角砖生产工艺及产品质量控制--瓷质角砖生产常见质量缺陷及解决方法

1引言 角砖为异形砖的一种,目前国内生产的异形砖种类较多.本文的角砖专指90°正角、斜角、142°角、92°角等瓷质外墙角砖或地角砖(下文中简称角砖),配套瓷质外墙平砖(后文中简称平砖)生产,以增加平砖产品档次.目前,佛山地区已有多家企业尝试生产,但整体生产产品合格率低、成本高、销售单价高,国内尚未完全打开市场.     

瓷质砖的组成对其性能的影响

1概述瓷质砖气孔率低、机械性能好,抗化学腐蚀和抗霜冻性能好,耐磨性强。根据ISO13006号标准,瓷质砖的吸水率应小于O．5％,意大利市场上瓷质砖产品吸水率都在O．1％左右。但瓷质砖坯体烧成后不可避免的闭口气孔,会影响产品的机械强度。意大利从80年代开始用新的生产技术制造瓷质砖产品,这些技术包括湿法球磨、喷雾干燥、大吨位压机成形、辊道窑快速烧成,从而实现了大规格产品的生产。最初生产的瓷质砖颜色单调,仅用于荷载大的地面,随后出现的抛光砖多次布料技术、渗花技术等新的装饰技术,改善了外观装饰效果,开拓了瓷质砖的使…     

瓷质釉面砖的研制

1.前言瓷质釉面砖是一种用于内墙装饰的、已经瓷化的釉面内墙砖。目前市场上销售的釉面砖都是陶质的,吸水率在10％以上,极易引起吸湿膨胀从而引发后期龟裂,严重影响装饰面的美观,这已成了困扰生产企业和用户的一大难题。而瓷质釉面砖由于吸水率很小(≤1％),不存在吸湿膨胀,也就没有后期龟裂之忧。釉面质量及装饰水平完全可以达到目前陶质釉面砖的水平,因此,瓷质釉面砖具有良好的市场发展前景。瓷质釉面砖的规格与目前流行的瓷质砖相同.j工随时进行规格的调整。其釉面的光洁度比抛光砖要好,可以施以装饰的种类远远超过抛光砖,而a其成本比抛光砖要低得多。因此瓷质釉面砖极具开发价值。本研究旨在以本省原料为主,研制开发低成本瓷质釉面砖,使产品的各项性能指标达到或超过欧共体EN176—91标准。     

瓷质砖断裂模数的影响因素分析

断裂模数是瓷质砖产品的重要性能指标。本文通过生产各个环节,分别讨论了影响瓷质砖断裂模数的因素,为瓷质砖断裂模数的提高提供了解决思路。     

仿花岗岩瓷质砖的大颗粒湿式造粒设备

本文介绍了一种国产湿式造粒设备。利用此设备生产的大颗粒、可用来生产仿花岗岩瓷质砖，产品具有极佳的仿天然石材效果。     

瓷质砖坯釉料的研制

我厂内墙砖生产为二次烧成 ,为适应市场需求的变化 ,决定将其中 2条窑改为生产瓷质砖。对此 ,我们提出以下设计方案 :1)根据我厂窑炉最高烧成温度 12 0 0℃ ,设计瓷质砖烧成温度在 1180℃以下 ;2 )要求瓷质砖吸水率 <0 .5 % ,产品烧成收缩 <8% ;3)充分考虑现有陶质砖用原料 ,减少原料种类 ,以便于管理 ;4 )在釉料方面 ,为适应当今国内外市场的需求 ,考虑作防滑地砖 ,要求釉面防滑系数达到英标ＢＳ6 76 7系数的 4 0以上。根据以上要求 ,我们通过优化原料 ,研制出适宜低温快烧的坯釉料配方 ,并于 2 0 0 0年 6月试生产 ,产品各项性能指标均符合…     

风化变质白云岩在瓷质地板砖生产中的应用

长期以来 ,河南省林州市某建筑陶瓷厂以生产5 0 0 × 5 0 0 的瓷质地板砖为主。由于该厂缺少大吨位液压压砖机和线性收缩小、助熔能力好的半瘠性原料 ,5 0 0 × 5 0 0 的瓷质地板砖烧成后产品出窑尺寸在 4 91～ 4 96 之间 ,经再加工后成品尺寸为 4 90 × 4 90 和 4 95 × 4 95 。该成品尺寸的瓷质地板砖不为销售商所接受 ,导致产品严重滞销 ,给企业造成严重的经济损失。林州市境内林滤山北支脉沿伸至横水 ,呈众多的断裂层 ,在这些断裂层间燕山期的中酸—酸性岩浆岩侵入奥陶系白云岩中 ,形成富透辉石 ,硅辉石的变质白云岩 ,这些变质…     

不同烧成温度下电瓷微观结构的研究

为了控制电瓷产品的烧成质量,在一定温度范围内,对同一配方泥料不同温度点烧结后电瓷试样瓷质微观结构以及性能进行了分析研究.实验结果表明:在第6温度点烧成的瓷质(玻璃相49.31%、刚玉相39.00%、气孔相7.07%、莫来石4.62%)强度最高,结构最紧密;且造成瓷质性能下降的微观机理不同;选择合适的烧成温度范围,是控制电瓷产品质量的必要条件.     

