本期摘要

智能材料和智能结构（3）——智能结构的设计、控制和探测 作者：史永基 曹慧敏 刘刚田 叶芳 单位：1、洛阳理工学洛阳471003 2、河南科技大学机电工程学院洛阳471003 3、河南科技大学艺术与设计学院洛阳471003 4、河南省信阳市息县文化局信阳464300 摘要：智能结构是当代最具挑战性、最活跃的新研究领域之一。智能结构技术包括材料设计、高等执行和传感技术、自适应计算机算法和能量利用最佳化。智能结构的应用范围从空间飞行器和飞机到大型民用建筑和桥梁。本文综述了智能自适应光学系统波前传感器的设计、智能mm波望远镜的表面控制和振动抑制、智能建筑物层间漂移的激光叉丝监测、智能圆柱形结构应变的光纤光栅测量系统和智能结构的长周期光栅传感器。     

智能传感器的结构及其应用

本文简要介绍了传感器的一个发展趋向一智能传感器的基本结构和应用。     

基于DSP的PCI采集处理卡在结构状态监测系统中的应用

针对某建筑结构状态智能监测系统中使用的新型光纤光栅应变传感器的特点,设计了一种基于DSP的PCI高速采集处理卡,实现了对应变传感器输出的多路脉冲信号进行高速采集和处理.介绍了光纤光栅应变传感器,并对采集处理卡在监测系统中的应用进行了详细说明.     

传感器技术的新发展——智能传感器和多功能传感器

智能传感器和多功能传感器是传感技术发展的方向。介绍智能传感器和多功能传感器的概念、功能、结构、特点以及它们的应用和发展趋势。     

基于E-Web的智能传感器设计与实现

网络化智能传感器是当代传感器技术的重要发展方向,本文从网络化智能传感器的结构和特点入手,系统论述了一种基于TCP/IP协议的E-Web智能传感器的软、硬件设计方法.实验证明,采用该方法设计的智能传感器具有良好的检测性能和网络通信性能.     

光纤光栅传感器在结构健康监测中的应用

详细阐述光纤光栅传感器的结构及布拉格光纤光栅传感器的工作原理。重点介绍结构健康监测系统构成、光纤光栅传感器系统的信号处理、安装等方面问题;展望光纤光栅传感器在结构健康监测领域中的前景。     

减振降噪智能结构的研究

智能材料结构是飞机中的一项重要技术，而减振降噪自适应智能结构是其中的一个重要分支。本针对飞机，直升机和空间结构的一些典型结构的减振降噪方法进行了研究，对以上结构分别制作了实验模型，在其上布置压电传感器和驱动器，借助测控系统平台，通过一定的自适应控制算法对振动进行隔离和抑制，取得良好效果。     

光纤光栅传感技术在大结构监测中的应用进展

在众多的传感器种类中,利用多个光纤光栅传感器可构成多路和分布式传感器等各种形式的光纤传感网络等优点,使它正在成为传感器领域中新的研究方向。光纤光栅传感器所具有的独特的技术优势使其非常适合用于桥梁、堤坝、建筑物、航空航天、航海、海洋石油平台及油田等大结构工程的监测。论述了该技术的特点和近年来在国外大结构中的应用。     

网络化智能水质传感器的设计与实现

网络化智能传感器是当代传感器技术的重要发展方向。从网络化智能传感器的结构和特点入手,论述了一种基于TCP/IP协议的网络化智能水质传感器的软、硬件设计方法。实验证明,采用该方法设计的智能传感器具有良好的检测性能和网络通信性能。     

外接光纤传感器应用于碳纤维智能复合材料结构的研究

在碳纤维复合材料结构的固化过程中,埋入其中的光纤将承受恶劣的环境,这将影响碳纤维智能复合材料结构中光纤传感系统的性能,并使光纤容易发生断裂。为解决这一问题,本文对几种外接式光纤传感器进行了初步探讨,并对外接式干涉光纤传感器进行了试验。结果表明外接式干涉光纤传感器可以完成检测碳纤维复合材料结构内部应变的任务,并能避免结构内光纤断裂造成传感器的失效,降低智能结构的制作成本,对智能结构的发展具有一定的促进作用。     

光纤智能夹层制作工艺及试验研究

根据智能结构中光纤自诊断系统模块化要求,制作出光纤智能夹层.这种智能夹层不仅具有在光纤接头部位未出现断裂及智能夹层中光纤传感器未出现损坏的特点,而且具有光纤传感器的高灵敏度特性,可以铺设于复合材料表面或埋入复合材料内部.在此基础上,对智能夹层试件分别进行了轴向拉伸和四点弯曲试验.试验表明:在一定应变范围内,单膜交错光纤中光强-应变之间具有良好的线性关系,可以在埋入复合材料之前进行标定.利用智能夹层中光纤传感网络或自诊断模块,可以实现对智能结构的在线监测.     

An active vibration absorber of smart panel by using a decomposed parallel fuzzy control structure

This study proposes novel development of piezoelectric actuators as elements of smart structures. The primary goal of this work is to control actively the vibrations of smart structures by using a decomposed parallel fuzzy control approach. This study attempts to demonstrate the general methodology by decomposing a large-scale system into smaller subsystems in a parallel structure so that the proposed fuzzy control methodology developed here can be applied for studying a complex system. The paper shows a very promising application field, while the results obtained show that the fuzzy approach can be much better than other conventional control methods used till now. Consequently, the creation of new control structures is very important for new application possibilities of fuzzy control because they enable one to minimize the completeness of the problem solved as well as to utilize the capacity of computational technologies in full range.     

