pH及离子强度对石英砂负载羟基磷灰石吸附锰的影响

制备石英砂负载羟基磷灰石复合材料去除铀尾矿库重金属锰,以PHREEQC计算不同pH锰的赋存形态,并用五种经典动力学模型对吸附过程进行拟合、分析其吸附机理;阐述不同离子强度、阴阳离子对锰的去除效果。试验表明,不同pH对锰的吸附效果具有较大差异,CO32-、PO43-可促进去除,Cd2 、Mg2 则与Mn2 竞争吸附位点,降低复合材料吸附量。     

8-羟基喹啉改性壳聚糖吸附剂的制备及其吸附铀的性能

通过多步反应制备8-羟基喹啉改性壳聚糖吸附剂(CATT-8-HQ),利用红外光谱仪、热重分析仪分别表征其结构和考察其吸附与解吸铀的性能。结果表明:在pH为4~7范围内,CATT-8-HQ对铀的吸附容量较高;对于铀初始质量浓度为500 mg/L溶液,CATT-8-HQ对铀的吸附容量达123 mg/g(干);以20g/L Na2CO3+60g/L NaHCO3作解吸剂可以将铀解吸下来,解吸率超过90%。对于实际含铀吸附尾液,用CATT-8-HQ一次摇床振荡吸附,铀质量浓度可降至0.05mg/L以下,达到国家废水排放标准。     

吸附材料处理含Zn2+重金属废水的影响因素

考察了废水初始pH值、不同阳离子、阴离子、有机物、共存重金属离子、极端条件等因素对吸附Zn2的影响.结果表明,8h后吸附接近饱和,废水初始pH =6时处理效果最好,Zn2+吸附容量为3.98 mg/g,去除率为79.6％;Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+均会抑制Zn2的吸附,影响顺序从小到大为Na+＜K+＜ Mg2+＜ Ca2+;Cl-、SO2-4对吸附Zn2+抑制作用很小,且Cl-的抑制作用小于SO2-4;COD对吸附Zn2+有促进作用;Pb2+、Cu2+共存时,对Zn2+的吸附有抑制作用,影响顺序为Pb2+单元体系＜ Cu2+单元体系＜ Pb2+、Cu2+二元体系;高盐和强酸对Zn2+的吸附有较大影响,但高温基本无影响.饱和吸附材料的后处理试验表明,在550℃马弗炉中热处理6.5h,烧失率为75.4％,烧渣中Zn2+含量为1.75％,与热处理前相比,富集倍数为4.1倍.本文研究成果为吸附法处理含锌重金属废水并回收废水中的重金属提供了重要依据.     

某铀矿生物浸铀过程中金属离子与铀协同浸出研究

通过室内柱浸试验,探析不同粒度（2.5~5、5~10、2.5~10 mm）铀矿在生物浸出过程中金属离子与铀浸出的规律,分析柱浸过程中pH、Eh、K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Al3+、Fe3+与铀的浸出行为,并运用PHREEQC计算金属离子的饱和指数及浸出液中铀的存在形式。结果表明,铀矿中K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、Al3+、Fe3+与铀的浸出趋势相似,粒度越小该铀矿中浸出的金属离子越多,经过66 d柱浸试验,三种粒度的铀矿铀浸出率分别为85.93%、69.75%、79.65%。酸化阶段及菌浸阶段硬石膏达到饱和,酸化阶段磷酸铀酰达到饱和,菌浸阶段氟化铁达到饱和。柱浸浸出液中铀主要以正六价存在,酸化阶段铀化学形态主要为硫酸铀酰及磷酸铀酰,菌浸出阶段主要为硫酸铀酰及氟化铀酰。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定铀锆合金中钙锂镁钠

铀锆合金燃料中的杂质元素会影响其运行的安全性,准确测定Ca、Li、Mg、Na元素的含量具有重要意义。先使用硝酸-氢氟酸溶解样品,再采用UTEVA萃淋树脂,在酸性介质中使铀基体与待测元素定量分离,选择Ca 422.673nm、Li 670.784nm、Mg 279.553nm、Na 589.592nm作为分析谱线,建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定铀锆合金中Ca、Li、Mg、Na的分析方法。使用1mol/L硝酸淋洗UTEVA萃淋色谱柱,这一分离流程对铀的去污因子约为4.0×10⁴。Ca、Li、Mg、Na的出峰体积在6~10mL,因此保留10mL淋洗液可以满足Ca、Li、Mg、Na的测定要求。Ca、Li、Mg、Na的质量浓度为0.025~0.50mg/L时与其发射强度呈线性关系,线性相关系数均不小于0.9990;方法检出限为0.1~1.0mg/kg。按照实验方法测定铀锆合金中Ca、Li、Mg、Na,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)小于3%;回收率为90%~105%。     

