低NOx高温空气燃烧技术

低NOx高温空气燃烧技术将传统的低NOx燃烧技术与高温热式燃烧系统有地结合起来,具有热效率高、炉内温度分布均匀、NOx排放量低等特点。本文介绍了高温空气燃烧技术,重点分析了高温空气燃烧技术中的低NOx排放的原理,并对两种采用烟气再循环和分级燃烧技术的NOx高温空气燃烧器进行阐述。     

过量空气系数对W型火焰锅炉燃烧影响的数值模拟研究

过量空气系数是影响W型火焰锅炉燃烧的重要因素.利用数值模拟技术对某电厂300MW"W"型火焰锅炉炉内燃烧进行了4个工况的计算.通过分析各个工况下炉内流场、温度场、NO排放量以及炉膛出口处飞灰含碳量,得出过量空气系数增大时,炉内流场变化不大,炉内温度水平降低,火焰中心上移,NO排放量增大,飞灰含碳量减少.     

高温空气燃烧燃气热态试验炉非稳态数值模拟

采用双方程湍流模型、概率密度函数(PDF)燃烧模型和离散坐标(DO)辐射模型，对采用高温空气燃烧技术的燃气热态试验炉炉内工况进行了非稳态数值模拟，预测热态试验炉运行时的炉内温度场、组分场和速度场，由数值模拟结果分析比较了不同喷口间距五喷口燃烧器对炉内工况的影响，为采用高温空气燃烧技术的燃气燃烧器设计提供参考。     

新型低NOx排放高温空气燃烧的数值研究

通过数值模拟对燃料射流环绕空气射流的五喷口高温空气燃烧的燃烧特性进行了研究.详细阐述了燃烧室内燃烧温度和燃烧组分的分布情况,并对NOx生成及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:燃烧室出口可燃物浓度低于0.1%,燃烧反应完全;燃烧反应主要发生在燃料射流包围的圆柱体内,沿射流方向,燃烧逐渐向空气射流方向扩大,燃烧过程缓慢,并在燃烧室后半段稳定燃烧;NOx主要在燃烧室的高温区域形成,降低燃烧室内高温区域的氧气浓度是抑制燃烧过程NOx生成的关键,在燃烧室入口附近,NOx的生成受燃料射流的入口温度影响较大.     

射流间距对高温空气燃烧影响的数值研究

以高温空气燃烧技术为应用背景,对多股射流燃烧器的燃烧特性进行了数值模拟,讨论了燃料与空气射流喷口间距对燃烧特性的影响.采用标准的k-ε双方程模型计算流场,采用β函数的PDF燃烧模型计算气体燃料的燃烧,采用离散坐标法模拟辐射换热过程.NOx模型为热力型NOx,炉膛尺寸为800mm×800mm×1400mm,燃料喷口为圆形,直径为10mm,位于中心.空气喷口设计为5个等面积的圆形置于燃气喷口周围.计算结果表明,由于射流之间的相互作用,在炉膛后面存在回流区.烟气的回流一方面加强了燃料和空气的混合,使温度分布更为均匀,同时改变了炉膛空间内的燃料和氧的浓度分布,从而影响燃烧强度和NOx的局部生成.当燃料射流喷口与空气射流喷口的间距增大时,能有效地延缓燃料和空气的混合,烟气回流将会增加燃烧室内气体的混合程度,降低燃烧室内局部氧浓度,有利于扩大低氧区域,扩大燃烧区域,并且使炉膛温度变得均匀,减少局部高温区,降低NOx的生成.I=2.5时的NOx排放浓度为45×10-6.     

粒径对贫煤空气分级NOx排放特性影响的试验研究

采用煤粉燃烧自维持一维试验炉进行了不同煤粉粒径贫煤的单级和多级空气分级燃烧试验,研究了煤粉粒径对煤粉空气分级燃烧NOx排放的影响,探索适用于贫煤空气分级燃烧的煤粉粒径参数和分级级数,以实现较低的NOx排放.结果 表明:粒径影响炉内煤粉颗粒燃烧过程和NOx生成特性,细煤粉颗粒的燃烧速率更快,在炉内易形成还原性气氛,有利于抑制NOx生成和促进已生成的NOx的均相异相还原反应;在深度空气分级燃烧条件下,粒径减小对于降低NOx排放的作用更加显著;采用多级空气分级燃烧能够进一步降低NOx排放量.建议在实际燃用贫煤的锅炉中,采用两级空气分级燃烧和平均粒径为22.78 μm的细煤粉相结合的燃烧技术方案,此时NOx质量浓度可减少27.9％.     

