结合S-N曲线和断裂力学的焊接结构疲劳寿命分析

针对焊接结构的疲劳裂纹演化过程,将焊接结构的疲劳寿命定义为裂纹萌生寿命N_i和裂纹扩展寿命N_p之和,提出一种结合S-N曲线和断裂力学理论的疲劳寿命分析方法.采用等效结构应力法和99%下限主S-N曲线计算焊接结构的裂纹萌生寿命,并将这一阶段结束时的裂纹看作为半椭圆表面裂纹.采用Paris裂纹扩展模型和半椭圆表面裂纹应力强度因子ΔK计算裂纹扩展寿命N_p.参照某起重机走行梁的疲劳试验结果进行对比和验证研究.结果表明,等效结构应力可以较好地表征复杂焊接结构的裂纹萌生特性,结合S-N曲线和断裂力学的疲劳寿命计算结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性.     

7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头超高周疲劳性能

采用超高周疲劳试验系统研究7050-T7451铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的超高周疲劳性能. 试验结果表明,焊接接头在107周次以上仍然会发生疲劳失效,S-N曲线在108周次左右出现转折点,呈折线型下降;通过SEM对超高周疲劳断口形貌进行观察发现,当应力范围较高时,试件的疲劳裂纹往往在表面萌生,随着应力范围的降低,裂纹有亚表面和内部萌生的倾向;裂纹萌生位置取决于表面起裂和内部起裂相互竞争的结果;试件的断裂位置多为焊接接头的热力影响区和热影响区,EBSD和接头硬度的分析结果表明断裂位置与接头组织不均匀密切相关.     

焊接结构主S-N曲线拟合方法及软件开发

主S-N曲线法是当前焊接结构疲劳计算的新方法,在焊接结构疲劳分析中被广泛采用. 该方法以等效结构应力为核心参量,实现了以一条S-N曲线计算不同载荷模式和焊接形式结构的疲劳寿命. 依据主S-N曲线法,利用不同材料和焊接形式的疲劳试验建立了焊接结构疲劳试验数据库. 考虑厚度、弯曲比及多轴应力等修正参量的影响,采用最小二乘法原理,研究了不同主S-N曲线方程的拟合方法及其标准差. 在此基础上,开发了主S-N曲线拟合方法的专用软件. 基于VC++编程环境实现了名义应力、结构应力、等效结构应力、剪切结构应力、多轴结构应力及初始裂纹修正等主要计算功能. 基于该软件,完成了试验数据的多参量的对比分析,为研究焊接结构疲劳寿命评估及影响因素分析提供了技术基础.     

转向架用SMA490BW钢焊接接头超高周疲劳性能

采用超声疲劳试验方法对SMA490BW钢焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能进行研究,通过X射线应力仪对焊接试样残余应力进行测试,采用扫描电镜对疲劳裂纹的萌生、扩展及疲劳断裂机理进行观察和分析. 结果表明,SMA490BW钢母材的疲劳性能远高于焊接接头,在1 × 108循环周次条件下,接头的疲劳强度为141 MPa,仅为母材的44.2%. 接头裂纹主要萌生于焊趾表面缺陷处,疲劳断裂机理表现为准解理断裂, 并伴有塑性变形痕迹. 焊趾处几何不连续造成的应力集中和焊缝及其附近区域一定的残余拉应力,以及接头各微区组织和性能的不均匀性,是导致焊接接头疲劳性能偏低的主要原因.     

焊接接头热影响区裂纹启裂行为的探讨

针对结构完整性评定中焊接接头难以评估问题，文中通过非匹配焊接接头“三材料”结构模型，建立热影响区中心裂纹启裂临界应力的失效评定图预测方法. 基于有限元ABAQUS软件分析，研究焊接接头热影响区裂纹启裂. 结果表明，高匹配焊缝促进热影响区裂纹启裂，软化的热影响区促进热影响区裂纹启裂，低匹配焊接接头，热影响区软化时，增加热影响区宽度促进热影响区裂纹启裂；热影响区硬化时，减小热影响区宽度促进热影响区裂纹启裂. 高匹配焊接接头，热影响区无论软化、硬化，增加热影响区宽度均促进热影响区裂纹启裂.     

