·K~(-1),具有玻璃体的变化特性。分散剂SDBS的加入,可改善CO_2水合物-纳米粒子体系的导热性能。在相同的质量分数和粒径下,纳米Cu粒子对CO_2水合物热导率的增强作用最好,但综合考虑水合物生成特性和溶液悬浮稳定性,选用纳米Al2O3粒子较合适。Al2O3粒子粒径越小,水合物热导率越大,15 nm比50 nm纳米粒子体系中CO_2水合物热导率的增长率平均提高了12.7%。此外,CO_2水合物热导率随Al2O3粒子质量分数的增大而增大,质量分数由0.05%增加到0.15%时,水合物热导率的增长率由4.2%提高到8.2%。     

三元混合纳米流体稳定性及热性能

采用两步法制备体积分数为0.005%～1%的Al₂O₃-TiO₂-Cu/水三元混合纳米流体,粒子体积比为40∶40∶20。为了提高其稳定性,添加少量的PVP（0.005%）表面活性剂,并用XRD、TEM、紫外分光光度计和沉淀观察法共同表征纳米流体的稳定特性。测量温度为20～60℃的黏度和热导率,并与相对应的单一纳米流体作对比。试验结果表明,三元混合纳米流体由于各种粒子的粒径和表面能不同,小粒径的Al₂O₃颗粒填充在大粒径TiO₂和Cu颗粒形成的间隙里,可形成致密的固液界面层。三元混合纳米流体由于粒子的特殊排布,使其热导率明显高于相同体积分数下对应的单一纳米流体,黏度却无明显增大。当体积分数和温度分别为1%和60℃时,与Al₂O₃/水纳米流体对比,其热导率增大了5.5%,黏度下降了2.6%。热导率随温度和浓度的升高而升高;而黏度随浓度的升高而升高,随温度的升高而下降,这与单一纳米流体的性质一致。最后,基于试验数据,对热导率和黏度分别进行与温度的拟合,R²分别为0.9835和0.9820,能较精确地预测Al₂O₃-TiO₂-Cu/水三元混合纳米流体的热导率和黏度。     

纳米冷冻机油热导率的实验研究

采用两步法,以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为表面活性剂,制备了不同种类的纳米冷冻机油并对其分散稳定性进行了实验研究。采用Hot Disk热常数分析仪,测量了40℃下纳米冷冻机油(纳米材料为TiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、石墨和碳纳米管,体积分数为0.05%、0.1%、0.2%、0.5%、1%和2%)的热导率,分析研究了颗粒体积分数、粒径、材质以及表面活性剂等因素的影响。结果表明:纳米冷冻机油的热导率随着颗粒体积分数的提高而增大;相同体积分数下随着颗粒粒径的增大而减小,而相同粒径下又随着颗粒材质热导率的提高而增大;同时分散稳定性优的纳米冷冻机油热导率较高。基于纳米粒子的体积分数、粒径、团聚理论和布朗运动开发了纳米冷冻机油热导率预测模型,并与实验数据进行比较,发现预测值与90%的实验数据偏差在±3%以内,平均偏差1.6%。     

空调用纳米有机复合相变蓄冷材料制备与热物性

针对目前空调用有机相变蓄冷材料热导率低的问题,将具有高导热性的纳米材料(MWNTs、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃)添加到所开发制备的二元复合有机蓄冷材料(质量比73.7:26.3的辛酸/肉豆蔻醇)中,从纳米材料的种类和浓度两方面,研究其对复合有机蓄冷材料热物性的影响。实验发现:对于MWNTs、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃ 3种纳米材料,当其质量分数分别小于0.3%、0.4%、0.8%时,对应纳米复合材料热导率随纳米材料浓度的增加幅度较为明显;与原二元复合有机相变蓄冷材料相比,添加0.3%的MWNTs,热导率提高26.3%;添加0.4%的Al₂O₃,热导率提高13.1%;添加0.8%的Fe₂O₃,热导率提高32.1%;当在一定纳米材料质量分数(如0.7%)下,加入纳米颗粒的复合材料导热性能效果依次为Fe₂O₃>MWNTs>Al₂O₃。不同纳米粒子的添加对原蓄冷材料的相变温度和相变潜热影响很小,相变温度变化波动最大为0.4℃,相变潜热变化波动范围最大为1.4%。     

