高真空化学气相外延炉的研制

研制出满足Ｓｉ１－ｘＧｅｘ异质结薄膜材料生长工艺的高真空化学气相外延炉,介绍了Ｓｉ１－ｘＧｅｘ异质结薄膜材料的生长工艺,详述了该气相外延设备的性能指标、结构组成和设计原理,并且给出了利用该设备生长Ｓｉ１－ｘＧｅｘ异质薄膜的实验结果。     

光电导型混晶Si1-xGex波导探测器

首次报导了光电导型混晶Ｓｉ－ｘＧｅｘ波导探测器。混晶Ｓｉ１－ｘＧｅｘ是在硅基ＳｉＯＮ／ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ上用快速加热超低压化学气相淀积生长并经６５０℃退火３０ｍｉｎ得到的。探测器宽１０μｍ,长２ｍｍ。探测器加２０Ｖ偏置电压是,探测灵敏在０．０２２－０．０１０Ａ／Ｗ之间。混晶Ｓｉ１－ｘＧｅｘ造成探测器的光谱响应曲线发生蓝移。当锗组分ｘ＝０．３５、０．４、０．５、和０．６时,探测器峰值波长分别对应为８７５     

δ－掺杂GaAs／AlxGa_（1－x）As二维电子气结构材料的GSMBE生长与特性

本文用ＧＳＭＢＥ技术生长纯度ＧａＡｓ和δ－掺杂ＧａＡｓ／Ａｌ_ｘＧａ_（１－ｘ）Ａｓ结构二维电子气材料并对其电学性能进行了研究。对于纯度ＧａＡｓ的ＧＳＭＢＥ生长和研究，在低掺Ｓｉ时，载流子浓度为２×１０~（１４）ｃｍ~（－３），７７Ｋ时的迁移率可达８４，０００ｃｍ~２／Ｖ．ｓ。对于用ＧＳＭＢＥ技术生长的δ－掺杂ＧａＡｓ／Ａｌ_ｘＧａ_（１－ｘ）Ａｓ二维电子气材料，在优化了材料结构和生长工艺后，得到了液氮温度和６Ｋ迁移率分别为１７３，５８３ｃｍ~２／Ｖ．５和７．６７×１０~５ｃｍ~２／Ｖ．ｓ的高质量ＧａＡｓ／Ａｌ_ｘＧａ_（１－ｘ）Ａｓ二维电子气材料。     

Al_xGa_（1－x）As外延层中Si平面掺杂的SIMS研究

利用二次离子质谱（ＳＩＭＳ）系统地研究了生长温度，Ａｌ组份ｘ值和Ａｓ＿４压强对Ｓｉδ掺杂Ａｌ＿ｘＧａ＿（１－ｘ）Ａｓ的ＳＩＭＳ深度剖面，Ｓｉ原子表面分凝和向衬底扩散的影响。实验发现，在外延生长Ｓｉδ掺杂Ａｌ＿ｘＧａ＿（１－ｘ）Ａｓ时，随着生长温度的提高或Ａｌ组份Ｘ值增加，Ｓｉ掺杂分布ＳＩＭＳ峰都非对称展宽，表面分凝作用加强，但不影响Ｓｉ原子的扩散，因此ＳＩＭＳ剖面的展宽与扩散无关。另外，我们还发现Ａｓ＿４压强高于１．５×１０￣（－５）ｍｂａｒ时，Ａｓ＿４压强对δ掺杂空间分布影响不大，而Ａｓ＿４压强低于此压强时，Ｓｉ掺杂分布峰宽度增加很快，这主要由杂质扩散作用引起。生长温度对掺杂分布峰影响最大，其次是Ａｌ组份影响，而较小Ａｓ＿４压强的影响不可忽视。这些研究结果对外延生长Ｓｉδ掺杂Ａｌ＿ｘＧａ＿（１－ｘ）Ａｓ材料是有价值的。     

Bi2（Te1—xSex）3单晶生长热力学研究

本工作研究了Ｂｉ－Ｆｅ－Ｓｅ三元相在富Ｂｉ２Ｔｅ３区的相图。测定了Ｂｉ２Ｔｅ３和Ｂｉ２Ｓｅ３从５５０℃到它们的熔点范围内的等浓度线,用移动加热器（ＴＨＭ）法生长Ｂｉ２（Ｔｅ１－ｘＳｅｘ）３（ｘ＝０．０２５和ｘ＝０．０５）。用霍尔（Ｈａｌｌ）效应测定这些化合物在富Ｔｅ区的固线,研究表明,可再生法生长热力学定义的单晶是可能的。     

GexSi1-x/Si中应变的会聚束电子衍射研究

介绍了会聚束电子衍射（ＣＢＥＤ）技术与计算机模拟相结合测定ＧｅｘＳｉ１－ｘ／Ｓｉ化学梯度层中应变分布的实验结果,提供了一种高空间分辨率,高灵敏度,且适用于任何材料系中微区晶格常数测定及应变分布研究的技术途径。     