P25 TiO2光催化降解中低浓度氨氮废水

针对水体中较为严重的氨氮污染问题,结合光催化氧化技术在污水处理方面的应用前景,提出以 P25为催化剂,光催化降解模拟氨氮废水.讨论了降解体系中P25用量、pH值、不同初始浓度及外加氧化剂H2O2、水体中各种阴阳离子Cl-、HCO3-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+对降解氨氮废水的影响.实验结果表明：在500 W汞灯的照射下,对于100 mg/L的含NH3-N废水,当P25用量为0.5 g/L、氨氮废水初始pH=10.1、H2O2投加量为2 mmol/L、氨水的浓度为100 mg/L 时,去除率最高;Cl-、HCO3-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+对氨氮废水的去除效果有抑制作用.证明了P25对氨氮废水的降解有一定的效果.     

P25 TiO_2光催化降解中低浓度氨氮废水

针对水体中较为严重的氨氮污染问题,结合光催化氧化技术在污水处理方面的应用前景,提出以P25为催化剂,光催化降解模拟氨氮废水.讨论了降解体系中P25用量、pH值、不同初始浓度及外加氧化剂H2O2、水体中各种阴阳离子Cl-、HCO3-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+对降解氨氮废水的影响.实验结果表明:在500 W汞灯的照射下,对于100 mg/L的含NH3-N废水,当P25用量为0.5 g/L、氨氮废水初始pH=10.1、H2O2投加量为2 mmol/L、氨水的浓度为100 mg/L时,去除率最高;Cl-、HCO3-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+对氨氮废水的去除效果有抑制作用.证明了P25对氨氮废水的降解有一定的效果.     

Ce3+对大肠杆菌感受态建立和转化的影响

利用Mg2+、Ce3+取代Ca2+诱导大肠杆菌感受态的建立,发现Mg2+、Ce3+不能独立诱导大肠杆菌建立感受态,只有在存在Ca2+的情况下才能诱导大肠杆菌建立感受态,Mg2+和Ce3+在低浓度时可以提高转化效率,但在高浓度时对转化有抑制作用,结果表明Ce3+与Ca2+一样,可能对大肠杆菌转化具有生理性调节作用。     

白云石与氟磷灰石的浸出过程热力学

根据化学位图绘制基本原理和方法,分析了Mg2+-Ca2+-H2CO3-H2O、CaCO3·MgCO3-SO2-4-H2O、Ca2+-F--H3PO4-H2O、Ca5(PO4)3F -SO2-4-H2O和Mg2+-H3PO4-H2O体系在常温下的热力学平衡,研究了Ca-Mg-P-H2SO4体系在常温下的溶液-矿物溶解、沉积条件,形象、直观地描述了该溶液体系化学平衡条件及反应进行的限度,为磷矿选矿和湿法浸出过程提供理论依据.结果表明:硫酸可以促进白云石和氟磷灰石的溶解,溶解产物主要是Mg2+、H3PO4,其次是H2PO-4,固相产物主要是硫酸钙晶体;氟磷灰石溶解过程中产生的磷酸在酸性条件下不与溶出的Mg2+反应形成Mg3(PO4)2.     

用Purolite S930螯合树脂吸附某选铌尾矿浸出液中的Sc3+

研究了用Purolite S930螯合树脂从白云鄂博选铌尾矿浸出液中吸附Sc³⁺,考察了树脂用量、溶液pH、吸附温度、吸附时间和不同价态(二价，三价)金属离子对Sc³⁺吸附率的影响，并借助SEM-EDS、FT-IR、XPS对树脂吸附Sc³⁺前后的形貌进行表征。结果表明：在树脂用量0.1 g/mL、溶液pH=1.2、吸附温度50℃、硝酸浓度0.144 mol/L、吸附24 h条件下，Purolite S930对溶液中Sc³⁺的吸附率可达99%以上；溶液中金属阳离子的吸附顺序为Sc(Ⅲ)>Fe(Ⅲ)>Al(Ⅲ)>Mn(Ⅱ)>Ca(Ⅱ)>Mg(Ⅱ),其中，三价金属阳离子比二价金属阳离子对Sc³⁺吸附影响更大；吸附过程中，Sc³⁺与Purolite S930中的Na⁺发生离子交换反应，与—COO—产生螯合作用；吸附过程更符合准二级动力学模型。     