不锈钢车体点焊接头疲劳特性分析

为获取不锈钢车体点焊结构的疲劳特性,提出了一种用于点焊疲劳寿命评估的S-N曲线和P-S-N曲线. 首先,对点焊试件进行拉剪疲劳试验,得到点焊试件的疲劳寿命. 然后,建立点焊试件体单元和壳单元有限元模型,并将仿真结果与准静态试验结果对比,验证了壳单元有限元模型的准确性. 之后,基于Rupp法得到点焊试件的等效结构应力,并根据等效结构应力和试验寿命得到点焊试件在不同应力比下的S-N曲线. 为了消除应力比对S-N曲线的影响,基于Goodman修正法将非对称循环下的结构应力当量为对称循环下的结构应力,得到了点焊试件的基本S-N曲线. 最后,根据三种方法绘制出了点焊的P-S-N曲线,对比得到基于破坏率的方法一和基于等效寿命的方法三能够较为准确地预测点焊的真实寿命,为点焊结构的设计及寿命预测提供一定的参考.     

焊接结构模态结构应力法程序开发及工程应用

主S-N曲线法作为疲劳计算的新方法在焊接结构疲劳分析中被广泛采用.为了实现该方法在试验载荷下基于稳态动力学计算结果开展焊接结构疲劳寿命预测,首先引入台架模型作为边界条件,实现将试验载荷作为仿真分析的输入,基于模态叠加法的稳态动力学理论获得较准确的焊缝动态响应.其次在主S-N曲线法的准静态计算流程基础上,扩展其内涵,提出基于模态结构应力叠加的动态结构应力计算方法,该方法将稳态动力学计算的模态坐标与焊缝的模态结构应力进行叠加,实现动态结构应力计算及动态等效结构应力计算,再采用主S-N曲线进行寿命评估预测.进一步开发了焊接结构模态结构应力法疲劳评估软件,基于该软件开展了车体疲劳评估和疲劳试验对比.结果表明,该方法比传统方法更能有效地识别出动态加载下车体的疲劳破坏部位,验证了该方法在试验动态载荷加载下开展焊接结构疲劳评估的有效性和优越性,为研究焊接结构疲劳寿命评估理论和拓展主S-N曲线法提供了技术基础.     

梯形波纹腹板焊接梁疲劳寿命分析

针对梯形波纹腹板焊接梁结构,分别基于不同的表征应力方法(名义应力法、热点应力法、等效结构应力法)建立梁结构的有限元模型,研究焊缝处各表征应力的分布规律,分析裂纹产生的位置,计算疲劳寿命,比较不同表征应力的评定效果.结果表明,名义应力和热点应力的分布曲线相似,存在一定的波纹特性,但根据波纹变化无法准确判断裂纹产生位置及预测疲劳寿命;等效结构应力分布曲线的波纹变化特性十分显著,可较好地预测裂纹产生位置并较准确地估算疲劳寿命.因此建议采用等效结构应力作为梯形波纹腹板焊接梁结构的寿命控制参量.     

焊接结构超高周疲劳主S-N曲线拟合及寿命预测方法

超声波疲劳试验是获得焊接接头超高周疲劳强度的实用方法.?目前还没有有效方法能够预测和评估任意焊接接头形式的超声超高周疲劳寿命.?文中提出了一种超声简谐共振条件下,评估焊接接头疲劳寿命的瞬态结构应力法,以及超声超高周疲劳主S-N曲线拟合方法.?基于已公开的300个焊接接头试验数据,拟合了铝合金焊接接头20?kHz超高周主...     

The behavior of welded dissimilar metals structures under rotating reversed cyclic bending

A cantilever type rotating bending testing machine was used to test several welded specimens, these consisted of welding of steel ST60 to stainless steel SS304, and welding of steel ST60 to stainless steel SS316, using different filler types of stainless steel SS308, SS309 and SS310. The effect on the heat affected zone (HAZ) was investigated. Fracture surface examinations were also carried out. The numerical analysis adopted the finite element package ABAQUS^® to model the welded specimens. Elasto-plastic non-linear analysis was conducted for stress distribution contours. von Mises stresses were obtained as well as crack initiation fatigue life. Both numerical and experimental studies were carried out at four different levels of applied stress from 0.6S_y to 1.2S_y at steps of 0.2S_y. The developed maximum stresses exhibited linear behavior followed by non-linear behavior with further increase of applied stress. The filler type had a pronounced effect on the developed stress such that higher stresses were obtained for filler SS308 and lower stresses for SS309 and for SS310, respectively. The crack initiation fatigue life decreased non-linearly with increasing the applied stress and it was greatly affected by the type of filler material; filler SS310 had higher fatigue life cycles than SS309 while SS308 had the lowest fatigue life cycles. The crack initiation fatigue life (N_i) and failure life (N_f) exponentially decreased with the increase in the applied stress. The experimental and numerical results were in good agreement. The SS310 filler, which has the highest Cr%, Mn% and Ni% is the best filler for welding ST60 to SS304 and also for welding ST60 to SS304, and it is recommended for such welding applications.     

