翼梢涡风洞研究中的摆动问题

采用激光粒子成像速度仪(PIV)对一矩形机翼(NACA0012)模型所产生的翼梢涡进行了风洞测试研究.测量位置为机翼近场尾迹,即x/c=3垂直于流动方向的截面,这里x为机翼后缘和测量截面之间的距离,c是机翼弦长.实验中基于弦长的雷诺数范围在3.4×104～26.6×104,通过分析所测得的涡量、切向速度和环量等,发现翼梢涡的摆动幅度与流过机翼上流体是否发生边界层分离有直接关系.     

机翼失速颤振抑制的合成射流相位控制方法

提出合成射流抑制机翼失速颤振的相位控制方法。基于复合材料闭口截面薄壁梁理论建立了三元机翼两自由度的动力学模型,并采用CFD软件模拟了合成射流作用下翼型周围的流场,发现在一定条件下,合成射流可控制脱落涡的相位。在此基础上,提出采用合成射流控制翼展涡脱相位,降低脉动气动载荷在各阶振型上的投影幅值来抑制失速颤振。以NACA0012复合材料三元机翼为例,对其进行数值验证。结果表明:当翼展上合成射流激励器之间的相位差较大时,一阶弯曲和一阶扭转的共振幅值可降至约6%,而二阶弯曲和二阶扭转的共振幅值可降至10%。     

行波壁抑制圆柱涡激振动的数值模拟研究

采用CFD数值模拟方法完成了圆柱绕流-涡激振动-行波壁流动控制全过程的数值模拟,重点研究行波壁流动控制方法对低雷诺数下两自由度弹性支撑单圆柱涡激振动的抑制作用。详细分析各阶段圆柱横向和流向位移、质心运动轨迹、升力和阻力系数等随频率比的变化。结果表明:行波壁圆柱的波谷处可以产生一系列稳定的随行波壁运动的小尺度旋涡,有效抑制圆柱表面分离涡的产生,达到消除圆柱绕流尾迹和抑制涡激振动的目的;在计算初始和中途启动的行波壁流动控制方法显著抑制了圆柱横向和流向振动、降低了圆柱升力系数脉动值和阻力系数均值,但阻力系数脉动值则明显增大。     

流线型闭口箱梁抑流板抑制涡振机理研究

涡激振动是大跨度桥梁在低风速时易发的自限幅风致振动现象,设置栏杆扶手抑流板为典型涡振抑制措施。以某典型闭口箱梁断面为研究对象,进行了大尺度节段模型测振、测压风洞试验和CFD数值模拟,结合涡振响应、表面风压时频特性和流场特征,对比阐述了栏杆扶手抑流板抑振机理。原始断面在+3°初始攻角下出现明显竖向涡振现象,且振幅超过规范允许值。设置栏杆扶手抑流板后,涡振消失。原始断面涡振主要由气流分别在边防撞栏和检修轨道处诱导并在上下表面中部区域分别形成的主导涡引起,即‘双旋涡模式’引起的周期性气动力是涡振发生的内在机理。设置栏杆扶手抑流板主要是改变了断面上表面区域流场分布,气流受抑流板干扰,在其后产生连续的旋涡脱落,改变了下方气流移动路径,下方气流近乎水平通过边防撞栏区域,避免了边防撞栏横栏角部的流动分离,抑制了主导原始断面涡振的上表面主导涡,完全破坏了‘双旋涡模式’,极大降低了局部气动力与涡激力之间同步相关性及表面压力脉动;同时表面气动力脉动频率随机离散化,模型表面各区域气动力对涡激力的贡献均明显下降,无法激发整体结构涡振效应,故涡振消失。     

新型运输机机翼的颤振特性分析

应用高精度耦合计算方法,对带翼梢小翼和C型翼梢的运输机机翼颤振机理进行了研究.气动弹性模拟中,采用Euler方程描述非线性气动力,基于有限元方法获得结构响应.首先详细分析了基本机翼的颤振和极限环振荡(LCO),并与试验值进行比较.在此基础上进行带翼梢装置的机翼颤振特性计算,同时合理分离翼梢装置的质量和气动力作用.研究结...     