能隙阶梯缓变结构Si1-xGex/Si光电探测器

提出了一种新结构Ｓｉ１－ｘＧｅｘ／Ｓｉ光电探测器－能隙阶梯缓变结构的Ｓｉ１－ｘＧｅｘ／ＳｉＰＩＮ新近红外光电探测器。理论分析表明,能隙缓变增大了载流子的离化率。价带的不连续则有利于空穴离化,从而对载流子的收集有利,可获得高的光电响应。实验结果表明,该探测器具有良好的Ｉ－Ｖ特性,反向漏电低达０．１μＡ／ｍｍ＾２（－２Ｖ。该探测器主峰值波长在０．９６μｍ。其光电流响应随着反应偏压的增加有明显的增大,在     

Ga－Al－As－Si系统中Si的两性掺杂行为的研究

对Ｓｉ在电液相外延Ｇａ－Ａｌ－Ａｓ－Ｓｉ系统中的两性掺杂行为进行了研究。提出了一种恒温生长Ｇａ＿（１－ｘ）Ａｌ＿ｘＡｓ：Ｓｉｐ－ｎ结的新方法，对这种ｐ－ｎ结的成因作了定性的解释，并对这种ｐ－ｎ结的电特性加以观察。     

1.3—1.55μm GeSi异质结红外探测器的研制

采用快速加热，超低压化学气相淀积方法，在－Ｇｅ衬底上外延生长－ＧｅＳｉ－Ｓｉ薄层，首次研制成功了１．３－１．５５μｍ波段的ＧｅＳｉ异质结红外探测器，其主要参数性能优于该波段的同类型Ｇｅ探测器。     

超负磁致伸缩晶体Sm—Fe,Sm—Dy—Fe和Sm—Dy—Fe—Al的研究

本文研究了轻稀土负磁致伸缩ＳｍＦｅｘ（１．４０≤ｘ≤１．９４），ＳｍｘＤｙ１－ｘＦｅｙ（０．８４≤ｘ≤０．９２，１．８０≤ｙ≤１．９０），Ｓｍ０．９０Ｄｙ０．１０（Ｆｅ０．９５Ａｌ０．０５）１．８０晶体的制备，热处理及磁学性能，发现ＳｍＦｅｘ合金的λ－ｘ曲线存在两个峰值，峰值的ｘ点热处理发生的变化有一定的规律性，还比较了热处理前后，Ｓｍ－Ｆｅ、Ｓｍ－Ｄｙ－Ｆｅ和Ｓｍ－Ｄｙ－Ｆｅ－Ａｌ的相组成对性能     

Electrical transport of bottom-up grown single-crystal Si(1-x)Ge(x) nanowire

In this work, we fabricated an Si(1-x)Ge(x) nanowire (NW) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) by using bottom-up grown single-crystal Si(1-x)Ge(x) NWs integrated with HfO(2) gate dielectric, TaN/Ta gate electrode and Pd Schottky source/drain electrodes, and investigated the electrical transport properties of Si(1-x)Ge(x) NWs. It is found that both undoped and phosphorus-doped Si(1-x)Ge(x) NW MOSFETs exhibit p-MOS operation while enhanced performance of higher I(on)～100?nA and I(on)/I(off)～10(5) are achieved from phosphorus-doped Si(1-x)Ge(x) NWs, which can be attributed to the reduction of the effective Schottky barrier height (SBH). Further improvement in gate control with a subthreshold slope of 142?mV?dec(-1) was obtained by reducing HfO(2) gate dielectric thickness. A comprehensive study on SBH between the Si(1-x)Ge(x) NW channel and Pd source/drain shows that a doped Si(1-x)Ge(x) NW has a lower effective SBH due to a thinner depletion width at the junction and the gate oxide thickness has negligible effect on effective SBH.     

SiGe nanowire growth and characterization

Single-crystal SiGe nanowires were synthesized via the vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism using disilane and germane as precursor gases. We have investigated the effect of temperature, pressure, and the inlet gas ratio on the growth and stoichiometry of Si(x)Ge(1-x) nanowires. The nanowires were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopies and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. It was found that nanowires with a Si:Ge ratio of about 1 had smooth surfaces, whereas departure from this ratio led to rough surfaces. Electrical properties were then investigated by fabricating back-gated field effect transistors (using a focused ion beam system) where single SiGe nanowires served as the conduction channels. Gated conduction was observed although resistance in the undoped devices was high.     

One-step Ge/Si epitaxial growth

Fabricating a low-cost virtual germanium (Ge) template by epitaxial growth of Ge films on silicon wafer with a Ge(x)Si(1-x) (0 < x < 1) graded buffer layer was demonstrated through a facile chemical vapor deposition method in one step by decomposing a hazardousless GeO(2) powder under hydrogen atmosphere without ultra-high vacuum condition and then depositing in a low-temperature region. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the Ge film with an epitaxial relationship is along the in-plane direction of Si. The successful growth of epitaxial Ge films on Si substrate demonstrates the feasibility of integrating various functional devices on the Ge/Si substrates.     