网格不敏感结构应力的焊接疲劳数据分布

为分析网格不敏感结构应力的焊接疲劳S-N数据分布具有高收敛性的机理,基于钛合金焊接接头疲劳试验数据,分别基于名义应力、主S-N曲线法中的结构应力及等效结构应力建立焊接疲劳数据坐标,并以最小二乘法拟合S-N曲线,应用粗糙集分析方法,以接头类型、相对板厚、载荷比、应力比等焊接疲劳主要影响因素作为条件属性,以疲劳数据对于S-N曲线的偏离度作为决策属性,对基于三种应力的焊接疲劳数据分布规律对比分析.结果表明,基于网格不敏感等效结构应力所建立的S-N数据分布更为集中和均匀,在预测焊接接头疲劳寿命方面具有更高的准确性.     

非线性超声脉冲反转法在铝合金焊缝疲劳寿命预测中的应用

以不同疲劳寿命的铝合金焊缝为例研究了疲劳过程中的超声波非线性效应,同时建立了非线性参数与疲劳寿命的关系曲线(S-N曲线).采用脉冲反转法对非线性超声信号进行处理.结果表明,经过脉冲反转法获得的S-N曲线与经过滤波模块获得的S-N曲线相比谐波幅值提高了一倍,所以脉冲反转法可以提高非线性超声检测法表征疲劳损伤程度能力,而S-N曲线在疲劳过程中呈先缓慢增长后快速增长,最后下降的趋势,此趋势对应了材料疲劳的3个阶段,而金相组织验证了曲线的准确性,所以通过非线性超声脉冲反转法来预测疲劳寿命是可行的.     

TC11钛合金电子束焊接接头超高周疲劳性能

采用天津大学自行研制的TJU-HJ-I型超声疲劳试验系统研究了TC11钛合金电子束焊焊接接头的超高周疲劳性能. 试验结果表明,TC11钛合金电子束焊接接头在107周次以上仍然会发生疲劳失效,S-N曲线呈现连续下降的趋势,没有明显的转折. 试件的断裂位置大多数为母材处,焊缝和热影响区的疲劳性能要比母材好,这与焊接接头的微观组织有关. 通过SEM对超声疲劳断口形貌进行观察发现,断裂试件的疲劳裂纹大部分在表面萌生,然而在应力范围较低时,疲劳裂纹的萌生位置有从表面转向次表面的趋势.     

Computer-aided experiment on arc welding

Fatigue properties of cast aluminium welded joints by friction stir welding (FSW) and MIG welding were investigated, comparing with that of the base plate. Fatigue crack propagation tests for the da/dN ? ΔK relation and bending fatigue tests for the S–N relation were carried out. Fatigue cracks in both FSW and MIG specimens were accelerated, when the fatigue crack tip reached the stir zone or the weld metal. This behaviour was discussed based on the crack closure induced by the crack surface roughness and the residual stress. In the S–N properties, the influence of specimen surface finishing on fatigue life was also examined. Fatigue lives of the FSW and MIG specimens in the ‘as weld’ condition were in the range of the largely scattered base plate fatigue lives, in spite of the different fatigue crack initiation sites in each specimen such as the porosity in the base plate, the tool mark bottom in the FSW and the weld toe in the MIG. The FSW specimens with the polished surface showed the particular improvement in fatigue strength for finite fatigue life.     

Fatigue life prediction using two stage model for AISI 304L cruciform joints,with different fillet geometry,failing at toe

Abstract

Reports in the literature indicate that the fillet geometry affects the fatigue properties of cruciform welded joints in structural steels. In an attempt to study the above effect with respect to stainless steel sheet metal welded joints, load carrying transverse fillet welded cruciform joints having a two fillet geometry were fabricated from AISI 304L stainless steel using gas tungsten arc welding and gas metal arc welding with 308L electrodes. The objective of the present work is to predict the fatigue life of AISI 304L cruciform joints failing at the weld toe using a two stage model. The local stress life method was applied to calculate the fatigue crack initiation life, whereas the fatigue crack propagation life was estimated using fracture mechanics concepts. Constant amplitude fatigue tests with stress ratio R ~ 0 were carried out using a 100 kN servohydraulic Dartec universal testing machine at a frequency of 30 Hz. An automatic crack monitoring system based on crack propagation gauges was used to obtain the propagation data during the fatigue process. The predicted lives were compared with the experimental values.     

