考虑变形热和摩擦热效应的热力耦合冲压研究

以DP780材料为研究对象,在20~140 ℃温度区间、0.001~0.1 s-1应变速率区间内进行恒温拉伸试验,分析了真实应力-应变变化趋势,建立了基于Norton-Hoff模型的材料本构方程,该本构方程能够较好地表征DP780在冷成形过程中与温度相关的塑性本构关系。结合Norton-Hoff本构模型,以及与温度、压力相关的摩擦模型,采用理论研究与数值模拟结合的方式,研究DP780钢板变形热和摩擦热的自发热产生机理和宏观特征。根据完全热力耦合数值模拟理论,考虑将温度场和应力场、应变场等进行耦合分析,提出一种考虑变形热和摩擦热效应的冲压成形研究方法。通过U形件冲压试制试验,得到DP780钢板冷成形条件下的试验回弹结果。对比传统冷冲压模拟结果和考虑自发热效应研究方法下的模拟结果发现,考虑自发热效应的冲压成形模型在模拟侧壁时准确性提高了10.1%,在模拟法兰时准确性提高了23.2%。     

多工序成形混合硬化模型及其在高强钢回弹补偿中的应用

回弹缺陷是高强钢板料冲压时的一大难题,尤其对于多工序成形的零件,内应力作用引起的回弹问题更加复杂。在准确预测回弹的基础上修改模具型面的回弹补偿方案是解决这一问题的关键。为此,采用一种多工序混合硬化模型,结合有限元分析工具Ls-Dyna以及Ls-Opt,对模具型面迭代补偿。在自行改装的实验平台上,一项对高强钢DP600的循环拉伸压缩实验表明,与其他材料硬化模型相比,多工序混合硬化模型在多轴向的拉伸压缩实验中应力应变曲线的预测精度更高。某汽车A柱的多工序成形的回弹补偿结果证明该方法方便实用且精度高。     

TRIP600高强度钢板成形U型件回弹控制研究

针对高强度钢板冲压成形过程中普遍存在的精度问题,以U型件为研究对象,在分析TRIP600高强度钢板材料性能的基础上,分别研究了U型件成形时压边力和拉深筋的工作圆角半径对回弹的影响。结果表明,TRIP600高强度钢板在成形U型件时,回弹随着压边力的增加而发生有限减小;拉深筋工作圆角半径越大,回弹值越大。     

基于循环拉-压试验的混合硬化模型参数确定及模型应用

材料弹塑性本构模型是影响有限元模拟精度的最重要因素,混合硬化本构模型能较准确表现材料塑性变形过程真实硬化特征,而本构模型中材料特性相关参数是否准确直接影响到有限元模拟的精度。基于Hill48各向异性屈服准则,结合Voce各向同性硬化模型和Armstrong-Frederic非线性随动硬化模型,建立一个考虑材料各向异性和Bauschinger效应的混合硬化弹塑性本构模型。通过循环拉伸-压缩试验,获得DC54D+ZF镀锌板的循环变形应力-应变曲线,并利用通用全局优化算法,根据单向应力状态混合硬化本构方程,准确地确定了混合硬化模型中的材料特性参数。最后,使用ABAQUS有限元软件对板材循环拉伸-压缩问题和板材过拉深筋问题进行该本构模型的适用性分析,验证了所建立的各向异性混合硬化材料本构模型的可靠性和精确性。循环拉伸-压缩试验是直接准确地获得本构模型材料参数的有效方法。     