粒径混合比对Al2O3/水纳米流体传热性能影响及评价

采用两步法制备体积分数为0.5%和1.0%的Al₂O₃/水纳米流体，研究20nm和50nm Al₂O₃纳米粒子的混合比对热导率和黏度的影响，并用c _μ/c _λ和Mo数来评价其综合传热效果，判断是否适用于实际传热过程。实验结果表明，有效热导率和相对黏度受团聚体尺寸影响较大。在体积分数为1.0%和混合比为50∶50时有效热导率的增幅最大，而混合比为（40∶60）～（60∶40）之间，相对黏度最低。这是因为此时团聚体的尺寸小，相应地沉淀速度慢，说明其分散性较好，形成局部粒子富集区，即“50nm固体粒子-20nm固体粒子-液体分子”的界面层，能产生高导热渗透通道及低热阻区，使热导率增大。在层流时，该纳米流体适用于实际传热过程中的范围为：体积分数0.5%和1.0%，混合比40∶60和50∶50，温度25～50℃。在紊流时，体积分数为0.5%和温度高于40℃时，混合比范围为(40∶60)～(60∶40)才适合使用此纳米流体。     

十二醇-癸酸-纳米粒子复合相变材料传热性能

针对有机相变材料热导率低的共性,以质量比为58.47:41.53的脂肪烃类低共熔有机物十二醇(DA)-癸酸(CA)为基液,添加纳米粒子MWNT、Cu、Al₂O₃及分散剂SDBS制备出纳米复合相变材料,从纳米粒子种类、添加浓度及超声时间方面研究其对复合有机相变材料热物性的影响。实验发现MWNT、Cu、Al₂O₃的添加都可以不同程度上提高DA-CA的热导率。当超声时间为50min、纳米粒子浓度均为0.1g·L^-1时3种纳米复合材料的热导率大小依次是:MWNT>Al₂O₃>Cu。最优例:超声分散时间90min,DA-CA+MWNT(0.1g·L^-1)+SDBS(0.2g·L^-1)的热导率最大,为0.3602W·m^-1·K^-1,相较DA-CA提高了20.5%,在不影响基液热物性的基础上具有良好的热稳定性。     

负载型K2CO3/Al2O3吸收剂吸收CO2反应机理

利用热重分析仪、扫描电镜和氮吸附仪对不同粒径的K₂CO₃颗粒和负载型K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃二氧化碳吸收剂的碳酸化特性进行研究。负载后的吸收剂比表面积和孔隙结构得到较大改善,使得碳酸化反应速率和转化率均提高,吸收剂碳酸化特性得到改善。纯K₂CO₃颗粒吸收剂的反应速率和转化率随着粒径的增加而减小,负载型吸收剂的反应速率和转化率随着粒径的增加略增大。研究了不同粒径和反应时间对K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃颗粒微观结构的影响,结果表明K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃颗粒具有较稳定的微观结构。采用负载型粒子模型对K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸收剂吸收CO₂碳酸化过程进行研究,所建立的粒子模型计算结果与试验值吻合较好。利用建立的模型对不同CO₂浓度下K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃吸收剂碳酸化反应特性进行模拟计算,模拟结果具备一定的合理性和准确性,为开展进一步研究提供了基础。     

利用核桃壳的形态结构优化Al2O3多孔材料的孔结构和性能

首先将质量分数为5%的ZrO₂溶胶、7%的Al₂O₃溶胶、3%的SiO₂溶胶作为浸渍试剂对核桃壳粉（WSP）浸渍处理。然后以α-Al₂O₃微粉为主原料,以处理后的WSP为造孔剂,制备了Al₂O₃多孔材料。研究了溶胶浸渍处理后WSP对多孔材料孔结构、热导率和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在Al₂O₃多孔材料的孔中可以清楚地观察到WSP的形变,这是优化陶瓷孔结构的重要因素。通过使用质量分数为3%的SiO₂溶胶浸渍处理的WSP,可以获得低热导率(200℃,0.297 W·m^-1·K^-1)和高耐压强度（43.5 MPa）的Al₂O₃多孔材料,并在孔中发现了莫来石的交叉网络结构。     