同向旋转涡对融合机理的数值模拟研究

飞机起降过程中,翼尖涡和襟翼涡相互作用,形成同向旋转的涡对。它们相互诱导同时向上卷起,并逐渐融合成为一对尾涡。尾涡对后面飞机的安全飞行有非常大影响,并且直接关系到机场航班数量。通过研究涡对融合的机理,可以预见甚至控制涡对融合的位置以及尾涡耗散。采用大涡模拟方法对同向旋转涡对融合机理进行了研究。分析了从涡丝生成到涡对融合的过程,并给出了不同平板间距及不同迎角下,涡对融合距离的非线性特性,计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,认为两者相符很好。     

冷孔板角对涡流管能量分离性能的影响北大核心CSCD

为研究不同冷孔板角结构涡流管的温度分离特性,从而提高涡流管的天然气井口节流控温效果,本文选用标准k-ε湍流模型建立了以高压甲烷为工质的涡流管能量分离数值模型。结果表明:随着冷孔板角的增大,涡流管内不同轴向位置处的静温和总温先减小再有所回升;流体在涡流管中心和外侧分别呈现强制涡和自由涡的流动形式,切向速度与轴向速度在壁面附近出现峰值;制冷效应与冷孔板角度正相关,而制热效应与冷孔板角呈现负相关规律。     

一种基于充气气囊的垂尾抖振抑制新方法研究

通过数值模拟探索了一种运用充气气囊抑制双垂尾抖振的新方法。该文方法利用充气气囊可迅速充气变形的特点,在三角翼上翼面靠近顶点沿涡核的位置设置气囊。在小迎角下气囊不凸起,从而保证机翼前缘涡的强度以产生非线性涡升力;当大迎角抖振现象较严重时,迅速对气囊充气形成凸起,该凸起通过对前缘分离涡的强度和涡空间位置的影响,减弱涡破裂对双垂尾的非定常气动载荷激励,达到抑制抖振的目的。对某三角翼双垂尾布局模型的计算结果表明:气囊可以使前缘涡的涡核弯曲、扭转,减弱了前缘涡的强度,使前缘涡破裂点位置提前,在大迎角范围可将垂尾绕翼根的弯矩值显著减小,并且减小了垂尾表面压力脉动的幅度和对应的功率谱密度的峰值。因此,该文所探索的利用充气气囊抑制抖振的方法是一种简单可靠,并且值得进一步研究的技术途径。     

侧风下的汽车非光滑表面后视镜气动降噪研究

汽车高速行驶时的气动噪声严重影响汽车乘坐舒适性,研究表明仿生凹坑非光滑表面的扰流效应具有气动降噪的作用。通过以汽车行驶时常见的侧风工况为研究点,在后视镜边缘布置仿生凹坑非光滑单元结构,研究侧风对非光滑表面气动降噪效果的扰动。采用分离涡模拟(Detached eddy simulation,DES)与计算气动声学(Computational aeroacoutics,CAA)相结合的方法,在无侧风与侧风工况下进行数值模拟得到监测点声压级频谱。通过对比定常分析中A柱后视镜区域流动特征,压力云图,并结合侧窗区域监测点的声压级频谱图,探讨非光滑表面在侧风下对流场控制及气动降噪中的作用。研究结果表明侧风对非光滑表面后视镜气动降噪效果存在较大影响,并且在侧风下背风侧时非光滑表面的降噪效果最好。     

大跨屋盖表面旋涡的PIV试验研究

该文通过风洞流场显示试验,观察了大跨平屋盖和马鞍屋盖表面的分离泡和锥形涡现象,给出了不同风向、不同屋盖表面的旋涡流线和涡量场分布;分析了风向角、屋盖曲率对于旋涡形态的影响。试验结果表明,当风向垂直于平屋盖迎风前缘时,屋盖表面将形成典型的分离泡现象,且分离泡的涡核位置恰好对应了涡量场的负向峰值。在斜向风作用下,平屋盖和以高点作为迎风点的马鞍屋盖表面将出现锥形涡。观察旋涡的平均流线和涡量场分布图,发现当来流沿两种屋盖对角线时,锥形涡截面形状接近圆形;当来流偏离屋盖对角线时,在靠近来流的一侧,锥形涡截面形状接近椭圆形;流场内负向涡量分布于壁面上,峰值集中在迎风前缘附近和旋涡周围。在相同的风向角下,曲率较大的马鞍表面锥形涡涡轴与屋盖迎风前缘所成角度较大,曲率较小的马鞍表面锥形涡涡轴与迎风前缘所成角度较小。此外,旋涡的瞬时流线图表明,锥形涡是一种瞬时变化的流体现象,其形态和位置在每个瞬时都不相同。     