空气预热温度对管式加热炉燃烧性能影响的研究

为了减少管式加热炉燃烧NOx的排放和提高加热炉的燃烧效率,实现加热炉的高效低氮燃烧,以某石化公司的F1001常压炉为研究对象,建立了常压炉物理模型,选用标准k-ε模型、非预混合湍流扩散燃烧PDF模型、P-1辐射模型、NOx生成模型对加热炉内的燃烧过程进行了数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:提高空气预热温度可以扩大炉内的高温区域,有利于炉管内原油的加热;燃烧NOx生成量和炉管出口油温随空气预热温度的升高而增大,当空气预热温度超过240℃时,NOx生成量急剧增大,所以空气预热温度以240℃为宜,此时NOx生成量为137 mg/m3,低于国家标准200 mg/m3。炉膛温度和出口油温测量值与模拟值进行了比较,二者吻合较好。研究结果为某企业常压炉的运行监控提供了参考依据。     

燃烧空气散布角对高温空气燃烧影响的数值研究

以高温空气燃烧技术为应用背景,对多股射流对炉内燃烧特性的影响进行了数值模拟,讨论了燃烧空气散布角对燃烧特性的影响。采用标准的-双方程模型计算流场,气相燃烧模型采用函数的PDF燃烧模型,采用离散坐标法模拟辐射换热过程,NOX模型为热力型NOX,燃烧室尺寸为800mm×800mm×1400mm,燃料喷口为圆形,直径为10mm,位于中心。空气喷口设计为5个等面积的圆形置于燃气喷口周围。计算结果表明,由于射流之间的相互作用,在炉膛内存在回流区。烟气的回流一方面加强了燃料和空气的混合,使温度分布更为均匀,同时改变了炉膛空间内的燃料和氧的分布,从而影响燃烧强度和NOX的局部生成。燃烧空气散布角越小,燃料、氧以及燃烧后的高温烟气等的混合越充分,燃烧越稳定,低氧区域扩大,温度分布均匀,局部高温受到抑制,局部NOX的生成减少。较大时,喷嘴布置接近于同轴射流,高温烟气的回流主要起到稳定燃烧的作用,而周向的低氧条件将不复存在,低氧燃烧将转化为强化燃烧。在15%的氧条件下,=120°时与=360°相比,NOX排放量可减少65%。研究结果对高温空气燃烧喷嘴结构设计及运行管理具有参考价值。     

空气分级燃烧降低NOX排放技术的研究

利用Fluent数值模拟软件分析了空气分级对高温低氧空气燃烧污染物排放的影响.应用空气分级燃烧技术的燃烧器不仅使燃烧室内具有较高的温度水平,温度场均匀,燃烧效率高,而且NOx的生成量也较低,可以达到节约燃料和降低污染物的综合效果.计算结果分析表明:分级燃烧的二次空气配比对燃烧室内的NOx排放有较大影响.当一次空气占40%左右时,NOx排放最少.     

旋流对天然气高温空气燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

以工业炉的高温空气燃烧技术应用为背景,对一个新型轴向旋流式单烧嘴燃烧室内天然气的高温空气燃烧特性进行了数值研究。采用数值模拟的方法研究了同心式轴向旋流燃烧器（HCASbumer）中螺旋肋片的旋转角度对燃烧特性的影响,其中湍流采用Reynolds应力模型,气相燃烧模拟采用β函数形式的PDF燃烧模型,采用离散坐标法模拟辐射换热过程,NOx模型为热力型与快速型。计算结果表明,对预热空气采用旋转射流时,能明显降低NOx生成量。对于HCAS型燃烧器,随着空气射流旋转角度的增大,燃烧室内的回流区域增大增强,降低了局部的氧体积分数分布,燃烧室中平均温度和最高温度都有所增加,且燃烬程度大幅度提高,而局部高温区缩小,只在靠近入口处出现。总的NOx排放量随着空气射流旋转角度的增大先减小,后增大。因此,适当调整肋片的旋转角度可以降低NOx生成量。     

A review on plasma combustion of fuel in internal combustion engines

In recent years, new ways of improving the combustion efficiency of fuel during gas turbine operations have been developed. The most significant has been the application of plasma technology for the combustion of fuel in gas turbine operations. Plasma is formed when gas is exposed to either high temperature or high‐voltage electricity. This technology is very promising and has proven to enhance the performance of gas turbines and reduce toxic emissions. Recent studies have shown the use of different types of plasma applications in gas turbine operations such as plasma torch, filamentary discharge, and nanosecond pulse discharge, whose results show that plasma technology has great potential in improving flame stabilization, the fuel/air mixing ratio, and flash point values of these fuels. These findings and advances have further provided new opportunities in the development of efficient plasma discharges for practical uses in plasma combustion of fuel for gas turbine operations. This article is a comprehensive overview of the advances and blind spots in the knowledge of plasma combustion of fuel during internal combustion engine operations. This review also focuses on applications, methods, and experimental results in plasma combustion of fuel in gas turbines.     