低界面热阻、高面外热导率纤维素基复合膜

为有效解决电子设备的高效散热问题,迫切需要开发高性能导热复合材料。近年来,具有高面内热导率的导热复合膜已经取得了很大的进展,但低的面外热导率限制了其应用。在实际应用中,具有高面内和面外热导率的导热复合膜表现出均匀的散热性能,是先进电子器件理想的热管理材料。依据“最密堆积模型”,分别使用球形Al₂O₃粒子和石墨烯微片(GNPs)作为导热模板和导热增强相,采用真空辅助自组装方法,通过填料立体有序结构设计和界面结构优化,制备了高面外热导率柔性细菌纤维素(BC)基导热复合膜材料。大尺寸Al₂O₃粒子构筑基础传热网络,少量小尺寸Al₂O₃粒子填充在大尺寸Al₂O₃粒子之间的间隙,GNPs以球形Al₂O₃粒子为模板进行有序排列;通过调节不同尺寸Al₂O₃粒子的比例和对导热填料进行聚多巴胺(PDA)表面改性,构建了具有低界面热阻的协同立体传...     

三元复合钙基材料CaO-Ca3Al2O6-MgO的合成及其CO2吸附性能

采用Al₂O₃和MgO同时掺杂改性的方法制备了CaO-Ca₃Al₂O₆-MgO复合钙基高温吸附CO₂材料。复合钙基材料孔隙发达,活性物相为CaO,惰性骨架物相为Ca₃Al₂O₆和MgO。Ca₃Al₂O₆/MgO质量比偏小的材料,表面微粒粒径较小。在10%（体积分数,下同）CO₂和90% N₂的混合气气氛下,采用热重分析仪测量了复合钙基材料吸附CO₂容量、碳化反应速率以及循环碳化（670℃）/煅烧（900℃）过程的稳定性。结果发现,复合钙基材料CaO-Ca₃Al₂O₆-MgO具有较好的吸附CO₂性能,提高Ca₃Al₂O₆/MgO质量比,合成材料的循环稳定性较好;降低Ca₃Al₂O₆/MgO质量比,合成材料的碳化反应速率加快,CaO转化率提高。最后,通过对不同循环次数下复合钙材料的比表面积、孔径分布、微观形貌、表面元素分布,晶相、晶粒大小进行研究分析,对合成材料的失活以及掺杂物质对烧结的抑制机理进行了讨论。     

三角形微通道内纳米流体流动与换热特性

以去离子水为基液,通过两步法制备出粒子体积分数为0.1%的SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TiO₂纳米流体,并分别在流体内添加一定量的表面活性剂以提高其稳定性。利用紫外分光光度计和热物性分析仪,对3种纳米流体稳定性和热导率进行测试。此外,为研究纳米流体在三角形微通道内的流动与换热特性,利用红外热像仪观察通道底面温度分布。结果表明,表面活性剂会对纳米流体吸光度产生影响,且粒子会随着时间的增加逐渐团聚。纳米颗粒的添加可有效提高工质的热导率并强化对流换热,微通道底面温度明显降低,且均温性得到改善。3种纳米流体中,TiO₂纳米流体呈现出更加良好的导热和换热性能。     

ZrO2/SiO2- and La2O3/Al2O3-supported platinum catalysts for CH4/CO2 reforming

Surface-phase ZrO₂ on SiO₂ (SZrOs) and surface-phase La₂O₃ on Al₂O₃ (SLaOs) were prepared with various loadings of ZrO₂ and La₂O₃, characterized and used as supports for preparing Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts. CH₄/CO₂ reforming over the Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts was examined and compared with Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/SiO₂ catalysts. CO₂ or CH₄ pulse reaction/adsorption analysis was employed to elucidate the effects of these surface-phase oxides.

The zirconia can be homogeneously dispersed on SiO₂ to form a stable surface-phase oxide. The lanthana cannot be spread well on Al₂O₃, but it forms a stable amorphous oxide with Al₂O₃. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts showed higher steady activity than did Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ by a factor of three to four. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts were also much more stable than the Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts for long stream time and for reforming temperatures above 700 °C. These findings were attributed to the activation of CO₂ adsorbed on the basic sites of SZrOs and SLaOs.     

