A two-level distributed multiple hypothesis decision system

A two-level distributed decision system consisting of a number of local decision makers (LDMs) connected to a global decision maker (GDM) is considered. The LDMs share a common M-hypothesis testing problem, have their own observations independent of each other, and employ likelihood ratios for their decision making. Each LDM transmits its inference to the GDM where the final decision is derived. The local inferences consist of the ranking of the candidate hypotheses and a degree of confidence based on likelihood ratios. Using a maximum distance criterion, the optimum confidence-based subpartitioning of local decision space is studied. It is shown that the presented system can greatly outperform one in which LDM provides a single-hypothesis hard decision and can perform nearly as well as the optimum centralized system     

Robust Fault Detection and Isolation Based on Finite-frequency H?/H∞ Unknown Input Observers and Zonotopic Threshold Analysis

This work proposes a robust fault detection and isolation scheme for discrete-time systems subject to actuator faults, in which a bank of H_?/H_∞ fault detection unknown input observers (UIOs) and a zonotopic threshold analysis strategy are considered. In observer design, finite-frequency H_? index based on the generalized Kalman-Yakubovich-Popov lemma and H_∞ technique are utilized to evaluate worst-case fault sensitivity and disturbance attenuation performance, respectively. The proposed H_?/H_∞ fault detection observers are designed to be insensitive to the corresponding actuator fault only, but sensitive to others. Then, to overcome the weakness of predefining threshold for FDI decision-making, this work proposes a zonotopic threshold analysis method to evaluate the generated residuals. The FDI decision-making relies on the evaluation with a dynamical zonotopic threshold. Finally, numerical simulations are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed scheme.      

高阶离散多智能体系统在参数不确定和带外部干扰下的鲁棒H∞一致性控制

研究了高阶离散多智能体系统的在参数不确定和带外部干扰下的H_∞鲁棒一致性控制问题,同时提出线性分布式一致性协议.首先将该问题转化为一组不确定系统的H_∞鲁棒控制问题.其次推导出线性矩阵不等式在参数为γ的H_∞鲁棒一致性意义下的充分条件.第三,给出了所提出一致性协议在不带外部干扰,参数不确定的高阶离散线性多智能体系统中的收敛效果.最后,通过包含和不包含参数不确定系统的对比仿真实验说明了理论结果的正确性和有效性.     

Comprehensive study of hydrogen sensing characteristics of Pd metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistors with Al0.24Ga0.76As and In0.49Ga0.51P Schottky contact layers

The interesting hydrogen sensing characteristics of two transistors with an Al_0.24Ga_0.76As (device A) and In_0.49Ga_0.51P (device B) Schottky layer are demonstrated and studied. Experimentally, device A shows a lower hydrogen detection limit of 4.3 ppm H₂/air, a higher current variation of 7.79 mA and a shorter adsorption time of 10.95 s in a 9970 ppm H₂/air at room temperature. On the other hand, device B exhibits more stable hydrogen-sensing characteristics at high temperatures. Even at a low concentration of 14 ppm H₂/air the hydrogen sensing properties of device B can be obtained as the temperature increases from 30 to 160 °C. Because the Al_0.24Ga_0.76As and In_0.49Ga_0.51P materials are lattice-matched to the GaAs substrate, the studied devices can be integrated as sensor arrays to obtain superior hydrogen sensing characteristics including higher sensing signals, lower detection limit, shorter response time, and widespread detection and temperature regimes.     

噪声下相互依存网络的自适应H∞异质同步

针对具有噪声的相互依存复杂动力网络, 本文研究了它的局部自适应H_∞异质同步问题.该网络由两个具有"一对一"相互依赖关系的子网构成, 子网内部耦合和子网间的耦合均含有未知但有界的非线性函数.基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论、线性矩阵不等式(Linear matrix inequality, LMI)技术和自适应以及H_∞控制方法, 本文提出了使得相互依存网络在外部噪声的干扰下, 两个子网各自达到一致的充分条件.这些条件不仅可以保证受扰动的网络获得鲁棒渐近同步而且可以让网络达到一个给定的鲁棒H_∞水平.最后的数值模拟验证了提出的方法的有效性以及可行性.     

