复合堰流量计算

在实际水利工程建设中出现了布置形式不同于现在已知的任何一种堰型,这种堰型是将两种或者两种以上堰型在垂直方向或是在横向上分段设计而成的一种复合型式的堰型.研究了复合堰的水力特性,导出了复合堰的流量公式.而后通过在不同的流量下,对不同的测流断面进行分析和对比,给出了这种堰型自由流流量系数公式,在理论上予以阐述和论证.最后提出了由实测水头直接计算流量的流速系数法,可免除反复试算的麻烦.     

调节堰井在南水北调中线天津干线中的应用

针对有压重力输水工程中采用调节阀存在小流量输水时管道压力增加,导致工程投资增大、用电负荷级别高、运行控制复杂、关键技术设备依赖国外维护等问题,提出了调节堰井这一新型控制性建筑物,介绍了调节堰井的组成、结构型式、特点、性能。试验表明,调节堰井水头损失系数随相对水深的增加而减小并趋于常数。调节堰井通过不同流量过堰流态的转换来实现水头的自动调节。南水北调中线天津干线输水线路长、引水流量大、流量变化幅度大,且具有一定的自然水头,工程运用实践证明,调节堰井技术可行,安全可靠,经济合理,施工简单,维护方便,运行控制简单,值得推广应用。     

一种特定堰型的淹没出流流量计算经验公式研究

对特定堰型的淹没出流,因流量系数、侧收缩系数及淹没系数的不确定性,难以利用经验系数推算溢流堰的过流量。该文提出一种特定堰型下淹没出流流量推演的精确方法：基于物理模型试验数据,对堰上水头与堰下游相对水位进行相关分析,得到特定流量下其相关关系式;后以此关系式中的参数与流量进行二次相关分析,最终得到流量-堰上水头-堰下游相对水位的关系式。经试验验证表明,所得关系式精度较高,其分析方法可应用于类似的多因次相关分析中。     

配水井单侧过流下连续侧堰的过流特性

采用基于VOF方法捕捉自由面的三维紊流数值模拟方法,研究不同来流流量下配水井单侧连续侧堰的过流特性。结果表明:设置连续侧堰的配水井在单侧过流时,分流特性在小流量和大流量条件下存在明显差异;小流量下,相邻侧堰的相互影响较大,配水井主渠中心线的水位沿程变化较小,各侧堰单宽流量的分布相对无序;大流量下,相邻侧堰的相互影响较小,配水井中心线的水位沿程为壅水曲线。根据流量系数特征将侧堰分为两类,分别建立了对应的流量系数与相对水头的关系式,可用于预测各堰的流量和整体的分流效果,为设计院对于污水处理厂配水井的工程设计和安全高效运行提供依据。     

变系数线性量水堰设计

引言在水力、灌溉、环保和化工等工程领域,从来用堰作量水设备,常用的有梯形堰、矩形堰和三角形堰等。而线性堰即比例式堰在某些情况下,较上述各常规堰有较大的应用前景。线性堰由基面、堰口及侧壁组成,设计的堰断面要使流量和水头成线性关系,其流量计算的相对误差正等干水头量测的相对误差,印测流误差与堰上水头大小无关。而其它型式的堰测流相对误差变化很大。多年来,对线性堰进行了许多探索研究的结果表明,无须基面和参照基准面修正的线性堰断面的设计理论和方法还需作进一步的研究。过去所有的研究中部假定流量系数是不变的。而实际上流量系数随堰上水头与堰高之比值有明显变化,致使线性     

溢流前缘长度变化对直角折线堰过流能力影响研究

在一定过流宽度下,直角折线堰的过流能力和侧堰位置(前堰长度)、侧堰长度直接相关,其实质是溢流前缘长度随堰顶水头增加而减小。基于试验研究成果,对一定堰高,不同侧堰位置(前堰长度)、侧堰长度的直角折线堰流量系数进行拟合分析,得到基于溢流前缘长度变化的流量系数计算公式,可为类似工程提供参考。该研究成果的应用不仅能够保证河道行洪能力,还能够产生较好的水景观。     

高拱坝表孔宽尾墩对泄洪能力影响的试验研究

为了研究高拱坝采用堰顶宽尾墩收缩射流技术对过流能力的影响，本文在溪洛渡1∶100的整体模型上对不同堰前水头和不同宽尾墩收缩比条件下的流态和泄流量进行了试验研究。结果表明，随着堰前水头和不同宽尾墩收缩比的变化，闸室中会出现自由跌流、急流冲击波、水跃壅水和缓流4种不同的流态，而不同的流态，影响泄流量的因素也不同，定量给出了设计洪水及校核洪水时收缩比对过流能力的影响。     

水力学模型试验两种参数的测量不确定度评定

将测量不确定度与水工模型试验结合起来,对水工模型试验测量中常见的2种检测参数(流量、流速)进行不确定度评定。评定结果表明:①对流量检测不确定度影响最大的参数是堰上水头,其次是堰宽、堰高。因此,在堰上水头的测量过程中应注意各操作步骤精度的控制,量水堰制作过程中应特别注意堰宽的控制。②对流速检测不确定度影响最大的是水体脉动及位置误差,由于水体脉动无法人为控制,因此应特别注意每次测量时测点位置的控制。     

堰闸出流流量归纳系数法的应用

本文对水工建筑物的堰闸测流,应用流量归纳系数法得到较好的测验成果质量。从而较好地解决了超小水头情况下,流量率定中出现误差大、堰闸测流失控的弊端。同时也解决了超高水头延长问题。     

弧形闸门开启过程非恒定流流量系数研究

为探究非恒定流流量系数特点,采用RNG k-ε紊流模型结合动网格技术对某工程Y形宽尾墩表孔弧形闸门开启过程进行了三维动态数值模拟研究,根据过闸流量滞后的特点,将闸后水流分为滞后式、过渡式和平稳式3种流态。分析了闸门开启过程中水流流态及非恒定流流量系数与闸门开启速度和溢流堰顶水头的关系,指出非恒定流流量系数随闸门开启速度的加快及堰顶水头的降低而减小,并给出不同开启速度和堰顶水头情况下适于过渡式及平稳式水流的流量系数经验公式。部分结果与试验结果进行对比,吻合良好,验证了数值方法的可靠性。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.