Three-dimensional finite element analysis for estimation of the weld residual stress in the dissimilar butt weld piping

Numerous dissimilar metal welds are used to connect carbon steel and stainless steel in nuclear power plants. Recently, some cracks have occurred in the dissimilar metal welds, and welding residual stress is considered as a contributing factor to the cracks. In this study, welding residual stresses in dissimilar butt weld piping were evaluated by the 3-dimensional (3-D) finite element method. Welding residual stresses along the circumference of heat affected zones as well as weld regions were obtained through the analysis, which could not be obtainable with 2-dimensional (2-D) analysis. The differences between 2-D analysis and 3-D analysis are presented in this paper.     

“Finite element modeling of the effect of heat input on residual stresses in dissimilar joints”

In the present study, a thermo-elastic–plastic model was developed in order to evaluate the residual stresses in dissimilar automatic tungsten inert gas (TIG) welds between plain carbon steel CK4 and a ferritic stainless steel AISI409. The effect of welding heat input on the magnitude and the distribution of residual stresses was investigated and the results of simulation were validated by X-ray diffraction measurements. It is shown that the calculated residual stresses are in good agreement with the residual stresses determined experimentally. It was found that the magnitudes of stresses at the weld center line increases with increasing the welding speed.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar stainless steel electron beam and friction welds

Microstructure and mechanical properties of similar and dissimilar welds of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304), ferritic stainless steel (AISI 430), and duplex stainless steel (AISI 2205) have been studied. Welding processes electron beam welding and friction welding were used. Optical, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe microscopy were carried out to study the microstructural changes. Residual stress, hardness, tensile strength, and impact toughness testing were conducted to study mechanical behavior. Dissimilar metal electron beam welds of austenitic–ferritic, ferritic–duplex, and austenitic–duplex stainless steel welds contained coarse grains, which are predominantly equiaxed on austenitic, duplex stainless steel side, and they are columnar on the ferritic stainless steel side. Diffusion of elements was significant in electron beam welding and insignificant in friction welds. Austenitic–ferritic stainless steel exhibited tensile residual stress on the ferritic stainless steel side adjacent to the interface, compressive stresses on the austenitic stainless steel side that matches with the delta ferrite microstructure observed in this region. High compressive stresses were noted on duplex stainless steel side interface compared to austenitic stainless side interface. The highest tensile strength was observed in duplex–austenitic stainless steel joints. The impact strength and notch tensile strength of electron beam weldments are higher than the friction weldments. All electron beam and friction welds showed toughness lower than parent metals.     

异种钢接头焊接残余应力分析及实验研究

异种钢接头是电站锅炉中的一个重要部件。本文应用热弹塑性有限元对１０２钢和３０４Ｈ钢管通过镍基合金充材料焊接的异种钢接头的焊接残余应力场及经过退火后的残余应力场进行了数值计算，并应用全释放法对该焊接头进行了实测，计算结果与实测结果基本吻合。这些结果可供异种钢接头失效研究和其焊接工艺的制订时参考。     

重载板梁结构弱翼缘贴角焊缝的可行性研究

重载桥式起重机板焊接主梁翼缘与腹板间焊缝受力复杂,对该焊缝进行合理设计是结构承载安全的关键之一。对于800 t桥式起重机主梁翼缘板厚51 mm、腹板厚16 mm时其间焊缝采用比国内标准推荐值小很多的8 mm单边贴脚焊缝的情况,通过用有限元子模型方法分析了焊缝应力分布,得到了较精确应力分析结果。子模型分析通过了壳-壳子模型验证整体模型网格疏密的精度。通过对壳-体子模型加接触分析,对焊缝进行了网格加密精确分析,验证了较厚翼缘板和较薄腹板焊接时采用更小焊脚尺寸角焊缝的可行性。该分析结论可以引导相似条件时设置弱单边贴角焊缝,以减少焊接量降低制造成本。     

Microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welds between AA6082-T6 and AA7075-T651

In the present work, similar and dissimilar friction stir welds have been produced on 6-mm-thick plates of AA6082-T6 and AA7075-T651. The microstructural characteristics and the mechanical response of both similar and dissimilar welds were investigated aiming to determine the major differences between them. Material mixing of the dissimilar weld nugget, which was created after the welding process, was studied in order to determine the produced different areas and their dominant alloying elements in this zone. Microstructural investigation was made in the welding zones of similar and dissimilar friction stir welds and indications of partial dynamic recrystallization were observed in the thermomechanically affected zone of the similar welds. Transverse and longitudinal microhardness distributions determined the heat affected zone as the weaker area in the welded specimen. After tensile testing, the fracture of the similar and the dissimilar welds at heat affected zone demonstrated the good bonding and weld quality of the similar and dissimilar weld nuggets.     