产品速递

欧文莱推出“拉帕图”瓷质饰釉砖欧文莱最近推出一系列具有领先水准的半抛光产品“拉帕图”系列瓷质饰釉砖。“拉帕图”产品系列属于仿古砖范畴,却又超越了仿古砖的工艺内涵,具有鲜明的高尖工艺特点,堪称新一代半抛光仿古砖类产品的时尚风标。欧文莱陶瓷对“拉帕图”系列的酝酿研发,历时已久,从产品思想内涵到工艺表现,从方块肌理雕琢到整体空间应用实现,尤见产品设计师的独到苦心,亦同时能见证到完美主义者对细微分毫的执着。     

用北方原料生产瓷质抛光砖

1前言瓷质抛光砖是目前建陶市场上最为流行的墙地砖产品，深受用户的欢迎，但是目前我国的抛光砖主要出自广东和上海附近地区，而广大的北方地区由于原材料等原因，生产抛光砖的厂家很少。为了满足市场的需要，我们用山东省及其附近地区的原料，加入部分黑泥，成功研制生产出高档抛光砖产品，为企业创造了明显的经济效益，为我国北方地区生产优质瓷质抛光砖提供了经验。2瓷质抛光砖的工艺要求一般说来，理想的瓷质抛光砖坯体配方要满足如下要求：（1）合适的烧成温度，一般在1170～1230℃；（2）较宽的烧成范围；（3）较小的烧成收缩；（4）…     

Bean grain quality

As the title states, the present document is a review of the factors which may influence the bean grain quality. This quality is determined by factors such as acceptability by the consumer, cooking characteristics and by its nutritive value. At the same time, these factors are affected by the genetic constitution of the grain as well as by the environmental conditions of production. Therefore, the improvement obtained on the bean-grain quality will be measured through the interaction established among the different disciplines, such as geneticists, agronomists and scientists in food science and nutrition. The above-mentioned factors are influenced by the events that occur in the different links of the food chain. This article analyzes the effect of processing on the nutritive quality of the grain and, likewise, a brief review of the hard-to-cook problem which affects the acceptability of the grain by the consumer is made. It also considers the low protein digestibility problem and the effects that have been associated to tannin content, as well as the carbohydrate utilization. Finally, some recommendations are suggested to improve the nutritional quality of beans, which is the most important protein source for large segments of the worldwide population.     

Engineering grain boundary anisotropy to elucidate grain growth behavior in alumina

Current grain growth models have evolved to account for the relationship between grain boundary energy/mobility anisotropy and the five degrees of grain boundary character. However, the role of grain boundary networks on overall growth kinetics remains poorly understood. To experimentally investigate this problem, a highly textured Al₂O₃ was fabricated by colloidal casting in a strong magnetic field to engineer a unique spatial distribution of grain boundary character. Microstructural evolution was quantified and compared to an untextured sample. From this comparison, a prevalence of (0001)/(0001) terminated grain boundaries with anisotropic networks were identified in the textured sample. These boundaries and their networks were found to be driving grain growth at a faster rate than predicted by models. These findings will allow better modelling of grain growth in real systems by experimentally exploring the impact thereon of grain boundary plane anisotropy and relative energy/mobility differences between neighboring boundaries.     

An admittance spectroscopy study of grain and grain boundary of diamond

AC electrical response of polycrystalline diamond films, prepared by hot-filament assisted chemical vapor deposition technique, was studied by admittance spectroscopy. Temperature dependent admittance evidenced two main exponential regimes associated with distributions of traps within diamond grains and at grain boundaries, respectively. Activation energies of the low-frequency conductance and of the characteristic relaxation frequency from Jonscher equation also evidence two trap levels associated to grain and grain boundary. This picture is supported by capacitive contributions obtained from imaginary part of electric modulus spectra, furthermore suggesting the presence of charge carriers tunneling at the Fermi level. Results are discussed in terms of a schematic band energy diagram.     

Adhesion of a coal grain to a coal grain in an alcohol

Measurements of the destruction time of the coal sediment column structure formed from the following fractions of coal grains: (1) +100-200 μm, (2) +200-300 μm, (3) +300-400 μm, and (4) +400-500 μm have been carried out. Using the relationship between the reciprocal of the destruction time and the average diameter of the size fractions of coal grains, the critical diameter of the grains was determined. Next, using the critical diameter and surface free energy components and parameters of the coal and alcohols, the correlation between the stability of the coal-alcohol-coal system and the work of adhesion of coal to coal and alcohol to coal, and the viscosity, density, and surface tension of alcohols were investigated. From the measurements and the calculations it was found that the destruction time depended on the size of the coal fractions and the nature of the alcohol, but the critical diameter of the coal grains did not depend on these parameters. It was also found that the detachment a coal grain from another coal grain in an alcohol occurred by disruption of the alcohol film present between the two coal grains and that the increase in the attachment forces between the two coal grains as a function of the molecular length of alcohols was caused by an increase in the perimeter of the contact plane.     

