脉冲等离子-MIG复合焊熔滴过渡行为研究

将脉冲等离子电弧与MIG电弧同轴复合,期望利用等离子弧脉冲峰值电流产生的高速等离子射流冲击熔滴和熔池,促进熔滴过渡,同时增加焊缝熔深。开发了一套高速视觉与电信号精确同步的焊接数据采集系统,对脉冲等离子-MIG复合焊熔滴过渡行为进行研究。研究发现将等离子电流调制成脉冲波形,等离子弧对工件总体热输入下降,等离子峰值电流产生的等离子流力可以有效促进熔滴过渡。在此基础上深入分析了等离子脉冲峰值电流、脉冲宽度及熔滴在等离子弧过渡位置等参数对熔滴过渡的影响,获得了脉冲等离子-MIG复合焊一脉一滴过渡的工艺参数窗口。     

An analysis of butt joints in a railway viaduct

Summary

Undercut and/or humping are generated when the arc length in high-speed pulsed MAG welding is too high, and spatter is generated if it is too low. Refinement of the droplets from the wire and simultaneous maintenance of one droplet transfer per pulse avoid short-circuiting in a short arc and enable spatter and highspeed/high-efficiency welding to be rendered compatible with each other. The requirements are to maintain a stable droplet shape during one droplet transfer per pulse, to maximise the welding speed limit without spatter generation, and to develop a technology for arc length shortening at the limit of short-circuiting by wire droplet refinement as objectives basically centred on pulsed MAG welding. This paper describes an investigation of the factors controlling droplet transfer through a division being made into the driving force imparted to the droplets and the deformability of the weld metal receiving this force as well as a method of droplet refinement based on resolution of these aspects. Through the simple rectangular wave pulse of a high peak current being set for a short time using an inverter-type pulsed power source at a constant wire diameter to increase the electromagnetic pinch force, one droplet transfer per pulse is possible on condition that the droplet volume is reduced by around 30% as compared with that obtained using a conventional power source with a chopping transistor on the secondary side. To increase the droplet deformability, the wire composition can be changed to achieve one droplet transfer per pulse on condition that the droplet volume is reduced by 20%. These droplets also show the same surface tension as conventional droplets as well as a lower viscosity coefficient. Through a combination of a pulsed current waveform and improved wire properties, the droplet volume can be reduced to around one half that of conventional droplets. The critical speed of spatter- and defect-free welding is then increased as an improvement immediately applicable on an actual automotive mass production line.     

Effect of pulse M-Arc frequency on Tri-Arc DE droplet transfer and weld forming

In view of the unstable welding process of Tri-Arc DE, surfacing test with Q235 steel plate was completed with the help of the self-built high-speed camera and waveform synchronous acquisition system using the Tri-Arc DE technology. The effects of pulsed M-Arc frequency on Tri-Arc DE droplet transfer and weld formation were analyzed. The results show that while the gradual increase of pulse frequency, the droplet transfer frequency gradually decreases, which is followed by several drops per pulse, one drop per pulse, and one drop within several pulses. The most ideal transfer form is one drop per pulse, of which the welding process is the most stable, and the quality of weld formation is the most satisfied.     

Analytical studies on thermal behaviour and geometry of weld pool in pulsed current gas metal arc welding

In view of the criticality of pulsed current gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW) due to simultaneous influence of the pulse parameters on thermal and metal transfer behaviour of the process an analytical model has been developed for predicting the temperature and geometry of the weld pool by appropriately considering two types of heat sources of different nature. The model considers the impact of heat in droplets of filler metal depositing in the weld pool in addition to initial arc heating. The model assumes the primary heat transfer to weld pool is the initial arc heating considered as continuous heat source (arc heat source) of double ellipsoidal nature followed by deposition of superheated filler metal considered as point heat source of interrupted nature superimposed on the first one. The dissimilar nature of the two heat sources is treated by different analytical techniques to estimate their temperature distribution in weld pool and HAZ at its vicinity. The geometry of the weld pool has been estimated by evaluation of the weld isotherms causing melting of the base metal under the influence of two heat sources acting on the weld pool. The impact of impinging droplets on weld pool has been considered to determine the depth at which the droplets transfer their heat in it. The predicted temperature and geometry of the weld pool as well as the temperature of HAZ are found well in agreement to the experimental values with a deviation of the order of ±10% in case of the weld deposition of Al–Mg alloy and commercial aluminium especially at high mean current of the order of 180 A and beyond the transition current of the filler wire. However, prediction of weld pool temperature and weld geometry is relatively different at comparatively lower mean current of 150 A below the transient current of the filler wires is not up to the mark.     