300MW电站锅炉后屏过热器爆管原因分析和对策

在试验的基础上,对某大型电站锅炉后屏过热器管异种钢焊缝破裂的原因进行了失效分析,结果表明熔合线增碳层,残余应力和应力集中导致了异种钢焊缝的早期失效,并提出了相应的改进措施以确保电站锅炉安全运行,同时,也可为同类型结构锅炉受热面管的失效分析提供参考。     

搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊焊接接头的残余应力

利用X射线衍射法测量了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊(TIG)焊接接头表面的残余应力分布.结果表明:两种接头在焊缝区及其周围的残余应力存在着明显的变化,在平行于焊缝方向,应力呈"W"型的分布,焊缝外残余应力值迅速下降;钨极氩弧焊焊接接头残余应力的最大值位于热影响区;在热影响区,搅拌摩擦焊接接头残余应力平均值比TIG焊接接头的约低15%～25%.     

3500m~3天然气球罐应力测试

35 0 0m3天然气球罐是上海 1998年重点实事工程。球罐设计压力P =1 5 3MPa ,球壳板材料为WEL -TEN6 10CF ,板厚 38mm。由于焊后不进行消除应力热处理 ,因此在气压试验前后对球壳板Y形焊缝、T形焊缝等部位进行了焊缝残余应力测试 ,在气压试验过程中对球壳板Y形焊缝、T形焊缝、赤道板支柱部位进行了应力应变测试。测试结果表明 ,经气压试验后焊缝残余应力有一定下降 ,应力应变测试表明球罐焊缝及热影响区没有出现明显的应力集中现象。球罐壳体的工作应力叠加残余应力的总和仍小于材料的屈服限 ,球罐在正常状态下运行是安全的     

Residual stresses in aluminium alloy friction stir welds

Residual stresses are detrimental to the fatigue, fracture and corrosion resistance of welds. The literature on residual stress measurements in aluminium alloy friction stir welds is reviewed. The results of a large number of longitudinal residual stress measurements performed by the slitting method on friction stir welds in 2024-T3, 6082-T6 and 5754-H111 aluminium alloys are compared and their origin discussed. From the current investigation, it can be derived that the type of machine used for welding has only little influence on the residual stress profile. The influence of alloy type and welding parameters on the magnitude of the residual stresses and the shape of their distribution across the weld is investigated. Their magnitude is far below the room temperature yield strength of the base material. A distribution with an ??M-shape?? is always found on age hardenable structural alloys (albeit more pronounced in 6082-T6 alloy than in 2024-T3 alloy), while a ??plateau?? is found in the case of the strain hardenable 5754 H111 alloy. The low magnitude and the differences in distribution of the longitudinal residual stress are attributed mainly to the microstructural changes in the weld centre and are discussed based on the hardness profiles performed across the welds. The paper also discusses the reasons why those results are in disagreement with a number of numerical simulations from the literature that do not account for the influence of the welding thermomechanical history on the material microstructure and properties.     

Strength and microstructure of laser fusion-welded Ti–SS dissimilar material pair

The ability to efficiently create robust and reliable dissimilar metal joints has the potential to enable new functionalities and reduce the manufacturing costs of medical devices. The need for dissimilar material welds in the medical device industry is driven by the unique properties exhibited by biocompatible materials such as stainless steel and titanium, as well as shape memory materials such as NiTi. Many material pairs, however, suffer from significant intermetallic phase formation during welding which greatly reduces their strength. This study investigates the microstructures and strength of the laser fusion-welded titanium–stainless steel dissimilar material pair as a simplified model of the NiTi–stainless steel pair. Compositional and structural analysis of the weld pool is performed and fracture morphologies are analyzed in different regions of the weld joint. The role of weld pool geometry, heat flow, and quench rate on the resultant phases, microstructures, and strength of the welds is discussed.     