Investigation of forward flow distributed combustion for gas turbine application

New innovative advanced combustion design methodology for gas turbine applications is presented that is focused on the quest towards zero emissions. The new design methodology is called colorless distributed combustion (CDC) and is significantly different from the currently used methodology. In this paper forward flow modes of CDC have been investigated for application to gas turbine combustors. The CDC provides significant improvement in pattern factor, reduced NO_x emission and uniform thermal field in the entire combustion zone for it to be called as an isothermal reactor. Basic requirement for CDC is carefully tailored mixture preparation through good mixing between the combustion air and product gases prior to rapid mixing with fuel so that the reactants are at much higher temperature to result in hot and diluted oxidant stream at temperatures that are high enough to autoignite the fuel and oxidant mixture. With desirable conditions one can achieve spontaneous ignition of the fuel with distributed combustion reactions. Distributed reactions can also be achieved in premixed mode of operation with sufficient entrainment of burned gases and faster turbulent mixing between the reactants. In the present investigation forward flow modes consisting of two non-premixed combustion modes and one premixed combustion mode have been examined that provide potential for CDC. In all the configurations the air injection port is positioned at the opposite side of the combustor exit, whereas the location of fuel injection ports is changed to give different configurations. Two combustion geometries resulting in thermal intensity of 5 MW/m³-atm and 28 MW/m³-atm are investigated. Increase in thermal intensity (lower combustion volume) presents many challenges, such as, lower residence time, lower recirculation of gases and effect of confinement on jet characteristics. The results are presented on the global flame signatures, exhaust emissions, and radical emissions using experiments and flowfield using numerical simulations. Ultra-low NO_x emissions are found for both the premixed and non-premixed combustion modes at the two thermal intensities investigated here. Almost colorless flames (no visible flame signatures) have been observed for the premixed combustion mode. The reaction zone is observed to be significantly different in the two non-premixed modes. Higher thermal intensity case resulted in lower recirculation of gases within the combustion chamber and higher CO levels, possibly due to lower associated residence time. The characteristics at the two thermal intensity combustors investigated here were found to be similar.     

Droplet combustion in the presence of acoustic excitation

This experimental study focused on droplet combustion characteristics for various liquid fuels during exposure to external acoustical perturbations generated within an acoustic waveguide. The alternative liquid fuels include alcohols, aviation fuel (JP-8), and liquid synthetic fuel derived via the Fischer–Tropsch process. The study examined combustion during excitation conditions in which the droplet was situated in the vicinity of a pressure node (PN). In response to such acoustic excitation, the flame surrounding the droplet was observed to be deflected, on average, with an orientation depending on the droplet’s relative position with respect to the PN. Flame orientation was always found to be consistent with the sign of a theoretical bulk acoustic acceleration, analogous to a gravitational acceleration, acting on the burning system. Yet experimentally measured acoustic accelerations based on mean flame deflection differed quantitatively from that predicted by the theory. Phase-locked OH^∗ chemiluminescence imaging revealed temporal oscillations in flame standoff distance from the droplet as well as chemiluminescent intensity; these oscillations were especially pronounced when the droplets were situated close to the PN. Simultaneous imaging and pressure measurements enabled quantification of combustion-acoustic coupling via the Rayleigh index, and hence a more detailed understanding of dynamical phenomena associated with acoustically coupled condensed phase combustion processes.     