Influence of weld size on fatigue life prediction for flux cored arc welded cruciform joints containing lack of penetration defects

Abstract

Fracture mechanics equations have been developed to predict the fatigue life of flux cored arc welded cruciform joints between pressure vessel grade steels, containing lack of penetration defects. These equations have been developed by combining the Paris law and ΔK _i (initial stress intensity factor range) endurance equations. The initiation life and the propagation life of the joints were accounted for, to obtain the total fatigue life. The initiation life was obtained experimentally and the propagation life was evaluated using the numerically developed equations. The accuracy of the developed equations was tested by comparing the predicted data with the experimental data and the correlation was found to be fairly close. Further, the influence of weld size on fatigue life has been analysed in detail.     

Fatigue properties of ferrite/bainite dual-phase X80 pipeline steel welded joints

Fatigue properties are important parameters for the safety design and security evaluation of pipelines. In this work, fatigue life and fatigue crack propagation of full-thickness X80 pipeline steel joints compared with the base metal (BM) was investigated. Full-thickness BM specimens showed superior fatigue life compared with that of welded joints. The fatigue crack initiation of full-thickness X80 welded joint specimens occurred at the outside weld toe and then grew inward until a fracture was formed. During fatigue crack growth in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), crack growth rate linearly increased with increased ΔK in each HAZ subregion. However, the change rate of fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) differed among HAZ subregions. This difference was related to the variation in crack path and fracture mode because of the possible microstructural sensitivity of fatigue crack propagation behaviour.     

焊趾多裂纹的试验与仿真分析

焊接接头焊趾部位的疲劳裂纹多呈现为多裂纹形式.针对十字焊接接头,开展变幅载荷谱块下的拉伸疲劳试验,获得了表征裂纹瞬时前沿迹线的海滩条带的演变过程,验证了多裂纹的存在性,并且发现焊接接头焊趾处的多裂纹具有明显的不同步特性.采用有限元仿真技术,在焊趾部位分步插入多个半椭圆形初始裂纹,模拟了多裂纹的演变过程,获得了与试验断口一致的仿真结果.结果表明,裂纹融合导致裂纹前沿形状不断发生变化,最终有向半椭圆形状演变的趋势;焊接结构裂纹萌生和小裂纹扩展阶段在疲劳全过程中的寿命占比较大,具有不可忽略的影响.     

Determination of Some Parameters for Fatigue Life in Welded Joints Using Fracture Mechanics Method

In this work, the parameters stress intensity factor (SIF), initial and final crack lengths (a _i and a _f), crack growth parameters (C and m), and fatigue strength (FAT) are investigated. The determination of initial crack length seems to be the most serious factor in fatigue life and strength calculations for welded joints. A fracture mechanics approach was used in these calculations based on SIF which was calculated with the finite element method (FEM). The weld toe crack was determined to be equal to 0.1 mm, whereas the weld root crack’s length was varied depending on the degree of the weld penetration. These initial crack length values are applicable for all types of joints which have the same crack phenomenon. As based on the above calculated parameters, the new limits of FAT for new geometries which are not listed yet in recommendations can be calculated according to the current approach.     

The Effect of Weld Profile and Geometries of Butt Weld Joints on Fatigue Life Under Cyclic Tensile Loading

The fatigue life of welded joint was calculated based on numerical integration of simple Paris’ law and a reliable solution of the stress intensity factor (SIF). The initial crack length (a _i) was assumed to be equal to 0.1 mm in case of weld toe. This length was satisfactory for different butt joints geometries. The comparisons with the available data from standards and literature were demonstrated. It was shown numerically that the machining of weld reinforcements will increase the fatigue life. The increase of plate thickness decreases the fatigue strength (FAT) and the number of cycles to failure when using the proportional scaling of crack length. The validation processes of the current calculations have been shown. Therefore, it can be concluded that it will prevent the unnecessary waste of time consumed to carry out the experiments.