Fractional-order integral resonant control of collocated smart structures

This paper proposes a fractional-order integral controller, FI, which is a simple, robust and well-performing technique for vibration control in smart structures with collocated sensors and actuators. This new methodology is compared with the most relevant controllers for smart structures. It is demonstrated that the proposed controller improves the robustness of the closed-loop system to changes in the mass of the payload at the tip. The previous controllers are robust in the sense of being insensitive to spillover and maintaining the closed-loop stability when changes occur in the plant parameters. However, the phase margin of such closed-loop systems (and, therefore, their damping) may change significantly as a result of these parameter variations. In this paper the possibility of increasing the phase margin robustness by using a fractional-order controller with a very simple structure is explored. This controller has been applied to an experimental smart structure, and simulations and experiments have shown the improvement attained with this new technique in the removal of the vibration in the structure when the mass of the payload at the tip changes.     

一种光纤光栅智能夹层的实验研究

根据智能结构中光纤自诊断系统标准化、集成化、模块化的要求,基于双重光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)传感器,研制了一种光纤智能夹层系统,实验表明:它可以对结构同一位置的应变和温度响应进行同时区分监测。利用智能夹层中FBG传感器网络和先进的信息处理技术,可以建立结构损伤主动、在线和实时监测系统。     

基于粒度计算的光纤智能结构监测

对智能材料的监测需要智能系统对各种不同来源的知识、技术和方法进行组合。设计这类智能系统的核心就是软计算。粒度计算是软计算科学中的重要分支,是一种计算智能系统的新方法。将粒度计算方法应用在光纤智能结构的监测中,并与神经网络方法进行比较。实验表明:在分类性能上,粒度计算方法在光纤智能结构监测中的应用优于神经网络处理方法。     

A comprehensive review of the application characteristics and traffic requirements of a smart grid communications network

A robust communication infrastructure is the touchstone of a smart grid that differentiates it from the conventional electrical grid by transforming it into an intelligent and adaptive energy delivery network. To cope with the rising penetration of renewable energy sources and expected widespread adoption of electric vehicles, the future smart grid needs to implement efficient monitoring and control technologies to improve its operational efficiency. However, the legacy communication infrastructures in the existing grid are quite insufficient, if not incapable of meeting the diverse communication requirements of the smart grid. Therefore, utilities from all over the world are now facing the key challenge of finding the most appropriate technology that can satisfy their future communication needs. In order to properly assess the vast landscape of available communication technologies, architectures and protocols, it is very important to acquire detailed knowledge about the current and prospective applications of the smart grid. With a view to addressing this critical issue, this paper offers an in depth review on the application characteristics and traffic requirements of several emerging smart grid applications and highlights some of the key research challenges present in this arena.     

Control for smart systems: Challenges and trends in smart cities

There have been tremendous developments in theories and technologies in control for smart systems. In this paper we review applications to various systems that are crucial for the future of smart cities, for example enterprise and manufacturing systems, transportation systems, energy systems, and data centres. Beyond discussing the existing technological trends and the methodological approaches developed so far for managing and controlling such systems, we also provide visions on the future challenges for these systems in these various aspects.     

Intelligent fault-tolerant system of vibration control for flexible structures

This paper describes an intelligent fault-tolerant control method for vibration control of flexible structures. We consider a case where the fault phenomena of the control system for flexible structures can be treated as a change of system parameters. Therefore, the adaptive control method can be applied to a vibration control system for flexible structures with a fault. In this paper, a neural network (NN) adaptive control system is used to compensate for the change in the parameters of a plant with a fault. When the characteristics of the plant and of a nominal model have been agreed by a NN adaptive control system, the control method designed for the nominal model, such as decoupling feedback control or linearizing feedback control, can be used even if the change in the system parameters has been caused by a fault. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed fault-tolerant control method, the simulational results from a 5-link robotic arm are shown at the end of the paper. This work was presented, in part, at the Fourth International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 19–22, 1999     

Mutual authentication scheme for smart devices in IoT-enabled smart home systems

The emergence of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has yielded a firm technical basis for the construction of a smart home. A smart home system offers occupants the convenience of remote control and automation of household systems. However, there are also potential security risks associated with smart home technologies. The security of users in a smart home environment is related to their life and possessions. A significant amount of research has been devoted to studying the security risks associated with IoT-enabled smart home systems. The increasing intelligence of devices has led to a trend of independent authentication between devices in smart homes. Therefore, mutual authentication for smart devices is essential in smart home systems. In this paper, a mutual authentication scheme is proposed for smart devices in IoT-enabled smart home systems. Signature updates are provided for each device. In addition, with the assistance of a home gateway, the proposed scheme can enable devices to verify the identity of each other. According to the analysis, the proposed scheme is secure against a forged SD or a semi-trusted HG. The computational cost of the proposed scheme in the simulation is acceptable for the application in smart home systems.     

Adaptive identification and control of hysteresis in smart materials

Hysteresis hinders the effective use of smart materials in sensors and actuators. This paper addresses recursive identification and adaptive inverse control of hysteresis in smart material actuators, where hysteresis is modeled by a Preisach operator with a piecewise uniform density function. Two classes of identification schemes are proposed and compared, one based on the hysteresis output, the other based on the time-difference of the output. Conditions for parameter convergence are presented in terms of the input to the Preisach operator. An adaptive inverse control scheme is developed by updating the Preisach operator (and thus its inverse) with the output-based identification method. The asymptotic tracking property of this scheme is established, and for periodic reference trajectories, the parameter convergence behavior is characterized. Practical issues in the implementation of the adaptive identification and inverse control methods are also investigated. Simulation and experimental results based on a magnetostrictive actuator are provided to illustrate the proposed approach.