Tailoring particle alignment and grain orientation during tape casting and templated grain growth

The quality of crystallographic alignment in textured ceramics produced by tape casting and templated grain growth (TGG) has been little studied despite its demonstrated impact on magnetic, piezoelectric, and optical properties. Physical and crystallographic alignment of anisotropic template particles is shown to be directly linked to the casting rate, gap height, and casting viscosity during tape casting. These parameters are shown to affect the shape and magnitude of the shear rate profile under the doctor blade during casting which in turn causes a gradient in the torque acting on anisotropic particles. The magnitude of the torque, the time the slurry is exposed to torque during casting, and the ratio of casting height to template diameter are demonstrated to enable the particle alignment process to be tailored to produce well-aligned template particles. Crystallographic alignment of the textured ceramic was quantified by grain misalignment angle (full width at half maximum, FWHM) and degree of orientation (r) and is directly correlated with the degree of torque during casting. High-quality alignment (FWHM = 4.5°; r = 0.13) was demonstrated in the model TGG system consisting of submicrometer alumina and 5 vol% 11 μm diameter template platelet particles.     

Influence of grain interior and grain boundaries on transport properties of scandium-doped calcium zirconate

Calcium zirconate-based protonic conductors are currently the most promising electrolyte for high-temperature hydrogen sensors, however, protonic conductors exhibit mixed protons, oxygen vacancies and electron-holes conduction above 700°C, and the protons transport number is significantly influenced by the atmosphere. Therefore, the relationship between protons transport number and oxygen/water vapor partial pressure should be established to improve the veracity of the hydrogen sensor. Herein, CaZr_0.9Sc_0.1O_3-α perovskite oxides are prepared and the influence of grain interior and grain boundaries on transport properties is systematically investigated by using with defect chemistry theory. And the relationship between protons transport number and oxygen/water vapor partial pressure should be obtained. The results indicate that the dominant conduction carriers of CaZr_0.9Sc_0.1O_3-α were protons in Ar and reductive atmospheres at 500°C-800°C, and the conductivity () and transport number () of holes are remarkably increased with increasing oxygen partial pressure. In addition, protons, oxygen vacancies and electron-holes transport properties of grain interior and grain boundaries in scandium-doped calcium zirconate reveal that grains can effectively block oxygen vacancies transport at 550°C-800°C, but grains cannot block the holes transport. Therefore, the oxygen vacancies trend to transport through grain boundaries.     

Amino acid supplementation of grain

Statistics indicate a rapid increase in world population, especially in the developing countries. Increasing demand for foods has come into existence in parallel with the growth of population. Amino acid supple-mentation of oil seed protein and grain is both practical and economical and can play a very important role in the campaign to improve the quality of world protein supplies. This paper reviews not only the nutritional significance but also the practical aspects of amino acid supplementation of foods and feedstuffs. Production of important amino acids is also reviewed. One of 16 papers being published from the Symposium, “Oliseed Processors Challenged by World Protein Need,” presented at the ISF-AOCS World Congress, Chicago, September 1970.     

人口.粮食.化肥

从分析我国解放后至2030年这80年间人口增长率是东汉至解放前2000年间17倍的这一基本事实出发,阐述了养活1 6亿人口,粮食不能依赖进口,只能依靠自己的观点.若欲达到2030年人均占有粮食400 kg的目标,并假设其中5%进口,在耕地面积、化肥用量保持不变的情况下,单位面积粮食产量需从1995年的4 250 kg/hm2增加到2030年的5 815kg/hm2.进一步说明施用化肥对增加粮食产量的重要作用,并对21世纪我国化肥工业发展速度进行了预测.     

Aldehydes in grain sorghum wax

Improved knowledge of the properties, composition, and analysis of grain sorghum wax would assist in efforts for industrial application of this product. Wax extracted from grain sorghum, harvested in 1996 in Nebraska, using hot hexane was fractionated with silica gel column chromatography using a series of mixtures of hexane, chloroform, methanol, and acttic acid. During TLC analysis of the sorghum wax, a dark band, which did not appear in carnauba wax, was found between was esters and TAG. This dark band fraction was the primary component, representing more than 40% of the total sorghum wax weight. The purpose of this study was to chemically characterize the dark band. The fraction containing the dark band was subjected to borohydride reduction and autoxidation by exposure to air. The borohydride reduction gave a dark band at the fatty alcohol position on TLC, whereas the oxidized sample showed a dark band at the FA position, strongly suggesting the original dark band contained aldehydes. NMR and GC-MS data confirmed that this fraction contained a saturated C₂₈ aldehyde.