腐蚀环境中纤维增强聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

分别研究了不同含量碳纤维(CF)、玻璃纤维(GF)填充聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）复合材料在硫酸溶液中和干摩擦条件下的摩擦学性能,同时考察了PTFE复合材料在酸中的腐蚀行为,探讨了相关机理。结果表明,在酸中GF能够提高PTFE的耐磨性,比CF在提高PTFE耐磨性方面具有更好的优势。就酸溶液中的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性而言,15 %（质量分数,下同）是填料的最佳含量,此时GF和CF填充的PTFE,耐磨性分别较纯PTFE提高了7.7和4.4倍;当填料的含量超过15 %时,复合材料的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性均下降,主要是由于此时犁削和磨粒磨损是PTFE复合材料的主要磨损机制。由于酸溶液的冷却和润滑作用,硫酸溶液中PTFE复合材料的摩擦因数大幅降低,但酸溶液抑制了对磨面上转移膜的形成。     

纳米SiC及其与石墨、二硫化钼填充PTFE基复合材料摩擦磨损性能研究

用摩擦磨损试验机对纳米碳化硅（SiC）及其与石墨、二硫化钼（MoS2）混合填充聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）复合材料在干摩擦条件下与45#钢对磨时摩擦磨损性能进行了研究,用洛氏硬度计对PTFE及其复合材料的硬度进行了测量,用扫描电子显微镜对PTFE复合材料磨损表面进行了观察。结果表明,纳米SiC的加入能提高PTFE复合材料的硬度和耐磨性,纳米SiC与MoS2混合填充会使PTFE复合材料的耐磨性提高更多,特别是在载荷增大时其耐磨效果更好。纳米SiC填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦因数比纯PTFE大,且随载荷增加有所减小, MoS2、石墨的加入可降低PTFE的摩擦因数。     

酸性溶液中PTW增强PTFE复合材料的耐蚀性和摩擦磨损性能

分别研究了不同含量钛酸钾晶须(PTW)、碳纤(CF)填充聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料在硫酸溶液中和干摩擦条件下摩擦学性能以及酸中的耐蚀性能,借助SEM等分析探讨了相关机理。结果表明,酸中纯PTFE耐磨性较干摩擦条件下提高了2个数量级,摩擦系数也只有干摩擦的15.3%。与CF/PTFE相比,PTW/PTFE复合材料在酸中显示更好的耐蚀和耐磨性能。PTW可以进一步提高PTFE酸中耐磨性能、降低摩擦系数。含15%（质量）PTW时复合材料具有最低的磨损率,此时比纯PTFE酸中耐磨性提高13.8倍,是相同含量CF/PTFE耐磨性的3.2倍。由于酸溶液的冷却和润滑作用,复合材料的摩擦系数与干条件相比明显降低。然而,酸溶液阻止了转移膜的形成。不管是干摩擦还是在酸性溶液中,当填料含量超过15%（质量）时,犁削和磨粒磨损是PTFE复合材料的主要磨损机理。     

二硫化钼改性PTFE摩擦磨损性能

干燥过筛聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、二硫化钼(MoS_2),模压烧结制备MoS_2/PTFE复合材料,研究其摩擦磨损情况。结果表明,MoS_2填充质量分数为0、5%、10%、15%、20%时,复合材料的摩擦因数随转速的增大而增大;在20、40、60、80 r/min转速下,复合材料摩擦因数随MoS_2填充质量分数的增加而增大,当填充量为20%时,各转速下的摩擦因数均达到最大值。填充MoS_2显著降低复合材料体积磨损率,体积磨损率随MoS_2填充质量分数的增加而减小。摩擦过程中,铝合金摩擦面并没有发生擦伤,试样被铝合金硬质微凸体挤压、犁削,MoS_2/PTFE复合材料的磨损机理为磨粒磨损。     

石墨/Cr2O3协同改性PTFE/硅灰石材料摩擦学性能

采用电子万能试验机、环-块式摩擦试验机和扫描电子显微镜等分析表征手段,考察了针状硅灰石与石墨(Gr)和Cr₂O₃并用对聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,随着硅灰石含量的增加,PTFE/硅灰石复合材料的磨损率逐渐降低,而摩擦系数呈现出先降低后增加的趋势。在15%(质量分数,下同)硅灰石的基础上添加10%Gr时,复合材料的磨损率降低到0.22×10^-5 mm³/(N·m),摩擦系数略有增大。进一步添加1%Cr₂O₃代替相应含量的Gr时,PTFE/硅灰石/Gr/Cr₂O₃复合材料表现出最低的磨损率,仅有0.13×10^-5 mm³/(N·m),对应的摩擦系数为0.25。磨损机理分析表明:适量硅灰石在摩擦过程中起到了较好的支撑载荷作用,阻止了对偶上微凸体对摩擦表面的嵌入;在此基础上继续添加9%Gr和1%Cr₂O₃时,对偶上形成了非常致密完整、薄且均匀的转移膜,表现为轻微的磨粒磨损特征。     