CO_2 methanation over TiO_2–Al_2O_3 binary oxides supported Ru catalysts

TiO_2 modified Al_2O_3 binary oxide was prepared by a wet-impregnation method and used as the support for ruthenium catalyst. The catalytic performance of Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst in CO_2 methanation reaction was investigated. Compared with Ru/Al_2O_3 catalyst, the Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalytic system exhibited a much higher activity in CO_2 methanation reaction. The reaction rate over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3 was 0.59 mol CO_2·(g Ru)1·h-1, 3.1 times higher than that on Ru/Al_2O_3[0.19 mol CO_2·(gRu)-1·h-1]. The effect of TiO_2 content and TiO_2–Al_2O_3calcination temperature on catalytic performance was addressed. The corresponding structures of each catalyst were characterized by means of H_2-TPR, XRD, and TEM. Results indicated that the averaged particle size of the Ru on TiO_2–Al_2O_3support is 2.8 nm, smaller than that on Al_2O_3 support of 4.3 nm. Therefore, we conclude that the improved activity over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst is originated from the smaller particle size of ruthenium resulting from a strong interaction between Ru and the rutile-TiO_2 support, which hindered the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles.     

TiO2与SiO2掺杂对Al2O3相转变的研究

通过球磨混合法,制备TiO₂、SiO₂和TiO₂+SiO₂掺杂的Al₂O₃粉体,经不同温度煅烧后进行X射线衍射(XRD)测试,比较研究这三种掺杂对Al₂O₃粉体相转变温度的影响。研究结果表明,TiO₂、SiO₂掺杂对γ-Al₂O₃向α-Al₂O₃的相转变均有促进作用。在掺杂质量分数为0.5%的情况下,二者可分别使γ-Al₂O₃完全转变为α-Al₂O₃的温度降低100 ℃和125 ℃。而TiO₂+SiO₂复合掺杂对γ-Al₂O₃向α-Al₂O₃相转变的促进作用优于TiO₂、SiO₂单独掺杂。TiO₂、SiO₂的质量分数均为0.3%时,复合掺杂可使γ-Al₂O₃完全转变为α-Al₂O₃的温度降低150 ℃。此外,还对TiO₂、SiO₂和TiO₂+SiO₂掺杂促进Al₂O₃粉体相转变的机理作了简单分析。     

恒热流直管中纳米流体对流传热的实验研究(英文)

In this work, the laminar convective heat transfer performance and the pressure drop of water-based nanofluids containing Al2O3, TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles flowing through a straight circular tube were experimen-tally investigated. The experimental results showed that addition of small amounts of nano-sized Al2O3 and TiO2 particles to de-ionized water increased heat transfer coefficients considerably, while the SiO2 nanofluids showed the opposite behavior attracting the authors’ interests. An average of 16%and 8.2%increase in heat transfer coefficient were observed with the average of 28%and 15%penalty in pressure drop for Al2O3 and TiO2 nanofluids.     

Effect of copper species and the presence of reaction products on the activity of methane oxidation on supported CuO catalysts

The activity of the various CuO species found in supported copper catalysts and the effect of the presence of reaction products, CO₂ and H₂O, was studied during the complete oxidation of methane. Series of copper catalysts supported on ZrO₂, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ with different metal concentrations were analyzed under identical experimental conditions of reactant concentration and temperature. The catalysts were characterized by TPR, UV–vis spectroscopy and XRD. The results show that the activity of supported CuO is closely related to the kind of Cu species formed on the different supports. It was found that the Cu species formed on ZrO₂ and Al₂O₃ are dependent on the metal loading/support's surface area ratio, and that the activity of highly dispersed Cu is substantially higher than that of bulk CuO. In the case of silica, only the formation of bulk CuO was detected, accounting for the low activity of CuO/SiO₂ catalysts. The activity of highly dispersed Cu species formed on ZrO₂ is higher than those formed over Al₂O₃, and it is not significantly affected by the formation of bulk CuO on the surface. On the contrary, the activity of copper species formed on alumina decreases continuously as the Cu loading is increased. Thus, for the range of copper loading studied in this work, the activity of the catalysts, per gram of loaded Cu, follows the sequence: CuO/ZrO₂ > CuO/Al₂O₃  CuO/SiO₂. It was also found that CO₂ does not inhibits the activity of the CuO/ZrO₂ catalysts, while water inhibits the combustion reaction of methane, with an estimated reaction order of about −0.2 for temperatures between 360 °C and 420 °C.