Increasing the stability of the CO2 welding process with a long arc

A CO₂-shielded long arc welding stability increase technique is suggested, which is attainable by pulsed arc welding application. At pulse pile-up, power dispensing is carried out on the droplets melting, starting from the moment of droplet detachment, which is registered by the voltage spike at the arc space. This allows for keeping up equal sizes of the droplets, favours higher process stability and weld upgrading.     

弧光法与激光视觉法检测熔池振荡特征的对比分析

为了研究不同焊接条件下激光视觉法与弧光传感法对脉冲GTAW焊熔池振荡信号的传感效果,分别建立了相应的试验系统,并进行了提取脉冲GTAW定点及连续焊熔池振荡频率的试验,对比分析了两种方法的传感效果. 结果表明,定点焊时弧光传感法与激光视觉法都能够稳定并准确的检测出熔池振荡频率;连续焊时随着焊接速度的提高弧光法传感获得熔池振荡信号质量变差,而焊接速度的变化对激光视觉法获得熔池振荡信号质量影响较小. 因此在连续焊接条件下,激光视觉法具有更好的适应性.     

Effect of pulsed ultrasonic on arc acoustic binding in pulsed ultrasonic wave-assisted pulsed gas tungsten arc welding

This paper investigated the effect of pulsed ultrasonic on the microstructure and mechanical properties of weld joints using novel pulsed ultrasonic wave-assisted pulsed gas tungsten arc welding. The principle of proposed method was to apply pulsed ultrasonic to the welding process during background current. The results indicated that arc contraction degree, weld pool oscillation, and weld penetration were remarkably enhanced by applying pulsed ultrasonic. The microstructure refined by pulsed ultrasonic was much finer than those refined by continuous ultrasonic due to the more stable ultrasonic field in arc zone and consequent stronger fluid flow in weld pool. Furthermore, tensile strength of the joints with pulsed ultrasonic was significantly improved compared with that of the joints with no and continuous ultrasonic.     

镁合金低脉冲激光-气体混合焊的熔池形貌演变和多级调控

利用基于COMSOL Multiphysics的脉冲激光-气体钨极电弧（GTA）混合焊接新型双热源模型,分析了焊缝沿线选定点的温度分布,研究了激光脉冲参数和电弧电流对熔池形貌的影响。工艺参数对熔池深度的影响由大到小为：激光激励电流>电弧电流>激光脉冲宽度>激光脉冲频率;工艺参数对熔池宽度的影响由大到小为：电弧电流>激光脉冲宽度或激光激励电流>激光脉冲频率。在此基础上,构建了激光诱导电弧焊接镁合金熔池形貌数据库体系,通过复合热源参数的分级调控,以实现对熔池形貌的精准控制。利用T形焊接熔池来验证熔池形貌的调控效果,结果表明控形的准确度高至95.1%。     

Study on heat source model in twin-arc GMAW with a common weld pool

The heat input from arcs to weld pool in twin-arc gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with a common weld pool is investigated by high-speed photography. The characteristics of arc shapes and droplet transfer are studied and then the models for heat flux distribution on top surface of weld pool and enthalpy distribution of metal droplets transferred into weld pool are established. By using the model, 3-D geometries of weld pools in twin-arc GMAW with a common weld pool are predicted. Corresponding welding experiments on mild steel plates are carried out and the results indicate that the predicted shape of weld bead on cross section shows good agreement with measured one.     

脉冲激光驱动的GMAW短路过渡行为控制

试验研究了单侧脉冲激光照射熔滴控制短路过渡的行为.高能量密度的瞬时脉冲激光作用在熔滴上,产生的局部强烈的蒸发反力驱动熔滴受迫短路,形成液桥,完成收缩、破断,促进熔滴脱离焊丝.在无电弧条件下观察单侧脉冲激光驱动熔滴过渡的基础上,进一步分析了小电流下单侧脉冲激光驱动短路过渡的效果.结果表明,在焊接过程中施加一定能量密度和频率的脉冲激光对短路过渡行为有明显的改善作用,并能通过脉冲激光功率控制熔滴的尺寸,调节脉冲激光频率控制熔滴过渡频率,实现一脉一滴的过渡形式,提高焊接过程的稳定性.     