基于微秒脉冲激励的飞翼模型等离子体流动控制试验研究

为了改善飞翼布局的大迎角气动特性,采用飞翼全模和半模分别在低速和跨声速风洞中开展了微秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体流动控制的试验研究。通过流动显示和测力的试验方法研究了等离子体流动控制的主要作用机制和激励频率与激励电压等对飞翼模型失速特性的影响规律,验证了微秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体流动控制技术从低速到亚声速的有效性,有效的试验最高马赫数Ma达到0.6、雷诺数Re达到3.05×10⁶。试验研究表明：微秒脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体通过非定常微尺度压缩波扰动的形式作用于翼面流场,通过频率耦合机制减弱模型的前缘分离涡、抑制翼面的流动分离;无量纲频率F⁺是影响等离子体流动控制效果的重要参数;在低速风洞试验风速V=30 m/s时,无量纲频率F⁺=0.35～1.06的控制效果较好,可将模型的最大升力系数提高25%以上、失速迎角推迟4°;在跨声速风洞试验马赫数Ma=0.6时,无量纲频率F⁺=0.22和F⁺=0.44的控制效果较好,可将模型的最大升力系数分别提高4.72%、4.77%,失速迎角分别推...     

Time-resolved vortex wake of a common swift flying over a range of flight speeds

The wake of a freely flying common swift (Apus apus L.) is examined in a wind tunnel at three different flight speeds, 5.7, 7.7 and 9.9 m s⁻¹. The wake of the bird is visualized using high-speed stereo digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). Wake images are recorded in the transverse plane, perpendicular to the airflow. The wake of a swift has been studied previously using DPIV and recording wake images in the longitudinal plane, parallel to the airflow. The high-speed DPIV system allows for time-resolved wake sampling and the result shows features that were not discovered in the previous study, but there was approximately a 40 per cent vertical force deficit. As the earlier study also revealed, a pair of wingtip vortices are trailing behind the wingtips, but in addition, a pair of tail vortices and a pair of ‘wing root vortices’ are found that appear to originate from the wing/body junction. The existence of wing root vortices suggests that the two wings are not acting as a single wing, but are to some extent aerodynamically detached from each other. It is proposed that this is due to the body disrupting the lift distribution over the wing by generating less lift than the wings.     

Three-dimensional flow and lift characteristics of a hovering ruby-throated hummingbird

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulation is performed for a ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) in hovering flight. Realistic wing kinematics are adopted in the numerical model by reconstructing the wing motion from high-speed imaging data of the bird. Lift history and the three-dimensional flow pattern around the wing in full stroke cycles are captured in the simulation. Significant asymmetry is observed for lift production within a stroke cycle. In particular, the downstroke generates about 2.5 times as much vertical force as the upstroke, a result that confirms the estimate based on the measurement of the circulation in a previous experimental study. Associated with lift production is the similar power imbalance between the two half strokes. Further analysis shows that in addition to the angle of attack, wing velocity and surface area, drag-based force and wing–wake interaction also contribute significantly to the lift asymmetry. Though the wing–wake interaction could be beneficial for lift enhancement, the isolated stroke simulation shows that this benefit is buried by other opposing effects, e.g. presence of downwash. The leading-edge vortex is stable during the downstroke but may shed during the upstroke. Finally, the full-body simulation result shows that the effects of wing–wing interaction and wing–body interaction are small.     

Efficient global optimization applied to wind tunnel evaluation-based optimization for improvement of flow control by plasma actuators

A kriging-based genetic algorithm called efficient global optimization (EGO) was employed to optimize the parameters for the operating conditions of plasma actuators. The aerodynamic performance was evaluated by wind tunnel testing to overcome the disadvantages of time-consuming numerical simulations. The proposed system was used on two design problems to design the power supply for a plasma actuator. The first case was the drag minimization problem around a semicircular cylinder. In this case, the inhibitory effect of flow separation was also observed. The second case was the lift maximization problem around a circular cylinder. This case was similar to the aerofoil design, because the circular cylinder has potential to work as an aerofoil owing to the control of the flow circulation by the plasma actuators with four design parameters. In this case, applicability to the multi-variant design problem was also investigated. Based on these results, optimum designs and global design information were obtained while drastically reducing the number of experiments required compared to a full factorial experiment.     