不同屈服准则与硬化模型对DP780双相高强钢拉延弯曲回弹预测影响规律研究

随着汽车车身对轻量化、高效节能等要求的提高,先进高强钢因其高比强度、比刚度等性能在汽车工业中应用呈上升趋势。因此,研究先进高强钢的回弹现象,总结其回弹规律,对改善先进高强钢零件的成形精度具有重要意义。目前的研究主要是基于U弯试验研究不同材料模型对回弹的影响规律,而屈服准则和硬化模型对Daw-bending回弹预测的适用性需要进一步研究。基于建立的Draw-bending试验平台,研究圆辊半径与名义张紧力对DP780回弹的影响规律。并利用PAM-STAMP有限元分析软件研究不同硬化模型(Hollomon模型、Y-U模型)和屈服准则(Mises、Hill48、Yld2000)对Draw-bending回弹预测的影响规律。研究表明,在试验方面,增大弯曲半径和张紧力都能减小侧壁卷曲回弹。在有限元仿真回弹预测方面,当采用双精度求解器求解Y-U模型材料参数时,可以提高Draw-bending回弹的预测精度。由于DP780各向异性的特殊性,采用Y-U硬化模型和Mises屈服准则或Yld2000屈服准则可以得到更高的回弹预测精度。对于厚度与截面半径的预测,采用Y-U硬化模型与Yld2000屈服准则可以得到更好的预测精度。     

材料强化模型对回弹计算模拟精度的影响

回弹是冲压不可避免的一种物理现象,不仅影响工件的尺寸精度,而且影响结构的可靠性。准确计算模拟回弹,是降低和控制回弹的前提。材料在冲压过程中经受反向加载作用,表现出与单调加载时迥然不同的力学性能,因此材料强化模型的选择是影响回弹计算模拟精度的主要因素之一。利用有限元法,对汽车车身覆盖件翻边结构冲压回弹进行计算模拟,讨论各向同性强化、随动强化和混合强化模型对计算结果的影响,并与试验结果进行比较。结果表明,各向同性强化由于没有考虑包兴格效应,导致回弹计算结果偏大;随动强化没有考虑材料快速应力应变强化作用,反向软化程度偏高,导致回弹计算结果偏小;混合强化模型既包括了包兴格效应,又考虑了材料的瞬态特性,其反映的应力应变关系与真实材料最为接近,计算的弯曲应力较为精确,回弹预测结果与试验最为接近。     

高温条件下DP780的成形性能仿真研究

以DP780钢为研究对象,利用MT5105试验机在400～600℃温度区间内进行单向热拉伸实验。基于Norton-Hoff模型建立了表征DP780在高温条件下流变特性的塑性本构方程,并采用热力耦合方法,利用ABAQUS软件进行了U形件的冲压仿真分析研究。结果表明:在高温条件下,双相钢的流变应力明显降低,塑性增强,并且随温度升高,最小厚度值越来越小,回弹量角度越来越小,凸模力变化越明显;在冲压过程中,受变形热及摩擦热的影响,板料的温度并非持续降低;综合考虑多方因素影响,得出500℃为DP780较为合适的成形温度。     

金属薄板包辛格效应的试验研究

针对薄板包辛格效应力学参数难于测量的问题，在试验中设计并加工了一套夹具来避免材料反向加载时的弯曲变形。通过薄板拉伸压缩循环加载试验，获取了材料在不同预应变下的包辛格效应曲线，计算了包辛格效应的力学参数,分析了试验中出现的反向流变曲线圆化、反向屈服应力减小、永久软化等现象。     

超高强度钢板精准折弯成型工艺技术研究

为解决特种车辆车体制造时超高强度钢板折弯成型存在的回弹、开裂、尺寸精度差以及成型不一致等问题,通过拉伸-压缩试验、缺口拉伸断裂试验等材料性能试验获取了材料力学性能数据,标定了材料本构模型参数,构建了超高强度钢板材料参数数据库和折弯成型数值模拟仿真平台,结合有限元模拟平台实现了不同凸模压下量对超高强钢V型自由折弯成形、回弹过程以及断裂的仿真预测,通过现场实物生产对比仿真验证的模拟结果可知,数值模拟与实物的吻合度达到90%以上,验证了有限元模拟结果的有效性和准确性,为企业提高生产效率提供了依据。     

