三关节移动机械臂轨迹跟踪控制的研究

三关节移动机械臂是由移动平台及固定在移动平台上的三关节机械臂组成的机器人系统。文章对三关节移动机械臂进行了运动学和动力学建模,提出了一种基于自适应动态滑模控制的轨迹跟踪控制方法。对受外界干扰影响的移动机械臂系统的数学模型进行了输入/输出线性化处理,并设计了一种带有不确定性上界估计的自适应动态滑模轨迹跟踪控制器。从理论上分析了闭环机器人控制系统的稳定性,并利用MATLAB轨迹跟踪控制仿真实验验证了所提出的轨迹跟踪控制方法的有效性。     

干扰观测器与滑模控制结合的机械臂跟踪控制

为了提高机械臂轨迹跟踪的精度和速度,提出了干扰观测器与非线性滑模控制相结合的轨迹跟踪控制方法.建立了机械臂动力学模型,设计了机械臂轨迹跟踪控制方案.将机械臂受到的扰动分为可观测部分和不可观测部分,对于可观测部分,设计了干扰观测器用于估计扰动大小,依据扰动观测值对控制力矩进行补偿,主动消除可观测部分扰动的影响;对于不可观测部分,设计了非线性滑模控制器,用于减小不可观测扰动造成的跟踪误差与抖动.经仿真验证,与传统滑模控制和非线性滑模控制相比,干扰观测器与非线性滑模控制相结合的轨迹跟踪误差减小了一个数量级以上,且跟踪速度最快.     

液压柔性机械臂奇异摄动法控制

将液压柔性机械臂系统分为相互耦合的两个部分，即柔性机械臂和液压伺服驱动系统，并通过一个驱动Jacobian矩阵构建其耦合关系。将作用于机械臂上的力视为一虚拟输入，运用奇异摄动法将柔性机械臂的模型分解为快慢两个子系统，其中慢变子系统控制器完成对期望轨迹的跟踪，而快变子系统控制器抑制柔性臂的振动。在此基础上，采用反演控制设计方法，得到液压伺服阀的位移控制律，使液压油缸的实际输出力完全满足柔性臂所需要的驱动力。数字仿真的结果验证了设计控制器的正确性和有效性。     

基于干扰观测器的机械臂自适应模糊滑模控制

机械臂在轨迹跟踪控制中存在建模误差和外界干扰等问题。为了提高机械臂轨迹跟踪的精度和速度,设计了一种基于干扰观测器的机械臂自适应模糊滑模控制策略。首先,使用新型趋近律来减小机械臂滑模控制系统中抖振的影响;其次,采用干扰观测器对机械臂建模误差和外界干扰进行估计,根据干扰观测器的观测值对机械臂的输入力矩进行补偿;最后,对于无法观测的部分,采用模糊系统中的万能逼近原理对未知的干扰进行估计,进一步提高机械臂的轨迹跟踪性能。通过仿真试验表明,该控制策略不仅可以克服建模误差和外界干扰所带来的影响,还可以有效地削弱系统的抖振,保证了机械臂各关节位置跟踪的精度和速度。同时也说明了该控制策略的有正确性和有效性。     

机械臂轨迹的分层循环MPC跟踪控制策略

为了实现机械臂对给定轨迹的高精度实时跟踪,设计了分层循环MPC控制器。建立了6自由度机械臂的动力学模型和状态空间模型。从分钟级控制器和秒级控制器2个层次设计了控制器,分钟级控制器使用MPC控制实现,用于改善对给定轨迹的跟踪精度;秒级控制器使用PID控制实现,用于改善控制的实时性。将秒级控制器的控制结果反馈给分钟级控制器,分钟级控制器对控制律进行实时优化,实现了分层循环控制。经仿真验证,PID控制下机械臂末端轨迹的SSE为1 840.9,分层循环MPC控制下机械臂末端轨迹SSE为1 221.3,比PID控制结果减少了33.66%,表明分层循环MPC控制具有更高跟踪精度。使用机械臂实验对控制器的动态性能进行验证,PID控制的调节时间为0.34 s,分层循环MPC控制的调节时间为0.08 s,比单纯PID控制减少了4倍以上。以上数据说明了分层循环MPC控制器具有更优的控制效果。     

基于滑模的混联仿人空间机械臂轨迹跟踪控制

针对空间高速目标抓取任务中对手臂伸出定位基本动作的要求,提出一种4-DOF串并混联仿人机械臂。重点设计了以球面并联机构为机构原型的高承载力肩关节以及轻量化的驱动装置与低惯量的布置形式。考虑混联的结构特点,利用李群李代数法并结合虚功原理推导了机械臂的动力学方程,该方法可避免约束反力的处理与逻辑开链的划分以及大量的微分运算。在此基础上,针对混联结构的强非线性和强耦合性,使用滑模控制器对机械臂进行轨迹跟踪控制,验证了所提滑模控制器的有效性。     