砂岩铀矿围岩中性条件下对铀的吸附试验

砂岩型铀矿地浸采铀体系中,溶解铀在水岩界面发生的吸附作用对铀的浸出造成一定影响。为研究CO_2+O_2中性地浸条件下含矿层砂岩介质对溶解铀的吸附特征,采用取自新疆蒙其古尔铀矿床围岩和含铀浸出液,在实验室开展了不同粒径介质和不同固液比的吸附试验。结果表明,不同粒径介质对铀的平衡吸附量介于11.62～20.28mg/g,铀的平衡吸附量以及吸附率与粒径负相关;不同液固比试验条件的平衡吸附量介于10.07～18.23mg/g,铀的平衡吸附量与液固比正相关,铀的吸附率则与液固比负相关。围岩对铀的吸附动力学特征符合粒内扩散模型。试验结果可以为地浸采铀溶质运移模拟过程中吸附模型及其参数的确定提供依据。     

螺旋藻对模拟矿山废水中稀土镱 离子的吸附性能

通过Zarrouk培养液获得了螺旋藻，并以其为生物质吸附剂，对模拟矿山废水中稀土镱离子的吸附性能进行研究.通过单道扫描电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-AES）、扫描电镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）、多功能成像电子能谱仪（XPS）等分析方法对螺旋藻的结构和吸附性能进行研究.通过Freundlich，Langmuir，Redlich-Peterso和Dubinin-Radushkevich等温吸附模型，以及伪一级、伪二级、Elovich方程和颗粒内扩散动力学模型，对该过程的吸附动力学和热力学规律进行探讨，以了解该吸附过程的机理.结果表明:当被处理液的pH值为5、螺旋藻的剂量为2.0 g/L、初始镱离子浓度为100 mg/L和吸附时间为60 min时，螺旋藻对模拟矿山废水中的稀土镱离子的吸附去除率为77 %，且解吸附率可达到92.3 %，表明螺旋藻的吸附速率快、吸附效果较为理想.研究表明:该过程的吸附动力学行为符合伪二级动力学模型（R2>0.99），主要受化学吸附控制；且吸附等温线能较好用Langmuir方程进行模拟（R2>0.99），属于自发吸热型吸附过程.      

黄河水中稀土与沉积物的交换吸附特性研究

本文研究了稀土离子Pr     

小秦岭金矿带枣香河重金属及氰化物分布特征及污染成因

为了研究小秦岭金矿带河流中重金属及氰化物分布特征及污染成因,利用野外调研、室内淋溶试验、数据测试分析等手段,对枣香河河水和底泥中重金属和氰化物进行了时空剖析。其研究表明,河水水质污染严重,水质类别主要是劣Ⅴ类和Ⅴ类水,污染河段占93.09%,河水中主要污染物为汞、铅及氰化物。通过对近年河水断面水质对比分析得出,重金属、氰化物已经造成枣香河水的持续污染。河流中重金属主要以底泥的形式存在,底泥中铜、铅污染最严重。河水污染成因主要为山区采矿活动、山外傍河选冶作业;河水的稀释、混合作用;底泥的吸附作用、生物化学的降解作用等。影响因素主要为污染物总量及其降解速率、水系沉积物颗粒粒径、地形地貌等。     

某高矿化度砂岩型铀矿地浸开采堵塞机理的研究

新疆某高矿化度地下水分布区砂岩型铀矿采用酸法和碱法地浸时易出现堵塞,采用地球化学模式PHREEQCI模拟和实验研究的方法对堵塞进行了探讨。结果表明,堵塞主要是因为地下水的矿化度(TDS)、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-、HCO3-浓度过高,分别为8～12g/L、386.17～775.95 mg/L、250.83～377.21mg/L、2 036.47～2 436.08mg/L、108.66～527.55mg/L,方解石和石膏临近饱和状态;采用酸法和碱法地浸工艺分别会产生石膏和方解石沉淀而引起化学堵塞。该砂岩型铀矿适合采用稀释或水处理—弱碱性地浸工艺。     

Iron Isotope Compositions of Natural River and Lake Samples in the Karst Area,Guizhou Province,Southwest China