一种基于反求参数的拉延筋解析模型

建立了考虑板料中性层偏移、包辛格效应等因素的拉延筋解析模型。材料本构关系采用弹塑性幂次强化，利用平面应变假设来求解拉延筋阻力。验证了此模型的有效性后，采用改进的小种群遗传算法，通过拟合Nine的试验值，反求出中性层的偏移量、包辛格效应产生的应力降低率，并应用到拉延筋解析模型中，得到一个更为准确的拉延筋解析模型。     

Finite element simulation of springback for a channel draw process with drawbead using different hardening models

The objective of this work is to predict the springback of Numisheet’05 Benchmark#3 with different material models using the commercial finite element code ABAQUS. This Benchmark consisted of drawing straight channel sections using different sheet materials and four different drawbead penetrations. Numerical simulations were performed using Hill's 1948 anisotropic yield function and two types of hardening models: isotropic hardening (IH) and combined isotropic-nonlinear kinematic hardening (NKH). A user-defined material subroutine was developed based on Hill's quadratic yield function and mixed isotropic-nonlinear kinematic hardening models for both ABAQUS-Explicit (VUMAT) and ABAQUS-Standard (UMAT). The work hardening behavior of the AA6022-T43 aluminum alloy was described with the Voce model and that of the DP600, HSLA and AKDQ steels with Hollomon's power law. Kinematic hardening was modeled using the Armstrong-Frederick nonlinear kinematic hardening model with the purpose of accounting for cyclic deformation phenomena such as the Bauschinger effect and yield stress saturation which are important for springback prediction. The effect of drawbead penetration or restraining force on the springback has also been studied. Experimental cyclic shear tests were carried out in order to determine the cyclic stress-strain behavior. Comparisons between simulation results and experimental data showed that the IH model generally overestimated the predicted amount of springback due to higher stresses derived by this model. On the other hand, the NKH model was able to predict the springback significantly more accurately than the IH model.     

On the modelling of the bending-unbending behaviour for accurate springback predictions

The prediction of springback is probably the area in sheet forming simulation where the least success has been achieved in terms of solution accuracy. The springback is caused by the release of residual stresses in the workpiece after the forming stage. An accurate prediction of residual stresses puts, in turn, high demands on material modeling during the forming simulation. Among the various ingredients that make up the material model, the hardening law is one of the most important ones for an accurate springback prediction. The hardening law should be able to consider some, or all, of the phenomena that occurs during bending and unbending of metal sheets, such as the Bauschinger effect, the transient behaviour, and permanent softening. The complexities of existing hardening laws do of course vary within quite wide ranges. One of the purposes of the present study was to try to identify a model of reasonable complexity that at the same time can fulfill the requirements concerning accuracy. Five different hardening models have been evaluated in the present investigation. The simplest model, the isotropic hardening one, involves only one history variable, while the most advanced model involves ten history variables and four additional material parameters. In the current report, results for four different materials will be accounted for. The kinematic hardening parameters have been determined by inverse modeling of a three-point bending test. A response surface method has been used as an optimization tool, together with a finite-element model of the bending test set-up. The springback of a simple U-bend has been calculated for one of the materials, and from the results of these simulations some conclusions regarding the choice of hardening law are drawn.     

A new model for springback prediction in which the Bauschinger effect is considered

Springback prediction is an important issue for the sheet metal forming industry. Most sheet metal elements undergo a complicated cyclical deformation history during the forming process. For an accurate prediction of springback, the Bauschinger effect must be considered to determine accurately the internal stress distribution within the sheet metal after deformation. Based on the foundations for isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening, Mroz multiple surface model, plane strain assumptions, and experimental observations, a new incremental method and hardening model is proposed in this paper. This new model compares well with the experimental results for aluminum sheet metal undergoing multiple-bending processes. As is well known, aluminum is one of the most difficult sheet metals to simulate. The new hardening model proposed in this paper is not only a generic model for springback prediction but also a hardening model for sheet metal forming process simulation.     