Mixed H2/H∞ fuzzy output feedbackcontrol design for nonlinear dynamic systems: an LMI approach

This study introduces a mixed H₂/H_∞ fuzzy output feedback control design method for nonlinear systems with guaranteed control performance. First, the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model is employed to approximate a nonlinear system. Next, based on the fuzzy model, a fuzzy observer-based mixed H₂/H_∞ controller is developed to achieve the suboptimal H₂ control performance with a desired H_∞ disturbance rejection constraint. A robust stabilization technique is also proposed to override the effect of approximation error in the fuzzy approximation procedure. By the proposed decoupling technique and two-stage procedure, the outcome of the fuzzy observer-based mixed H₂/H_∞ control problem is parametrized in terms of the two eigenvalue problems (EVPs): one for observer and the other for controller. The EVPs can be solved very efficiently using the linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization techniques. A simulation example is given to illustrate the design procedures and performances of the proposed method     

Selective detection of ethanol vapor and hydrogen using Cd-doped SnO2-based sensors

The effect of CdO doping on microstructure, conductance and gas-sensing properties of SnO₂-based sensors has been presented in this study. Precursor powders with Cd/Sn molar ratios ranging from 0 to 0.5 were prepared by chemical coprecipitation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicates that the solid-state reaction in the CdO–SnO₂ system occurs and -CdSnO₃ with pervoskite structure is formed between 600 and 650°C. CdO doping suppresses SnO₂ crystallite growth effectively which has been confirmed by means of XRD, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and BET method. The 10 mol% Cd-doped SnO₂-based sensor shows an excellent ethanol-sensing performance, such as high sensitivity (275 for 100 ppm C₂H₅OH), rapid response rate (12 s for 90% response time) and high selectivity over CO, H₂ and i-C₄H₁₀. On the other hand, this sensor has good H₂-sensing properties in the absence of ethanol vapor. The sensor operates at 300°C, the sensitivity to 1000 ppm H₂ is up to 98, but only 16 and 7 for 1000 ppm CO and i-C₄H₁₀, respectively.     

A new multiple decisions fusion rule for targets detection in multiple sensors distributed detection systems with data fusion

Currently, multiple sensors distributed detection systems with data fusion are used extensively in both civilian and military applications. The optimality of most detection fusion rules implemented in these systems relies on the knowledge of probability distributions for all distributed sensors. The overall detection performance of the central processor is often worse than expected due to instabilities of the sensors probability density functions. This paper proposes a new multiple decisions fusion rule for targets detection in distributed multiple sensor systems with data fusion. Unlike the published studies, in which the overall decision is based on single binary decision from each individual sensor and requires the knowledge of the sensors probability distributions, the proposed fusion method derives the overall decision based on multiple decisions from each individual sensor assuming that the probability distributions are not known. Therefore, the proposed fusion rule is insensitive to instabilities of the sensors probability distributions. The proposed multiple decisions fusion rule is derived and its overall performance is evaluated. Comparisons with the performance of single sensor, optimum hard detection, optimum centralized detection, and a multiple thresholds decision fusion, are also provided. The results show that the proposed multiple decisions fusion rule has higher performance than the optimum hard detection and the multiple thresholds detection systems. Thus it reduces the loss in performance between the optimum centralized detection and the optimum hard detection systems. Extension of the proposed method to the case of target detection when some probability density functions are known and applications to binary communication systems are also addressed.     

一类机械臂系统自适应有限时间有界H∞跟踪控制

考虑一种电机驱动的单连杆机械臂系统在受到输出约束时的自适应有限时间H∞跟踪控制问题.一个有限时间有界H∞性能的新概念被提出,并结合障碍Lyapunov函数(BLF)、神经网络自适应技术、有限时间控制理论和H_∞控制理论,提出了一种该系统在输出受限条件下的自适应神经有限时间有界H_∞跟踪控制器设计方法,避免了许多有限时间控制文献中控制器设计时出现的奇点问题,实现了该机械臂系统的有限时间有界H_∞轨迹跟踪控制.所设计的控制器保证了系统跟踪误差能够被约束在预先给定的范围内,并且所有状态能在有限时间内收敛到平衡状态的邻域内,同时对外部扰动具有H_∞性能.仿真结果验证了所设计控制器的有效性和优越性.     

Room temperature hydrogen response kinetics of nano–micro-integrated doped tin oxide sensor

The nano–micro-integrated sensor has been fabricated by sol–gel depositing the nanocrystalline indium oxide (In₂O₃)-doped tin oxide (SnO₂) thin film on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device having interdigitated electrode configurations with two different electrode spacing (10 μm and 20 μm) and two different number of fingers (8 and 20). The present nano–micro-integrated sensor exhibits high H₂ sensitivity range (S = 3–10⁵) for the H₂ concentration within the range of 100–15,000 ppm at room temperature. It has been demonstrated that, the room temperature response kinetics of the present nano–micro-integrated sensor is a function of finger spacing, H₂ concentration and air-pressure, but independent of number of fingers. Such dependence has been explained on the basis of Le Chatelier's principle applied to the associated H₂ sensing mechanism and the role of above parameters in shifting the dynamic equilibrium of the involved surface reactions under the described test conditions. A new definition of the response time has been proposed, which is not only suitable for the theoretical analysis but also for the practical applications, where a gas-leak detection alarm is required to be triggered.     