Effect of projection on joint properties of friction welding of tube-to-tube plate using an external tool

Friction welding is widely used as a mass-production method in various industries. Friction welding of tube-to-tube plate using an external tool (FWTPET) is an innovative friction welding process and has potential applications in aerospace, railways, automotive, and marine industries. FWTPET is capable of welding tube-to-tube plate of similar and dissimilar metals and is capable of producing good-quality leak-proof weld joints. In this work, FWTPET welds have been produced with six different tube projections. Tool steel has been used to join the FWTPET process. After the completion of welding, macrostructural and microstructural studies have been conducted and it reveals the weld configuration that is capable of generating defect-free welds. Further, hardness and pull strength of welds obtained with six different tube projections have been studied. When compared to other weld conditions, 1 mm projection has resulted in better strength. The weld strength and average weld interface hardness with 1 mm projection are 84.72 MPa and 70.58 Hv respectively. The sufficient heat generation has been occurred at optimum projection in FWTPET process.     

A comparison of residual stresses in built-up steel beams using hole-drilling method

Residual stresses have a significant effect on the stability resistance of metal building systems. An experimental program was conducted to measure these stresses in built-up steel beams using incremental hole-drilling method. The experimental results reveal that the predicted residual stress type of pattern for built-up I-sections with fillet welds on one side of the web is not the same as the pattern of residual stresses in built-up I-sections with fillet welds on both sides of the web. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Youngseog Lee Mohammed Al-Nawafleh received his B.S. and M.S degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Leningrad Institute of Textile and Light Industry, in 1989. He then received his Ph.D. degree from Sankt-Petersburg State University of Technology and Design, Russia in 1993. Dr. Nawafleh (1997–2005) was a Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Al-Balqa’ Applied University in Jordan. From 2005 to 2008 he was a Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Tafila Technical University, and currently he is a Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering at Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Jordan.     

Finite element analysis and measurement for residual stress of dissimilar metal weld in pressurizer safety nozzle mockup

Finite element (FE) analysis and experiment for weld residual stress (WRS) in the pressurizer safety nozzle mockup is described in various processes and results. Foremost of which is the dissimilar simulation metal welding (DMW) between carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel. Thermal and structural analyses were compared with actual residual stress, and actual measurements of. Magnitude and distribution of WRS in the nozzle mockup were assessed. Two measurement methods were used: hole-drilling method (HDM) with strain gauge for residual stress on the surface of the mockup, and block removal and splitting layer (BRSL) method for through-thickness. FE analysis and measurement data showed good agreement. In conclusion, the characteristics of weld residual stress of DMW could be well understood and the simplified FE analysis was verified as acceptable for estimating WRS.     

异种钢水下摩擦柱/锥塞焊接头组织及性能*

应用X65、Q235C、Q345C和316L塞棒与X65母材塞孔配合对异种钢水下摩擦柱/锥塞焊过程进行试验研究,探讨塞焊缝区微观组织、显微硬度及力学性能变化规律。试验表明：在转速7 000 r/min、塞棒消耗量14 mm、焊接压力分别为30~50 kN和20~40 kN范围内,用X65和Q345C塞棒可获得无缺陷异种钢水下摩擦柱/锥塞焊接头。异种钢塞焊缝组织均与原始组织有明显差异,塞焊缝区域主要为贝氏体或马氏体或其混合组织特征;X65和Q345C塞棒均形成有效扩散冶金连接,结合界面处具有带状细小铁素体组织特征;316L塞棒与X65塞孔很难形成无缺陷摩擦柱/锥塞焊接头。异种钢塞焊缝区硬度普遍高于其母材,这种高匹配摩擦柱/锥塞焊缝接头有利于抗拉强度的提高,但塞焊缝附近的高硬化倾向将降低异种钢塞焊接头的塑性。研究结果为开发基于等静压摩擦柱/锥塞焊接技术的海底管线修复技术提供重要试验依据。     

高压水射流喷丸降低焊接残余应力有限元分析

焊接不可避免产生残余应力,对结构完整性造成很大影响。提出利用高压水射流喷丸技术降低焊接残余应力,并利用有限元法进行计算模拟。分别开发了模拟焊接的移动双椭球热源子程序及模拟高压水射流喷丸的移动压力载荷子程序,得到了经高压水射流喷丸处理前后焊接残余应力分布的变化规律。计算结果表明,经高压水射流喷丸处理后,焊缝和热影响区存在的焊态残余应力得到降低,在焊缝区已经产生压缩应力。证明高压水射流喷丸具有降低焊接残余应力的效果。     