Control of the aerodynamic characteristics of wing airfoils by nonstationary energy supply in transonic flow

The possibility of controlling the aerodynamic characteristics of wing airfoils in transonic regimes of flight using one-sided pulse-periodic energy supply has been studied. The flow structure near the symmetric airfoil at different angles of attack and its aerodynamic characteristics as functions of the value of energy in its nonsymmetric (about the airfoil) supply have been determined by numerical solution of two-dimensional nonstationary gasdynamic equations. A comparison of the obtained results and the data of calculation of flow past the airfoil at different angles of attack without energy supply has been made. It has been established that a prescribed lift can be obtained, using energy supply, with a much higher fineness ratio of the airfoil than that in the case of flow past it at an angle of attack. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 18–22, January–February, 2009.     

翼面复合材料结构气动弹性剪裁设计和工艺技术

为实现机翼翼尖扭角增量的设计要求, 达到改善飞机气动弹性特性的目的, 利用复合材料的弯扭耦合特性, 着重对复合材料非均衡铺层设计和工艺技术进行了研究, 提出了对翼面复合材料结构弯扭耦合特性进行设计的工程解决方法, 并开展了对比试验研究。试验结果表明, 经剪裁设计后, 模拟机翼盒段外洗效果明显, 在不同载荷作用下, 翼尖扭角增量降低10%~45%。     

A subsonic lifting surface theory for wing-in-ground effect

Lifting surface theory is generalized to the case of wing-in-ground effect in subsonic flow. Solid ground and free surface are taken into account for a three-dimensional wing solved by lifting surface theory from an inviscid point of view. The wing can be divided into a finite number of panels, and each of them is placed by horseshoe vortices. The aerodynamic behavior of a wing-in-ground effect in subsonic flow is investigated. Numerical examples and experimental results are given for comparison. Finally, numerical examples are given to study the influence of clearance and Mach number on the lift for wing-in-ground effect.     

Lift enhancement by bats' dynamically changing wingspan

This paper elucidates the aerodynamic role of the dynamically changing wingspan in bat flight. Based on direct numerical simulations of the flow over a slow-flying bat, it is found that the dynamically changing wingspan can significantly enhance the lift. Further, an analysis of flow structures and lift decomposition reveal that the elevated vortex lift associated with the leading-edge vortices intensified by the dynamically changing wingspan considerably contributed to enhancement of the time-averaged lift. The nonlinear interaction between the dynamically changing wing and the vortical structures plays an important role in the lift enhancement of a flying bat in addition to the geometrical effect of changing the lifting-surface area in a flapping cycle. In addition, the dynamically changing wingspan leads to the higher efficiency in terms of generating lift for a given amount of the mechanical energy consumed in flight.     

Material surface damage by quasistationary compression plasma flow action

In many experiments plasma guns have been used to study the possibility of lowering the erosion due to disruptions and edge localized modes (ELMs) of great interest for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) safe operation. Modification of silicon single crystal surfaces by the action of supersonic compression plasma flow (CPF) generated by magnetoplasma compressor (MPC) has been studied. MPC plasma flow parameters (1 MJ/m² in 0.1 ms) simulated transient peak thermal loads during Type I ELMs and disruptions. Analysis of the target’s erosion, brittle destruction, melting processes and dust formation has been performed. The layer with some of regular structures (rhombic on the Si (111) and rectangular on Si (100) surface) can be separated from the underlying bulk, being ejected as the blocks from the surface. These surface phenomena are results of specific conditions during CPF interaction with target surface and differential stresses produced in a near surface layer. High plasma flow energy density, large dynamic pressure, thermodynamic parameters gradients and induced magnetic field on treated surfaces cause rapid heating and melting of the surface layer, prolonged existence of the molten layer and fast cooling and recrystallisation, as well as surface fracturing.     

一种提高飞机着陆性能的新方法探索研究

提出了一种新型气动方法,主要原理是通过将机翼上表面的一部分翼面设计为活动翼面,当飞机进入降落阶段、迎角较大时,适当抬高该活动翼面,在该翼面抬起后,形成一个台阶,通过台阶中产生的稳定驻涡来控制机翼上表面的流动,与此同时,打开安装在机翼上的Gurney襟翼,从而达到同时提高机翼升力和失速迎角的目的,该方法比较适合提高小型飞机或无人机的着陆性能。通过将该方法在某小型飞机上运用,数值模拟的结果表明:机翼的最大允许使用升力系数提高了33%,最大的允许使用迎角提高了30%。为提高小型飞机的着落性能探索出一种具有发展潜力的方法。