CuO/SnO2 thin film heterostructures as chemical sensors to H2S

CuO/SnO₂ heterostructures as well as SnO₂(CuO) polycrystalline films have been studied for H₂S sensing. Gas sensing properties of these materials have been compared in conditions: 25–300 ppm H₂S in N₂ at 100–250°C. A shorter response time of the heterostructures as compared to that of the SnO₂(CuO) films has been found. It is suggested that the improvement of dynamic sensor properties of SnO₂/CuO heterostructures is caused by the localization of electrical barrier between CuO and SnO₂ layers.     

基于特征气体SO2F2的SF6气体绝缘设备的过热性故障诊断

利用SF₆分解产物检测来判断GIS故障发展程度已成为一种有效手段,在搭建的实验平台上展开200℃~360℃局部过热模拟实验,研究SF₆热分解特性。当实验温度较高时(320℃~360℃),新增SO₂F₂、H₂S、COS三种产物。在绝缘设备充满大量SF₆子的背景下,分解产生的H₂和COS的含量极少,给气体检测带来了困难。文中提出将SO₂F₂作为设备故障进入严重状态的标志气体,同时用量子化学计算法在B3LYP/6-311G(+d,p)水平下对SO₂F₂生成机理和能量条件进行研究。发现SO₂F₂通过F₂碎片与气室内SO₂反应、F原子与SO₂F结合、SOF 4水解反应这三条途径得到,其中SO₂与F₂反应是SO₂F₂的主要来源。实验现象与理论计算均表明:SO₂F₂的形成机制与高温息息相关,SO₂F₂出现,标志着设备故障处温度较高,SF₆绝缘能力已遭到严重破坏。     

TiO2 thin films from titanium butoxide: Synthesis, Pt addition, structural stability, microelectronic processing and gas-sensing properties

TiO₂ thin films were prepared by spin-coating of a Ti butoxide-derived sol onto oxidized silicon wafers, followed by a heat-treatment at temperatures ranging from 500 to 800 °C. The film thickness after heat-treatment at 500 °C was 50 nm. Pt addition, with a Pt:Ti nominal atomic ratio ranging from 0.01 to 0.1, was achieved by adding solutions of Pt(II) acetylacetonate to the TiO₂ sols. The thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, evidencing that Pt promoted the structural transformation of the starting anatase phase of TiO₂ to rutile, with a more enhanced effect with increasing the Pt concentration and/or the heat-treatment temperature. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy evidenced that, when a Pt:Ti atomic ratio of 0.05 and a heat treatment at 500 °C were used, the TiO₂ contained both anatase and rutile phases and interspersed Pt nanocrystals (2–3 nm). This result allowed attributing the structural transformation in TiO₂ to the strain created by the Pt nanocrystals—a conclusion which was further corroborated by the observation that Pd-modified films, prepared under similar conditions, were only composed of anatase TiO₂ and did not contain any Pd nanocrystals. The films heat-treated at 500 °C were able to withstand a full microelectronic processing sequence, including dry etching for gas sensors sensitive area definition, Ti/Pt contact formation, and heater processing on the backside of the sensor substrates. H₂ gas-sensing tests evidenced that the anatase TiO₂ phase was much more sensitive than the rutile one. The presence of Pt further enhanced the gas-sensing properties, lowering the optimum sensor operation temperature to about 330 °C and allowing for the detection of a minimum H₂ concentration of about 1000 ppm.     

Decentralized Resilient H∞ Load Frequency Control for Cyber-Physical Power Systems Under DoS Attacks

This paper designs a decentralized resilient H_∞ load frequency control (LFC) scheme for multi-area cyber-physical power systems (CPPSs). Under the network-based control framework, the sampled measurements are transmitted through the communication networks, which may be attacked by energy-limited denial-of-service (DoS) attacks with a characterization of the maximum count of continuous data losses (resilience index). Each area is controlled in a decentralized mode, and the impacts on one area from other areas via their interconnections are regarded as the additional load disturbance of this area. Then, the closed-loop LFC system of each area under DoS attacks is modeled as an aperiodic sampled-data control system with external disturbances. Under this modeling, a decentralized resilient H_∞ scheme is presented to design the state-feedback controllers with guaranteed H_∞ performance and resilience index based on a novel transmission interval-dependent loop functional method. When given the controllers, the proposed scheme can obtain a less conservative H_∞ performance and resilience index that the LFC system can tolerate. The effectiveness of the proposed LFC scheme is evaluated on a one-area CPPS and two three-area CPPSs under DoS attacks.      