基于小型PLC机械手臂设计及控制系统研究

机械手臂在仿生抓取时受到关节部位阻尼的作用,导致机械手臂控制的全局稳态性不好,为此提出一种基于阻尼力矩反馈调节和小型可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)的机械手臂设计及控制方法,采用阻尼力矩反馈调节和鲁棒性控制方法进行机械手臂的控制律优化设计。以PLC为逻辑处理芯片进行机械手臂控制系统的硬件设计,系统包括了姿态传感器模块、信息集成处理模块、控制指令传输模块和人机交互模块等,在执行器单元中输入控制指令,采用PLC进行嵌入式逻辑控制,采用TMS320VC5409A作为智能信息处理器的核心芯片,实现对机械手臂控制系统的硬件集成设计。测试结果表明,采用该系统进行机械手臂控制的姿态稳态跟踪性能较好,对机械手臂的位置控制精度较高,提升了控制品质。     

基于二型模糊遗传控制器的冗余自由度机械臂运动控制的研究

对冗余自由度机械臂的运动轨迹进行准确的控制,有助于提高工作效率以及工作质量。在对5自由度冗余机械臂结构分析的基础上,设计了一种二型模糊遗传控制器,可用于控制冗余自由度机械臂按照既定轨迹进行运动。首先,对冗余机械臂的结构进行分析,并借助拉格朗日函数冗余度机械臂扭矩与连杆位置关系的动力学模型。然后,通过二型隶属函数定义二型模糊集及区间二型模糊集。对区间二型模糊逻辑系统主要模块的功能进行分析,以其为核心部分设计区间二型模糊PID控制器,并制定区间二型模糊PID控制器的规则库,采用遗传算法对区间二型模糊PID控制器的参数进行选择,以对机械臂的运动轨迹进行控制。最后,采用二型模糊遗传控制器对锯齿及正弦目标轨迹进行跟踪测试,测试结果显示:与PID控制器相比,本文设计的二型模糊遗传控制器,在对锯齿及正弦目标轨迹跟踪时,最大跟踪误差分别减少5.97 mm和3.66 mm。说明本文设计的二型模糊遗传控制器,能够控制冗余度机械臂较为准确地按照目标轨迹运动。     

基于阻抗控制的双臂机器人关节限制规避仿真研究

双臂机器人在运动过程中容易受到关节的限制,致使运动轨迹在某段时间内输出误差较大。对此,采用阻抗控制机器人手臂关节运动,并对跟踪角位移进行误差仿真。创建了双臂机器人运动模型简图,通过雅克比矩阵推导出机器人手臂逆运动学方程式。建立分层优先级任务体系结构,分析了冗余机械臂关节规避极限状态,设计了阻抗控制方法。采用Matlab软件对冗余机械臂阻抗控制效果进行仿真,并与无阻抗控制效果进行对比。结果显示:在无阻抗控制条件下,冗余机械臂在某段时间内会偏离期望运动轨迹,造成误差较大;在有阻抗控制条件下,冗余机械臂在整个运动时间内,都能很好地实现轨迹跟踪任务,输出误差较小。因此,采用阻抗设计方法,双臂机器人能够避免关节的限制,更好地完成轨迹跟踪任务,提高跟踪精度。     

地下铲运机铲装轨迹数学建模与仿真

以KCY-2地下铲运机为研究对象,基于多刚体系统运动学方法,建立动臂油缸行程、转斗油缸行程和铲斗位置关系的数学模型,解算出动臂油缸与转斗油缸的驱动方程.另一方面,对地下铲运机铲装轨迹进行仿真,分析目标铲装轨迹曲线与仿真铲装轨迹曲线的误差,验证目标铲装轨迹曲线的准确性.所做数学建模与仿真为后续设计地下铲运机自主铲装控制器提供了理论参考和技术支持.     