CO2 laser welding of zinc-coated steel sheets

Welding of zinc-coated steel sheets for the automotive industry has been investigated experimentally and theoretically, using a continuous wave 2 kW CO₂ laser. The specimens of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 mm thickness were welded as butt joint and lap joint. Argon gas was shielded co-axially to reduce the plasma and to protect the molten, pool from atmosphere. The mechanical tests of specimens were carried out to investigate the ductility of welds in butt joint and lap joint, using the Erichsen test, ball punch test and tensile shear test. The value of transverse weld pattern is higher than others. The fatigue life of longitudinal weld is superior, but that of circular weld pattern is inferior due to the high tensile residual stresses in the weld. The maximum Erichsen value was obtained as 96% and the deformability of zinc coated steel butt-welded was found to be 80% in the ball punch test. The high pressure formed by vaporization of zinc with the low boiling temperature during laser lap-joint welding splattered the molten pool and created porosities in the weld. The optimum gap was calculated to be 0.1 mm in the lap joint welding of zinc-coated steel sheet which was a good agreement with the experimental result.     

Residual stresses in friction stir welded parts of complex geometry

Residual stresses play a key role on the mechanics underlying the fatigue crack growth propagation of welded joints. Indeed, compressive residual stresses may induce a beneficial enhancement of the fatigue life under loading condition whereas tensile residual stresses may act to increase the stress distribution at crack tip, resulting in a life-threatening condition of the welded structure. In-process distortion and final geometry of welded joints are also affected by residual stresses. In this paper, the longitudinal residual stress distributions in friction stir welding (FSW) joints were investigated for butt and skin–stringer geometries, including lap and T configurations. To measure residual stresses, the cut-compliance and the inverse weight-function methodologies were adapted for skin–stringer FSW geometries via finite element analysis. AA2024-T4 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys were used to weld dissimilar skin–stringer joints whereas butt joints were made of AA2024. The effect of most relevant process parameters as well as the cooling during welding process was also investigated for a better understanding of welding residual stresses. Our findings suggest that FSW of complex skin–stringer geometries produces higher residual stresses than those of butt joints, and that the cooling water flux further reduces residual stresses. Changes of process parameters did not affect markedly residual stress distribution.     

Laser-arc hybrid welding of wrought to selective laser molten stainless steel

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a successful tool-free powder additive technology. The success of this manufacturing process results from the possibility to create complex shape parts, with intrinsic engineered features and good mechanical properties. Joining SLM steel to similar or dissimilar steel can overcome some limitations of the product design like small dimension, undercut profile, and residual stress concentration. In this way, the range of applications of the SLM process can be broadened. In this paper, the hybrid laser welding of selective laser molten stainless steel was investigated. A high-power fiber laser was coupled to an electric arc and austenitic stainless steel wrought and SLM parts were welded together. The power and speed parameters were investigated. The joints were analyzed in terms of weld bead profile, microstructure, microhardness, and tensile test. The efficiency of the welding process was evaluated through the line energy input versus the weld molten area.     

Residual stress evaluation in dissimilar welded joints using finite element simulation and the L CR ultrasonic wave

Subsurface stresses in welded structures increase the likelihood of fatigue cracks and environmental induced material degradation. The ability to evaluate stresses at the surface as well as in the interior of welded structural members would substantially increase the accuracy of structure life estimation. The longitudinal critically refracted (L _CR) wave is a bulk longitudinal mode that travels within an effective depth underneath the surface. It may be used to detect in-plane subsurface stresses in the structures. This paper presents a three dimensional thermo-mechanical analysis to evaluate welding residual stresses in dissimilar plate-plate joint of AISI stainless steel 304 and Carbon Steel A106-B type. After finite element simulation, the residual stresses were evaluated by L _CR ultrasonic waves. Finally the results of two methods were compared and verified by hole-drilling method. This paper introduces a combination of ??Finite Element Welding Simulation?? and ??Ultrasonic Stress Measurement using the L _CR Wave?? which is called as ??FEL _CR??. The capabilities of FEL _CR??. The capabilities of FEL _CR in residual stress measurement are confirmed here. And also this paper evaluates residual stresses of dissimilar welded joints by LCR ultrasonic waves. It has been shown that predicted residual stress from three dimensional FE analyses is in reasonable agreement with measured residual stress from LCR method and also the results of both are verified with hole-drilling experimental measurements.