Titania NOx sensors for exhaust monitoring

Oxide semiconductors have been examined to develop NO_x sensors for exhaust monitoring. Titania doped with trivalent elements, such as Al³⁺, Sc³⁺, Ga³⁺ or In³⁺, has a good sensitivity and selectivity to NO between 450 and 550 °C, and shows rapid response. A sensor probe for monitoring exhaust NO_x has been fabricated. Many kinds of interference gases, such as C₃H₆, CO and SO₂, have been found to have only a slight influence on the sensor response to NO. The influence of O₂ and H₂O is also negligible, except for the cases of 0% H₂O and fuel-rich conditions. In accordance with these results, the sensor probe operates satisfactority in the exhaust gas of various combustion conditions without interference from the various kinds of gas species in the exhaust gases.     

Distributed detection with consulting sensors and communicationcost

The problem of distributed detection with consulting sensors in the presence of communication cost associated with any exchange of information (consultation) between sensors is considered. The system considered has two sensors, S1 and S2; S1 is the primary sensor responsible for the final decision u₀ , and S2 is a consulting sensor capable of relaying its decision u₂ to S1 when requested by S 1. The final decision u₀ is either based on the raw data available to S1 only, or, under certain request conditions, also takes into account the decision u₂ of sensor S2. Random and nonrandom request schemes are analyzed and numerical results are presented and compared for Gaussian and slow-fading Rayleigh channels. For each decision-making scheme, an associated optimization problem is formulated whose solution is shown to satisfy certain set design criteria that the authors consider essential for sensor fusion     

既含有一般多个随机延迟以及多个测量丢失和随机控制丢失的鲁棒H∞模糊输出反馈控制

这篇文章研究了一类不确定离散时间模糊系统的鲁棒H_∞控制问题,这类系统是既含有多个随机延迟、多测量丢失又含有从模糊控制器到发生器的随机控制信号丢失.描述随机通信延迟和随机控制信号丢失的随机变量认为是相互独立服从贝努利分布.测量丢失现象认为是随机发生的.假定对每个传感器发生丢失的概率位于区间[0,1]上是给定的.大量的注意力集中在设计H_∞模糊输出反馈控制器以确保所得到的闭环Tagagi-Segeno（T-S）系统按均方意义是指数稳定的.文章所用的方法能使扰动拒绝达到说给定的指标.通过大量的分析得出了满足指数稳定性以及预先给定的H_∞性能指标的容许输出反馈控制器的存在性的充分条件.另外,锥型补线性化过程用于将控制设计问题转化成能用半正定规划方法求解的序列极小化问题.最后,模拟结果证实了文中所提出的设计方法的可行性和有效性.     

Etch rates for micromachining processing

The etch rates for 317 combinations of 16 materials (single-crystal silicon, doped, and undoped polysilicon, several types of silicon dioxide, stoichiometric and silicon-rich silicon nitride, aluminum, tungsten, titanium, Ti/W alloy, and two brands of positive photoresist) used in the fabrication of microelectromechanical systems and integrated circuits in 28 wet, plasma, and plasmaless-gas-phase etches (several HF solutions, H₃PO₄, HNO₃ +H₂O+NH₄F, KOH, Type A aluminum etchant, H ₂O+H₂O₂+HF, H₂O₂, piranha, acetone, HF vapor, XeF₂, and various combinations of SF₆, CF₄, CHF₃, Cl₂, O₂ , N₂, and He in plasmas) were measured and are tabulated. Etch preparation, use, and chemical reactions (from the technical literature) are given. Sample preparation and MEMS applications are described for the materials     

Multiobjective PID control design in uncertain robotic systemsusing neural network elimination scheme

A PID-type controller incorporating neural network elimination scheme and sliding-mode control action for different objectives including H₂ tracking performance, H_∞ tracking performance, and regional pole constraints is developed in robotic systems under plant uncertainties and external disturbances. The adaptive neural networks are used to compensate the plant uncertainties. The sliding-mode control action is included to eliminate the effect of approximation error via neural network approximation. The sufficient conditions are developed for different objectives in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI) formulations. The interesting combinations of different objectives are considered in this paper, which include H_∞ PID tracking control design with regional pole constraints and mixed H₂/H_∞ PID tracking control design with regional pole constraints. These multiobjective PID control problems are characterized in terms of eigenvalue problem (EVP). The EVP can be efficiently solved by the LMI toolbox in Matlab. The proposed methods are simple and the PID control gain for different objectives can be obtained systematically