填料改性PTFE复合材料的性能

用MG-2000型高速高温摩擦磨损试验机对4组填料填充PTFE复合材料摩擦磨损性能进行研究,并考察相同含量填料由一元增至三元对其摩擦学性能及力学性能的影响。结果表明:单一CF与其混合填料均能提高PTFE复合材料的硬度及压缩强度,降低比重,大幅增强PTFE耐磨性;混合填料改性效果更明显,其中三元填料改性效果最优,且CF/SiC纤维/石墨三元填料改性比CF/GF/石墨三元填料改性效果更佳;石墨、CF与SiC纤维协同效应更显著。     

改性凹凸棒石及硅灰石填充PTFE的摩擦性能研究

采用硅烷偶联剂（KH550）及十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）对凹凸棒石粉体进行改性，并将改性前后的凹凸棒石粉体与硅灰石复合填充至聚四氟乙烯（PTFE），制备PTFE复合材料。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、邵氏硬度计、环块摩擦磨损试验机、万能试验机对改性凹凸棒石粉体的理化性能及复合材料摩擦学性能进行表征。结果表明：凹凸棒石及硅灰石的加入可以降低复合材料的磨损率。经CTAB改性的凹凸棒石与硅灰石填充至PTFE，复合材料的邵氏硬度增至70，磨损率降至1.54×10-6 mm3/（N·m），压缩性能提高40%左右。对凹凸棒石进行表面改性，可提高粉体与PTFE基体的界面结合，从而改善复合材料摩擦学性能和力学性能。     

PTFE填充PI基复合材料摩擦学性能

以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)为填料,聚酰亚胺(PI)为基体,通过机械冷压法制备了聚酰亚胺/聚四氟乙烯(PI/PTFE)自润滑复合材料。研究了PTFE在复合材料中质量分数对该材料和金属试件对磨时摩擦学性能的影响。结果表明:在一定质量范围内PTFE的加入对于提高复合材料耐磨性具有积极的促进作用。当PTFE质量分数为30%时,PI/PTFE复合材料磨损率最低。和纯PI相比,填充PTFE的复合材料耐磨性提高3个数量级。对试件磨损形貌的分析表明:在对偶面形成转移膜的连续性直接影响PI/PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损行为。对应最佳摩擦学性能时形成的自润滑转移膜更加连续、光滑和完整。     

聚四氟乙烯/纳米氮化钛复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用摩擦磨损试验机考察了填料含量及载荷对纳米氮化钛(TiN)填充聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用扫描电子显微镜观察分析磨损表面形貌,探讨了磨损机理。结果表明,纳米TiN可以提高PTFE的硬度和耐磨性,当纳米TiN质量分数为7%时,PTFE纳米TiN复合材料的磨损量最小;随载荷的增大,PTFE/TiN复合材料的磨损量增加。PTFE纳米TiN复合材料的摩擦因数比纯PTFE小。     

固体润滑剂对芳纶/酚醛树脂复合材料性能的影响

以酚醛树脂为基体,芳纶纤维织物为增强层,采用热压成型工艺制备了芳纶/酚醛树脂复合材料,研究了固体润滑剂PTFE、石墨、MoS2对芳纶/酚醛树脂复合材料力学性能与摩擦性能的影响。研究发现,PTFE、石墨、MoS2均能降低芳纶/酚醛树脂复合材料的力学性能;MoS2对芳纶/酚醛树脂复合材料摩擦因数的影响不大,但能降低磨耗,而PTFE与石墨均能降低摩擦因数与磨耗,并显著增加摩擦稳定性,其中石墨使芳纶/酚醛树脂复合材料的摩擦因数降低25%,磨耗降低两个数量级;SEM分析表明,PTFE与石墨使复合材料由黏着摩损转变为疲劳磨损,而MoS2使复合材料出现磨粒磨损。     

Study on wear and friction behavior of graphite flake‐filled PTFE composites

The wear rate and coefficient of friction for graphite flake (GF)‐filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites were evaluated on a pin‐on‐disk wear tester under dry conditions. Scanning electron microscopy showed significant reduction in the abrasive wear of the composites. The wear rates of 5 and 10 wt % GF composites were reduced by more than 22 and 245 times, respectively, at sliding speed of 1 m/s. With increasing sliding distance from 1 to 8 km, the wear rate of pure PTFE decreased by 1.4 times whereas that of composites, it decreased up to three times. The significant decreased in wear rate and coefficient of friction might be attributed to the formation of a thin and tenacious transfer film on the counter‐surface. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Tribological behaviors of polytetrafluoroethylene composites under dry sliding and seawater lubrication