Effect of continuum damage mechanics on springback prediction in metal forming processes

The influence of considering the variations in material properties was investigated through continuum damage mechanics according to the Lemaitre isotropic unified damage law to predict the bending force and springback in V-bending sheet metal forming processes, with emphasis on Finite element (FE) simulation considerations. The material constants of the damage model were calibrated through a uniaxial tensile test with an appropriate and convenient repeating strategy. Holloman’s isotropic and Ziegler’s linear kinematic hardening laws were employed to describe the behavior of a hardening material. To specify the ideal FE conditions for simulating springback, the effect of the various numerical considerations during FE simulation was investigated and compared with the experimental outcome. Results indicate that considering continuum damage mechanics decreased the predicted bending force and improved the accuracy of springback prediction.     

A model of one-surface cyclic plasticity and its application to springback prediction

This paper presents an elasto-plastic constitutive model based on one-surface plasticity, which can capture the Bauschinger effect, transient behavior, permanent softening, and yield anisotropy. The combined isotropic-kinematic hardening law was used to model the hardening behavior, and the non-quadratic anisotropic yield function, Yld2000-2d, was chosen to describe the anisotropy. This model is closely related to the anisotropic non-linear kinematic hardening model of Chun et al. [2002. Modeling the Bauschinger effect for sheet metals, part I: theory. International Journal of Plasticity 18, 571-95.]. Different with the model, the current model captures in particular permanent softening with a constant stress offset as well as the Bauschinger effect and transient behavior under strain path reversal. Inverse identification was carried out to fit the material parameters of hardening model by using uni-axial tension/compression data. Springback predicted by the resulting material model was compared with experiments and with material models that do not account for permanent softening. The results show that the resulting material model has a good capability to predict springback.     

Earing predictions for strongly textured aluminum sheets

Metallic alloy sheets develop crystallographic texture and plastic anisotropy during rolling. Deep drawing of a cylindrical cup from a rolled sheet is one of the typical forming operations where the effect of this anisotropy is most evident. Generally, in the finite element analyses of this process, the evolution of anisotropy during forming is neglected. In this paper, results of an experimental program carried out to quantify the anisotropy of aluminum alloy AA5042-H2 are reported. In addition to tensile tests along seven directions in the plane of the sheet, cup-drawing tests were conducted. It was observed that the material displays eight ears. The effects of the evolution in anisotropy and the directionality in hardening on the predictions of the earing profile for this material are investigated using a new methodology that incorporates multiple hardening curves corresponding to uniaxial tension along several orientations with respect to the rolling direction, and to biaxial tension. Yielding is described using the anisotropic yield function Yld2000-2D [1] and a form of CPB06ex2 yield function [2], which is tailored for metals with no tension–compression asymmetry. It is shown that even if distortional hardening is neglected, the latter yield function predicts a cup with eight ears as was observed experimentally. Consideration of distortional only leads to improved accuracy in prediction of the non-uniformity of the cup height profile.     

On constitutive modeling for springback analysis

The springback phenomenon that occurs in thin metal sheets after forming is mainly a stress driven problem, and the magnitude is roughly proportional to the ratio between residual stresses and Young's modulus. An accurate prediction of residual stresses puts, in turn, high demands on the material modeling during the forming simulation.A phenomenological plasticity model is made up of several ingredients, such as a yield condition, a plastic hardening curve, a hardening law, and a model for the degradation of elastic stiffness due to plastic straining.The authors of this paper have recently, [1], showed the importance of a correct modeling of a cyclic stress-strain behavior via a phenomenological hardening law, in order to obtain an accurate stress prediction. The main purposes of the present study are to study the influence of two other constitutive ingredients: the yield criterion and the material behavior during unloading. Three different yield criteria of different complexity are evaluated in the present investigation: the Hill’48 criterion, the Barlat-Lian Yld89 criterion, and the 8-parameter criterion by Banabic/Aretz/Barlat.The material behavior during unloading is evaluated by loading/unloading tension tests, where the material is unloaded/reloaded at specified plastic strain levels. The slope of the unloading curve is measured and a relation between the “unloading modulus” and the plastic stain is established.In the current study, results for four different materials are accounted for. The springback of a simple U-bend is calculated for all the materials in the rolling-, transverse- and diagonal directions. From the results of these simulations, some conclusions regarding constitutive modeling for springback simulations are drawn.     