双丝脉冲MAG焊的熔滴过渡及工艺特征

搭建了并列式双丝脉冲MAG焊工艺试验系统,通过双丝脉冲协调控制器连接试验所用的两台电焊机,在试验过程中采集了焊接电流、电弧电压信号,并用高速摄像机对焊接过程的电弧行为与熔滴过渡过程进行了同步拍摄．应用上述试验系统,在实现稳定焊接过程的基础上,分别研究了脉冲峰值电压与脉冲基值电压、两个焊丝在垂直于焊道方向上的距离、焊枪倾角这三个因素对电弧行为、熔滴过渡过程及焊缝表面成形与焊缝几何尺寸的影响．确定了最理想的脉冲峰值一基值电压,并且发现在文中所述试验参数下,焊丝间距11mm为两电弧形成共熔池、同焊道的上临界距离．结果表明,随着焊枪倾角的增加,焊缝熔深增加,熔宽减小,在焊接速度和送丝速度不变的前提下余高增加．     

基于实际熔敷形状的旋转电弧传感器数学模型

旋转电弧传感器数学模型是提高焊接质量、旋转电弧信号处理和焊缝偏差提取的理论基础, 焊接熔敷金属堆积形状是决定旋转电弧长度主要因素之一,影响其数学模型精确度. 采用双线结构光传感系统对焊接收弧阶段焊缝进行三维重建获得焊接熔池熔敷形状,运用单纯形法最优化电弧长度,在此基础上建立了旋转电弧传感器数学模型及仿真模型. 结果表明,该数学模型相对于假设的三角锥熔敷形状数学模型,消除了焊接过程工件变形引起的电流信号误差,减小了焊缝转角和焊缝偏差检测误差,提高了旋转电弧传感器数学模型精度.     

MIG(MAG)脉冲焊熔滴的过渡行为

利用微机控制脉冲电源，配合高速摄影，研究了脉冲ＭＩＧ焊各种熔滴过渡形式的过渡行为及其对焊缝成形的影响，研究结果表明，一个脉冲可以过渡多滴，一滴，或多个脉冲过渡一滴，不同熔滴过渡形式，熔滴的体积，速度及冲量参量都不一样，对焊接过程及焊缝成形也有影响，只有一脉冲一滴在基值电流期间过渡是最佳的熔滴过渡形式。     

Stationary GMAW-P weld metal deposit spreading

Abstract

Non-isothermal spreading of non-travelling pulsed gas metal arc weld (GMAW-P) deposits was studied by experiments and numerical simulation. After an initial transient period, metal from the melting welding wire was deposited as a regular stream of droplets into a molten weld pool whose spreading was enhanced by direct arc heating of the solid substrate and weld pool convection. Accurate predictions of the final weld cross-section and time histories of base metal temperature and weld pool radius were produced by this simulation, which included mass, energy and momentum of transferring filler metal droplets. Dimensional analysis showed that speed of weld pool spreading was initially dominated by the momentum of liquid droplets while thermal convection by surface tension-driven flow became important at intermediate times. Eventually, the rate of spreading was matched to the thermal diffusion rate in the liquid. Capillary forces were never important in weld pool spreading. The weld metal deposit shape was well-approximated as a spherical cap with increasing volume and constant contact angle.     

Numerical analysis of weld pool geometry in pulsed current plasma arc welding

Numerical analysis of weld pool shape and size is of great significance for selection and optimization of the process parameters in pulsed current plasma arc welding (PAW). In this paper, a mathematical model and relevant algorithm are developed to determine the temperature profiles and weld pool geometry in pulsed current PAW through employing an adaptive heat source model. The volumetric heat source consists of semi-ellipsoid at upper part and a conic body at lower part along the workpiece thickness direction. The dynamic variation features of weld pool shape during a pulse cycle are numerically simulated. The calculated weld cross-section is consistent with the measure one.     