The composites of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filled with expanded graphite (EG), poly(p‐oxybenzoyl) (POB), and basalt fiber (BF) were prepared by heating compression and sintering molding. The tribological behavior of PTFE composites was investigated with a pin‐on‐disk tester under dry conditions and seawater lubrication. The worn surface of PTFE composites and the transfer film on the counterface were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The results indicated that the incorporation of EG and POB improved the hardness of PTFE composites, and addition of BF led to greater load‐carrying capacity. Compared to pure PTFE, the coefficients of friction of PTFE composites slightly increased, but the wear rates were significantly reduced (the wear rate of composite with 3% EG being only 10.38% of pure PTFE). In addition, all the composites exhibited a lower coefficient of friction (decreases of about 0.03–0.07) but more serious wear under seawater lubrication than under dry sliding. The wear mechanism changed from serious abrasive wear of pure PTFE to slight adhesion wear of PTFE composites under both conditions. A transfer film was obviously found on the counterface in seawater, but it was not observed under dry conditions. Among all the materials tested, the PTFE‐based composite containing 20% POB (mass fraction), 2% EG, and 3% BF exhibited the best comprehensive performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 2523–2531, 2013     

Friction and wear characteristics of metal sulfides and graphite‐filled PTFE composites under dry and oil‐lubricated conditions

Five kinds of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)‐based composites, pure PTFE, PTFE + 30(v)% MoS₂, PTFE + 30(v)% PbS, PTFE + 30(v)% CuS, and PTFE + 30(v)% graphite (GR) composites, were first prepared. Then the friction and wear properties of these PTFE composites, sliding against GCr15‐bearing steel under both dry and liquid paraffin‐lubricated conditions, were studied by using an MHK‐500 ring‐on‐block wear tester. Finally, the worn surfaces and the transfer films of the PTFE composites formed on the surface of GCr15 bearing steel were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope, respectively. Experimental results show that filling with MoS₂, PbS, CuS, or graphite to PTFE can reduce the wear of the PTFE composites by two orders of magnitude compared to that of pure PTFE under dry friction conditions. However, the friction and wear‐reducing properties of these PTFE composites can be greatly improved by lubrication with liquid paraffin. Investigations of transfer films show that MoS₂, PbS, CuS, and graphite promote the transfer of the PTFE composites onto the surface of GCr15‐bearing steel under dry friction conditions, but the transfer of the PTFE composites onto the surface of GCr15‐bearing steel can be greatly reduced by lubrication with liquid paraffin. SEM examinations of worn surfaces show that with lubrication of liquid paraffin, the creation and development of the cracks occurred on the worn surfaces of the PTFE composites under load, which reduces the load‐supporting capacity of the PTFE composites. This would lead to the deterioration of the friction and wear properties of the PTFE composites under higher loads (>600N). © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 751–761, 1999     

Influence of solid lubricant reinforcement on wear behavior of Kevlar fabric composites

The friction and wear behavior of Kevlar fabric composites reinforced by PTFE or graphite powders was investigated using a Xuanwu‐III friction and wear tester at dry sliding condition, with the unfilled Kevlar fabric composite as a reference. The worn surfaces were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that PTFE or graphite as fillers could significantly improve the tribological behavior of the Kevlar fabric composites, and the Kevlar fabric composites filled with 20% PTFE exhibited the best antiwear and antifriction ability among all evaluated cases. The transfer films established with two lubricants in sliding wear of composites against metallic counterparts made contributions to reducing friction coefficient and wear rate of Kevlar fabric composites. In particular, FeF₂ generated in the sliding of Kevlar fabric composites filled with PTFE against counterpart pin improved the bonding strength between the transfer film and counterpart surface, which accounted for the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate of the Kevlar fabric composites filled with PTFE measured in the testing. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008.     