Deformation path and springback behavior in double-curved bending at high temperature

In this work, integrated double-curved bending-sizing-unloading is simulated for a Ti6Al4V titanium alloy sheet. Bending radii R30 mm × R30 mm and R30 mm × R15 mm are used in the bending tests at 700 °C and 750 °C, respectively. A holding time of 0–600 s is applied to explore the effect of sizing time on forming accuracy. Similar experimental tests are performed for comparison with the finite element analysis results. Results show that bending behavior varies remarkably with the bidirectional radii. As for equal bidirectional curvature, bending along each direction occurs simultaneously. Given that bidirectional radii are different, the sheet consecutively experiences single small-, single large-, and double-curved bending. The deformation path results in nonuniform plastic strain distribution. The springback amount increases from the center to the marginal middle zone. Sizing at 700 °C or 750 °C in 600 s or 180–600 s can remarkably reduce the springback amount, respectively. The springback prediction via finite element method is consistent with that of the experiment.

     

Influence of constitutive model in springback prediction using the split-ring test

The aim of this paper is to compare several plastic yield criteria to show their relevance on the prediction of springback behavior for a AA5754-0 aluminum alloy. An experimental test similar to the Demeri Benchmark Test [Demeri MY, Lou M, Saran MJ. A benchmark test for springback simulation in sheet metal forming. In: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., vol. 01-2657, 2000] has been developed. This test consists in cutting a ring specimen from a full drawn cup, the ring being then split longitudinally along a radial plan. The difference between the ring diameters, before and after splitting, gives a direct measure of the springback phenomenon, and indirectly, of the amount of residual stresses in the cup. The whole deep drawing process of a semi-blank and numerical splitting of the ring are performed using the finite element code Abaqus. Several material models are analyzed, all considering isotropic and kinematic hardening combined with one of the following plasticity criteria: von Mises, Hill’48 and Barlat’91. This last yield criterion has been implemented in Abaqus. Main observed data are force-displacement curves during forming, cup thickness according to material orientations and ring gap after splitting. The stress distributions in the cup, at the end of the drawing stage, and in the ring, after springback, are analyzed and some explanations concerning their influence on springback mechanisms are given.     

Springback prediction and optimization of variable stretch force trajectory in three-dimensional stretch bending process

Most of the existing studies use constant force to reduce springback while researching stretch force. However, variable stretch force can reduce springback more efficiently. The current research on springback prediction in stretch bending forming mainly focuses on artificial neural networks combined with the finite element simulation. There is a lack of springback prediction by support vector regression(SVR). In this paper, SVR is applied to predict springback in the three-dimensional stretch bending forming process, and variable stretch force trajectory is optimized. Six parameters of variable stretch force trajectory are chosen as the input parameters of the SVR model. Sixty experiments generated by design of experiments(DOE) are carried out to train and test the SVR model. The experimental results confirm that the accuracy of the SVR model is higher than that of artificial neural networks. Based on this model, an optimization algorithm of variable stretch force trajectory using particle swarm optimization(PSO) is proposed. The springback amount is used as the objective function. Changes of local thickness are applied as the criterion of forming constraints. The objection and constraints are formulated by response surface models. The precision of response surface models is examined. Six different stretch force trajectories are employed to certify springback reduction in the optimum stretch force trajectory, which can efficiently reduce springback. This research proposes a new method of springback prediction using SVR and optimizes variable stretch force trajectory to reduce springback.