To better understand the Fe isotope characteristics of natural samples in the Karst area, the Fe isotope compositions of riverine suspended particulates, lake suspended particulates, lake sediments, porewaters, phytoplanktons, and aerosols in the watersheds of Lake Aha (a mineralized water system) and Lake Hongfeng (a mesotrophic water system), which are located in the Karst area,southwest China, were investigated. The studied samples displayed a variable range between δ56Fe=-2.03‰ and 0.36‰. Aerosols and phytoplanktons have similar or slightly heavier Fe isotope compositions relative to the average of igneous rocks. Fe isotope compositions of riverine Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) were mainly affected by the types of tributaries. Suspended particulates collected from tributaries seriously contaminated with coal mine drainages displayed negative δ56Fe values (-0.89‰ to -0.31‰) during summer, and there were significant increases of δ56Fe values in winter, except AR2, which was polluted with both coal mine drainage and sewage effluent.Characteristics of lakes have important influences on Fe isotope compositions of suspended particulates, lake sediments, and porewaters. The epilimnetic particulate Fe of Lake Hongfeng had δ56Fe=-0.04‰ to 0.13‰, while lighter Fe isotope compositions were measured for particulate Fe from Lake Aha, ranging from -0.42‰ to -0.09‰. Sediments collected from Hou Wu (HW) station of Lake Hongfeng have an average δ56Fe value of 0.09‰ and their corresponding porewaters have lighter Fe isotope compositions, ranging from -0.57‰ to -0.31‰; no significant variations have been observed.For the Liang Jiang Kou (LJK) station of Lake Aha, the content of reactive Fe and the concentration of sulfate were all high. Due to the reactive Fe recycling, including dissimilatory Fe reduction, adsorption,and Fe-sulfide formation, porewaters sampled near the sediment surface have been found to have a δ56Fe value as low as -2.03‰ and an increase up to 0.12‰, with a burial depth of 10 cm. In contrast, an opposite variation trend was found for LJK sediments. Sediments sampled at 1-cm depth had a value of δ56Fe=-0.59‰ and decrease as low as -1.75‰ with burial depth. This investigation demonstrated that significant Fe isotope fractionations occur in surface environments. Fe isotope compositions of particulate Fe were seriously affected by Fe sources, and Fe biogeochemical recycling has an important influence on Fe isotope fractionations in lake sediments, especially when there are significant amounts of reactive Fe and sulfate.     

Case Study: Sediment Transport in Proposed Geomorphic Channel for Napa River

A model study evaluates sediment transport in a geomorphic channel proposed for restoration and flood damage reduction of an 11-km tidally influenced reach of the Napa River located in California. The model study employs the unsteady quasi-2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport model MIKE 11, the simplified marsh plain accretion model MARSH 98, and the Rouse equation to predict annual average morphological changes of the geomorphic channel. The adopted modeling approach allows for the simulation of salient sediment transport processes in a river estuary, including lateral and vertical sorting of sediments, and local flushing of fine cohesive and noncohesive sediments during flooding. Accretion rates, particularly within the marsh plain terrace of the multistage channel, are found to be within acceptable limits for project maintenance and ecosystem restoration purposes. This enhanced 1D modeling approach may offer a viable and cost-effective alternative compared to fully 2D and 3D models, with relatively less model set-up and run-time requirements.     

Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aged Harbor Sediments

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of hydrophobic organic contaminants which have low aqueous solubilities and are common pollutants in harbor sediments. Adsorption and desorption isotherms for PAHs are conducted to study the abiotic sorption of PAHs in uncontaminated harbor sediments in contact with the natural overlaying water. Representative 2-, 3-, and 4-ring PAHs are used to obtain PAH adsorption/desorption data. Linear adsorption onto sediment is obtained for the following PAHs: Naphthalene and 2-methyl naphthalene (2 ring), acenaphthene, anthracene, and phenanthrene (3 ring), and fluoranthene and pyrene (4 ring). Linear adsorption is followed by a significant hysteresis in desorption from sediment, due to strong retention by the aged sediment organic carbon. Sediment organic carbon–water partition coefficients (log?Koc) for the seven PAHs range from 2.49 to 4.63. Based on the sorption data for these representative PAHs, sediment organic carbon–water partition coefficients may be predicted for other PAH compounds, particularly the less soluble and the more hydrophobic PAHs (5 or more rings).