2219铝合金激光驱动GMAW熔滴过渡行为

以2219铝合金为研究对象,搭建了激光驱动GMAW熔滴过渡试验系统,采用高速摄像系统拍摄熔滴过渡行为,分析了激光的加入对熔滴过渡行为的影响. 结果表明,通过改变工艺参数,激光的加入改变了熔滴的受力状态从而改变了熔滴过渡模式和飞行轨迹. 脉冲激光作用在熔滴缩颈处形成的蒸发反力可以有效促进熔滴过渡,得到“一脉一滴”的射滴过渡形式,提高熔滴过渡频率和熔滴过渡的稳定性,同时能够有效改善焊缝成形解决铝合金焊接射滴过渡工艺区间窄,对母材热输入高以及焊接过程稳定性差等问题.     

低频相位对双丝双脉冲GMAW熔滴过渡和焊缝成形的影响

为了提高双丝双脉冲熔化极气体保护焊(gas metal arc welding, GMAW)的焊缝成形质量,探究低频相位对熔滴过渡和焊缝成形的影响,在高频同步的前提下分别对低频同步和交替模式进行了试验. 通过高速摄影拍摄了低频同步和交替模式的熔滴过渡过程,再结合焊接过程中电流变化,分析了熔滴过渡对熔池的影响机制. 结果表明,交替模式可以减少熔滴的碰撞融合,进而减少大体积熔滴对熔池的冲击,减少了飞溅. 交替模式比同步模式的焊缝平整性更好,余高方差更小,鱼鳞纹规则,焊缝成形美观.     

Effects of welding velocity on the impact behavior of droplets in gas metal arc welding

The influence of welding velocity on the impact behavior of the globular metal transfer was studied by high speed video photography with a laser source during gas metal arc welding of E36 steel. The welding current and voltage were 180 A and 30 V during the welding process. The results indicated that the impact location of a droplet depended strongly on the welding velocity. There was a critical welding velocity (0.4 m/min) that when the welding velocity was lower than this value the droplet impacted inside the weld pool, while the welding velocity was higher than this value the droplet impacted outside the weld pool. The results showed that when a droplet impacted outside the weld pool it would rebound or adhere on the workpiece, which was depended on the kinetic energy of the droplet. The rebound percentage of droplets increased with increasing kinetic energy. With increasing welding velocity, the mass of droplets was not changed obviously, but the flight velocity of the droplet increased, i.e. the kinetic energy of droplets increased with increasing welding velocity. The results also showed that when a droplet impacted outside the weld pool, the droplet which rebounded away from the workpiece surface formed weld spatters, resulting in discontinuous weld appearance, while the droplet which adhered on the workpiece surface streamed to the weld pool and good weld joint would still be obtained. Molten metal decreases with increasing welding velocity. When the welding velocity increases from 0.4 m/min to 2.0 m/min, the weld width decreases from 12.9 mm to 6.3 mm and the weld penetration decreases from 5.4 mm to 2.1 mm.     

脉冲MAG-TIG双电弧打底单面焊双面成形机制分析

基于中厚板打底焊接存在着自动化程度及效率低的问题,采用脉冲熔化极气体保护焊-钨极氩弧焊(MAG-TIG)双电弧热源焊接对板厚为24 mm的Q235-B进行打底焊接单面焊双面成形工艺研究及机制分析. 结果表明,脉冲MAG-TIG双电弧热源打底焊接时,利用TIG电弧与MAG电弧间的电磁力来调节MAG电弧在熔池前端的加热位置,使得一部分电弧热量直接作用于钝边上;结合焊接电弧放电行为与熔池流动分析发现,打底成形稳定性最佳时,利用TIG电弧与熔池的剪切力使得液态金属向后方流动,熔池前端底部液态金属减少,易于平衡稳定,可获得熔透均匀、连续、稳定的打底焊缝背面成形.     

Effect of rotating arc process on molten pool control in horizontal welding

This paper describes the effect of rotating arc process on molten pool control in narrow gap horizontal welding. From energy strategy and force strategy, technical advantages of rotating arc process in molten pool control are explored. On the one hand, because of the decrease of temperature and holding time in weld centre, rotating arc process limits the tendency of molten pool sagging with the arc rotating frequency no more than 10 Hz, which is indicated from the simulation results of heat distribution characteristics. On the other hand, rotating arc process induces the flow of molten metal in the weld width direction by the periodical effect of arc force and droplets impingement, which is observed by the high speed photography system. This oscillation propels the molten metal at lower side against the effect of gravity to flow to the upper side, which is beneficial for the molten pool formation of horizontal welding.