Diameter-dependent composition of vapor-liquid-solid grown Si(1-x)Ge(x) nanowires

Diameter-dependent compositions of Si(1-x)Ge(x) nanowires grown by a vapor-liquid-solid mechanism using SiH(4) and GeH(4) precursors are studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. For the growth conditions studied, the Ge concentration in Si(1-x)Ge(x) nanowires shows a strong dependence on nanowire diameter, with the Ge concentration decreasing with decreasing nanowire diameter below approximately 50 nm. The size-dependent nature of Ge concentration in Si(1-x)Ge(x) NWs is strongly suggestive of Gibbs-Thomson effects and highlights another important phenomenon in nanowire growth.     

Ge oxidation in the remaining cores of Si(1-x)Ge(x) nanowires after prolonged oxidation

For this investigation of the Ge behavior of condensed Si(1-y)Ge(y) (y > x) cores during the oxidation of Si(1-x)Ge(x) nanowires, Si(1-x)Ge(x) nanowires were grown in a tube furnace by the vapor-liquid-solid method and thermally oxidized. The test results were characterized using several techniques of transmission electron microscopy. The two types of Ge condensation are related to the diameter and Ge content of the nanowires. The consumption of Si atoms in prolonged oxidation caused the condensed SiGe cores to become Ge-only cores; and the continuous oxidation resulted in the oxidation of the Ge cores. The oxidation of Ge atoms was confirmed by scanning transmission electron microscopy.     

Metastable Ge1-xCx alloy nanowires

Carbon-containing alloy materials such as Ge(1-x)C(x) are attractive candidates for replacing silicon (Si) in the semiconductor industry. The addition of carbon to diamond lattice not only allows control over the lattice dimensions, but also enhances the electrical properties by enabling variations in strain and compositions. However, extremely low carbon solubility in bulk germanium (Ge) and thermodynamically unfavorable Ge-C bond have hampered the production of crystalline Ge(1-x)C(x) alloy materials in an equilibrium growth system. Here we successfully synthesized high-quality Ge(1-x)C(x) alloy nanowires (NWs) by a nonequilibrium vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method. The carbon incorporation was controlled by NW growth conditions and the position of carbon atoms in the Ge matrix (at substitutional or interstitial sites) was determined by the carbon concentration. Furthermore, the shrinking of lattice spacing caused by substitutional carbon offered the promising possibility of band gap engineering for photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications.     

The dependence of GexSi1-x epitaxial growth on GeH4 flow using chemical vapour deposition

GexSi1-x epilayers were grown at 700–900°C by atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition. GexSi1-x, Si and Ge growth rates as functions of GeH4 flow are considered separately to investigate how the growth of the epilayers is enhanced. Arrhenius plots of Si and Ge incorporation in the GexSi1-x growth show the activation energies associated with the growth rates are about 1.2 eV for silicon and 0.4 eV for germanium, indicating that Si growth is limited by surface kinetics and Ge growth is limited by mass transport. A model based on this idea is proposed and used to simulate the growth of GexSi1-x. The calculation and experiment are in good agreement. Growth rate and film composition increase monotonically with growth pressure; both observations are explained by the model. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Role of confinement on carrier transport in Ge-Si(x)Ge(1-x) core-shell nanowires

We examine the impact of shell content and the associated hole confinement on carrier transport in Ge-Si(x)Ge(1-x) core-shell nanowires (NWs). Using NWs with different Si(x)Ge(1-x) shell compositions (x = 0.5 and 0.7), we fabricate NW field-effect transistors (FETs) with highly doped source/drain and examine their characteristics dependence on shell content. The results demonstrate a 2-fold higher mobility at room temperature, and a 3-fold higher mobility at 77K in the NW FETs with higher (x = 0.7) Si shell content by comparison to those with lower (x = 0.5) Si shell content. Moreover, the carrier mobility shows a stronger temperature dependence in Ge-Si(x)Ge(1-x) core-shell NWs with high Si content, indicating a reduced charge impurity scattering. The results establish that carrier confinement plays a key role in realizing high mobility core-shell NW FETs.     

Stranski-Krastanow growth of germanium on silicon nanowires

There have been extensive studies of germanium (Ge) grown on planar silicon (Si) substrates by the Stranski-Krastanow (S-K) mechanism. In this study, we present S-K growth of Ge on Si nanowires. The Si nanowires were grown at 500 degrees C by a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method, using silane (SiH4) as the gaseous precursor. By switching the gas source from SiH4 to germane (GeH4) during the growth and maintaining the growth conditions, epitaxial Ge islands deposited on the outer surface of the initially formed Si nanowires. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning TEM, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques were utilized to identify the thin wetting layer and the three-dimensional Ge islands formed around the Si core nanowires. Cross-sectional TEM verified the surface faceting of the Si core nanowires as well as the Ge islands.