Tracking control of a three-wheeled omnidirectional mobile manipulator system with disturbance and friction

This paper proposes a tracking control method for a three-wheeled omnidirectional manipulator system (OMMS) with disturbance and friction. The OMMS is separated into two subsystems, a three-wheeled omnidirectional mobile platform (OMP) and a selective compliant articulated robot for assembly (SCARA) type of manipulator. Therefore, two controllers are designed to control the OMP and the manipulator system. Firstly, based on a kinematic modeling of the manipulator, a kinematic controller (KC), combined with an integral sliding mode controller (ISMC), is designed for the end-effector of the manipulator to track a desired trajectory with the desired angular velocity vector of links. Secondly, a differential sliding mode controller (DSMC) based on a dynamic modeling of the OMP with force external disturbances is proposed to obtain control inputs moving the OMP so that the manipulator tracks the desired posture without singularity. The system stability is proven using Lyapunov stability theory. The simulation and experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controllers in the presence of disturbance and friction.     

四旋翼不确定干扰前馈补偿与反步滑模姿态控制

针对四旋翼控制中由外部不确定干扰和系统参数不确定引起的具有时变特性的不确定界干扰问题,设计一种不确定干扰前馈补偿的反步滑模姿态抗干扰控制方法.采用牛顿欧拉方法建立带不确定干扰的四旋翼6自由度动力学模型,然后采用非线性干扰观测器对姿态系统中的不确定干扰进行观测估计,进而基于不确定干扰估计量的前馈补偿设计反步滑模控制器,最...     

Path following control for towing system of cylindrical drilling platform in presence of disturbances and uncertainties

Towing is a critical process to deploy a cylindrical drilling platform. However, the towing process faces a great variety of risks from a complex nautical environment, the dynamics in towing and maneuvering, to unexpected events. Therefore, safely navigating the towing system following a planned route to a target sea area is essential. To tackle the time-varying disturbances induced by wind, current and system parametric uncertainties, a path following control method for a towing system of cylindrical drilling platform is designed based on linear active disturbance rejection control. By utilizing Maneuvering Modeling Group model as well as a catenary model, we develop a three degree-of-freedom dynamic mathematical model of the towing system under external environmental disturbances and internal uncertainties. Furthermore, we design a linear active disturbance rejection control path following controller for real-time tracking error correction based on a guidance method combining cross-track error and parallax. Finally, the path following performance of the towing system is evaluated in a simulation environment under various disturbances and internal uncertainties, where the corresponding tracking error is analyzed. The results show that the linear active disturbance rejection control performs well under both the external disturbance and inherent uncertainties, and better satisfy the tracking performance criteria than a traditional proportional–integral–derivative controller.     

Model Based Adaptive Control and Disturbance Compensation for Underwater Vehicles

Underwater vehicles are being emphasized as highly integrated and intelligent devices for a significant number of oceanic operations. However, their precise operation is usually hindered by disturbances from a tether or manipulator because their propellers are unable to realize a stable suspension. A dynamic multi-body model-based adaptive controller was designed to allow the controller of the vehicle to observe and compensate for disturbances from a tether or manipulator. Disturbances, including those from a tether or manipulator, are deduced for the observation of the controller. An analysis of a tether disturbance covers the conditions of the surface, the underwater area, and the vehicle end point. Interactions between the vehicle and manipulator are mainly composed of coupling forces and restoring moments.To verify the robustness of the controller, path-following experiments on a streamlined autonomous underwater vehicle experiencing various disturbances were conducted in Song Hua Lake in China. Furthermore,path-following experiments for a tethered open frame remote operated vehicle were verified for accurate cruising with a controller and an observer, and vehicle and manipulator coordinate motion control during the simulation and experiments verified the effectiveness of the controller and observer for underwater operation. This study provides instructions for the control of an underwater vehicle experiencing disturbances from a tether or manipulator.     

交流伺服系统分数阶PID改进型自抗扰控制

针对采用永磁同步电机驱动的火箭炮交流伺服系统存在摩擦、惯性力矩、变负载及不同工况下内外扰动等复杂非线性问题,考虑到自抗扰控制(ADRC)抗内外干扰能力强和分数阶PID控制动态性能好,设计了一种分数阶PID改进型自抗扰控制器(FOPID-IADRC)。为了取得良好的动态性能和减少参数计算量,采用分数阶PID控制器取代非线性状态误差反馈器;引入粒子群优化算法,对FOPID控制器的5个控制参数进行实时在线自整定。仿真和半实物台架实验结果表明：该控制策略能够有效抑制位置扰动,具有良好的动态性能和较强的抗干扰能力。     

A compound control strategy combining velocity compensation with ADRC of electro-hydraulic position servo control system

In order to enhance the anti-jamming ability of electro-hydraulic position servo control system at the same time improve the control precision of the system, a compound control strategy that combines velocity compensation with Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC) is proposed, and the working principle of the compound control strategy is given. ADRC controller is designed, and the extended state observer is used for observing internal parameters uncertainties and external disturbances, so that the disturbances of the system are suppressed effectively. Velocity compensation controller is designed and the compensation model is derived to further improve the positioning accuracy of the system and to achieve the velocity compensation without disturbance. The compound control strategy is verified by the simulation and experiment respectively, and the simulation and experimental results show that the electro-hydraulic position servo control system with ADRC controller can effectively inhibit the external disturbances, the precise positioning control is realized after introducing the velocity compensation controller, and verify that the compound control strategy is effective.     