聚苯硫醚复合材料摩擦性能的研究

考察了聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）、纳米无机粒子及不同含量和粒度的石墨填充改性聚苯硫醚（PPS）复合材料的摩擦磨损性能、力学性能；并采用扫描电镜（SEM）观测了磨损表面及对摩面的微观结构。结果表明：石墨的添加有利于在对摩面上形成转移物，而且随着石墨含量的增加，材料的摩擦系数明显降低，但磨耗量却有所升高，而石墨的粒度变化对材料的摩擦性能没有太大的影响；当PTFE和石墨两种固体润滑剂同时加入时，材料的力学强度有所降低，但其摩擦系数及磨耗量都得到明显改善，材料以疲劳磨损为主：纳米无机粒子的加入会使材料的磨耗量有所增大，其磨损机理转变为磨粒磨损。     

Effect of solid lubricants on tribological behavior of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6

The tribological properties of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6 (GF/PA6, 15/85 by weight) and its composites filled with solid lubricants were investigated. The main purposes of this article were to study the hybrid effect of solid lubricants with glass fiber as well as the synergism of combined solid lubricants, the wear mechanisms were studied by SEM. The results showed that graphite impaired the tribological properties of GF/PA6, but the tribology behavior of graphite filled GF/PA6 composite could be significantly improved by polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) or/and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), and the GF/PA6 composite filled with 5 wt % graphite, 5 wt % PTFE together with 5 wt % UHMWPE exhibited the lowest friction coefficient and wear rate, which was almost a reduction in friction coefficient by 37% and in wear rate by 34% contrast to GF/PA6. The effect of load was also studied, and the results showed that the friction coefficient was virtually not affected by load, while the wear rate all increased with increasing load. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1783–1793, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

混杂填料增强聚四氟乙烯复合材料的摩擦学性能研究

采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机对纳米SiC、MoS2和石墨填充聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料在干摩擦条件下与45#钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究,探讨了MoS2、石墨及纳米SiC的协同效应。认为纳米SiC的加入大大提高了复合材料的承载能力,石墨、MoS2的加入减少PTFE复合材料的摩擦因数。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对PTFE复合材料的摩擦面进行了观察。结果表明:实验中5%nano-SiC和3%MoS2填充PTFE复合材料的摩擦磨损性能最好,且在高载荷下的摩擦磨损性能尤为突出,具有一定的应用价值。     

The tribological properties of SiC whisker-reinforced polyetheretherketone

SiC whisker-reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites with different filler proportions were made into block specimens by compression molding. The friction and wear properties of the composites were investigated on a block-on-ring machine by running a plain carbon steel (AISI 1045 steel) ring against the composite block under ambient conditions. The morphologies of the wear traces and wear debris were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that SiC whisker-reinforced PEEK exhibited considerably lower friction coefficient compared with pure PEEK, while SiC whisker as a filler at a content of 1.25 to 2.5 wt % was very effective in reducing the wear rate of PEEK. Especially, the lowest wear rate was obtained with the composite containing 1.25 wt % SiC whisker. The SEM pictures of the wear traces indicated that PEEK composites undertook abrasive wear that was enhanced with increasing SiC whisker content, while for the frictional couple of carbon steel ring/composite block (reinforced with 1.25 wt % filler), a thin, uniform, and tenacious transfer film was formed on the ring surface. It was also supposed that the differences in the content of SiC whisker as filler could cause the differences in the wear mechanisms of SiC whisker-reinforced PEEK composites. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 2341–2347, 1998     

Tribological behaviors of carbon series additions reinforced CF/PTFE composites at high speed

The tribological, mechanical, and thermal properties of carbon series additions reinforced CF/PTFE composites at high speed were investigated. In this work, carbon fiber (CF) filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites, which have excellent tribological properties under normal sliding speed (1.4 m/s), were filled with some carbon materials [graphene (GE), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphite (Gr)] respectively to investigate the tribological properties of CF/PTFE composites at high sliding speed (2.1 and 2.5 m/s). The results reveal that the carbon series additions can improve the friction and anti‐wear performances of CF/PTFE, and GE is the most effective filler. The wear rate of 0.8 wt % GE/CF/PTFE was decreased by 50 ? 55%, 55 ? 60%, 40 ? 45% at 1.4, 2.1, and 2.5 m/s compared with CF/PTFE. SEM study shows GE could be helpful to form smooth and continuous transfer film on the surface of counterparts. Meanwhile, GE can improve its tensile strength and elastic modulus obviously. Thin layer structure of GE could enhance the thermal conductivity, which can be helpful to dissipate heat of CF/PTFE composites wear surface. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43236.     

聚四氟乙烯及其石墨填充复合材料的摩擦磨损特性

对聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）及石墨填充PTFE复合材料在不同载荷、不同润滑条件下,以及在不同对磨时间内的摩擦磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明,石墨填充PTFE的耐磨性比纯PTFE提高很多,不同的润滑条件对PTFE和石墨填充PTFE的磨损量及摩擦系数的影响不一样,对纯PTFE,其磨损量在水润条件下较小,而对石墨填充PTFE,其磨损量在油润滑条件下较小。