无焰燃烧发展及研究现状

无焰燃烧是一种同时具备高效和低排放特点的燃烧技术,然而传统实现无焰燃烧所需的高温预热空气及高速射流两大重要条件,提高了整体工业设备实现无焰燃烧的复杂性,限制了该技术在更广阔领域的发展。本文综述了无焰燃烧燃烧机理与特性的研究发展,并提出了未来可能的发展趋势。分析发现：高温预热空气并不是实现无焰燃烧的必要条件,而通过高速射流提高炉内烟气循环率却必不可少;使用EDC模型结合GRI 3.0反应机理能在数值模拟中得到贴合实验数据的结果;气体、液体及固末燃料均可实现无焰燃烧,使用CH4/H2混合气体实现无焰燃烧可在提升燃烧稳定性的同时依旧保持低排放的特点;炉膛结构可很大程度上影响炉内流场进而影响无焰燃烧效果。因此,研究无需预热的无焰燃烧系统在降低工业成本的同时可增大燃料种类的选择性,通过设计合理的炉膛结构,营造良好的炉内流场在强化无焰燃烧效果的同时可一定程度降低对初始射流速度的要求,研究CH4/H2混合气体的燃烧机理具有十分重要的意义。     

准均质充气压缩点燃系统燃烧特性研究

准均质充气压缩点燃（QHCCI）燃烧系统是在柴油机上实现稀薄预混合气燃烧的有效方法，建立了一个燃烧过程准维数学模型，结合试验结果，对QHCCI系统的燃烧特性进行了研究。内容包括引燃柴油喷射定时对系统燃烧性能的影响，引燃柴油喷射量对系统的影响，以及发动机工作粗暴的特性。模拟结果与试验结果一致，并发现QHCCI燃烧系统的放热律曲线一般呈双峰，引起爆震的原因主要是引燃柴油喷射量大或喷射早造成上止点附近的大量剧烈燃烧造成的。     

First and second thermodynamic-law analyses of hydrogen-air counter-flow diffusion combustion in various combustion modes

In this paper, from the viewpoints of both the first and the second law of thermodynamics, we conduct a comprehensive study on hydrogen-air counter-flow diffusion combustion in various modes. The effects of air inlet temperature (T_oxi) and effective equivalence ratio of fuel (φ) on the reaction zone structure and entropy generation of combustion are revealed over a wide range of T_oxi and φ. Through the present work, five interesting features of combustion of this kind, which are quite different from that reported in the literature, are presented. Especially, for the first time we divide various combustion modes in the φ − T_oxi map instead of the popular way used in previous studies. Such innovation can help judge the final combustion regime more straightforwardly for any given operative condition.     

锅炉氧煤无焰燃烧技术分析

氧煤燃烧是一种全新燃烧方式,将氧煤燃烧器的表观氧气浓度从30％提高到50％、将O2/CO2混合气改变为纯氧气与再循环CO2烟气分离、将喷嘴速度从50m/s左右提高到200 m/s左右组织炉膛烟气形成高倍率内循环,从而在炉膛内实现高温低氧的氧煤无焰燃烧状态,氧煤无焰燃烧技术能实现煤粉高效燃烧和较低NO浓度排放的统一,锅炉...     

摆动式水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧器在670 t/h锅炉的应用研究

我厂2号锅炉(DG 670/13.7-8A)为四角切圆布置,一、二次风间隔布置,分上下两组,设计煤种为晋中贫煤.在实际运行中,煤质不稳定,锅炉着火和燃烧稳定性差.采用"摆动式水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧器"技术对燃烧器改造后,燃烧效率提高0.84%、在300 t/h时能稳定燃烧、炉膛无结渣,锅炉参数稳定.     

掺氢对微尺度空间内预混层流火焰转捩爆燃特性的影响

针对基于燃烧的微小型动力装置存在燃烧效率低、火焰传播速度慢的问题,设计了一个可视化的、特征间距仅为0.45 mm的微尺度定容燃烧室,实验比较了0~1的掺氢比例下,丙烷/氢气/空气预混火焰在该燃烧室内的传播以及加速过程.实验发现没有掺氢时,丙烷/空气预混火焰需要在0.25 MPa初始压力下才能够传播;当掺氢比例为0.2时,火焰在传播过程中会发生从缓燃到爆燃的转变,这种燃烧模态的转变可以大幅缩短燃烧室内火焰传播时间,极大提升火焰传播速度.实验还发现掺氢比例以及初始压力的提升均能使得微尺度火焰传播速度提升.     

一种高效率的内燃机燃烧模式

本文探讨了以双燃料发动机为代表的预混合和扩散燃烧共存的复合燃烧模式。认为这种燃烧模式兼有预混合燃烧和扩散燃烧的优点，而且有比传统的燃烧模式更高的热效率。实验证明，采用这种燃烧模式工作的发动机可以有比火花点火式发动机更高的压缩比，有比压燃式发动机更高的燃烧速率。最后对这种发动机的燃烧特性及获得较高热效率的原因进行了分析。