液压机械手电液比例系统模糊PID控制研究

针对液压机械手的电液比例系统存在较大程度的系统参数变化和负载干扰等特点,一般控制方法难以全部满足性能要求。常规PID控制方法虽然算法简单、可靠性好、鲁棒性高,但由于参数整定繁杂,往往造成参数整定不良、性能欠佳、适用性能差。为了改善这些缺陷,将模糊控制理论与PID控制理论相结合,设计了模糊PID控制器,实现了对PID参数的在线整定。利用MATLAB/Simulink进行仿真,比较常规PID控制与模糊PID控制下电液比例系统的控制效果,发现模糊PID控制器较好地克服了系统的非线性和负载干扰的影响,提高了系统的稳定性和动态性能。     

Performance optimization of linear active disturbance rejection control approach by modified bat inspired algorithm for single area load frequency control concerning high wind power penetration

The linear active disturbance approach is employed to deal with the load frequency control issue of a single area wind power system based on doubly fed induction generator, and the performance of the control law is optimized by using the bat-inspired algorithm. The load frequency control issue has become more challenging in a complex power system based on wind energy conversion system due to the varying feature of the wind penetration, and sustaining the balance between the power generation and demand by rejecting the internal uncertainties in the process model and the external disturbances simultaneously. In the framework of the presented linear active disturbance rejection control approach, by constructing an extended state observer, the total disturbance, including all the unmodelled dynamics in the process model and the external disturbances, can be estimated in real time and then compensated by a simple linear PD control law. The controller parameters tuning is then simplified into the optimization of the two bandwidths: observer bandwidth, and the controller bandwidth. Then, this issue can be achieved by employing the heuristic modified bat inspired algorithm based on the optimization of the proposed performance index. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by the extensive simulation examples of the load frequency control issue involved in the single area power system, taking into account different wind penetration, as well as the external disturbances. The performance robustness of the proposed approach against the parameters perturbation in the process model is also demonstrated via the Monte-Carlo method. The performance superiority of the proposed approach over the conventional Proportional Integral and Fuzzy-Proportional Integral based controller even in the presence of external disturbances and uncertainty in power system parameters under different cases of high wind penetration is also validated from the simulation results.     

具有外部扰动的参数未知漂浮基柔性空间机械臂的对角递归神经网络控制

讨论载体位置和姿态均不受控情况下,存在外部扰动的参数未知漂浮基柔性空间机械臂系统关节运动的动力学控制问题。由假设模态法,利用拉格朗日方法建立漂浮基柔性空间机械臂的系统动力学方程。以此为基础,针对存在外部扰动和系统参数未知的情况,利用对角递归神经网络逼近柔性空间机械臂系统的逆动力学模型,设计基于对角递归神经网络的控制方案,以控制柔性空间机械臂的关节铰跟踪在关节空间的期望运动轨迹,同时能抑制柔性杆的振动。该方案由于没有专门设计主动控制器抑制柔性振动,因此不需要测量、反馈柔性振动模态,大大简化控制器的结构;无需预知控制对象的精确模型和系统参数,且能克服外部扰动的影响。计算机数值仿真证实所提方案的有效性和可行性。     

四旋翼飞行器轨迹跟踪控制器的设计与验证

为了解决四旋翼飞行器在外界扰动影响和系统模型参数存在不确定性情况下的精确轨迹跟踪控制问题,设计并验证了一种四旋翼飞行器的非线性轨迹跟踪控制器。首先建立了考虑执行机构特性的四旋翼飞行器数学模型,并将虚拟控制量映射到了实际中对电机的控制;然后通过在反步法轨迹跟踪控制中加入积分项,设计了一种基于积分型反步法的非线性轨迹跟踪控制器,消除模型参数不确定性及外界干扰引起的误差,仿真结果验证了该方法的可行性;最后,利用QBall2四旋翼飞行实验平台,对所设计的非线性轨迹跟踪控制器进行验证,实际飞行实验结果表明了所设计控制器的有效性,提高了实际飞行过程中外界干扰和不确定性下的四旋翼飞行器轨迹跟踪控制的精度。