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1.
Software requirements are often formulated on different levels and hence they are difficult to compare to each other. To address
this issue, a model that allows for placing requirements on different levels has been developed. The model supports both abstraction
and refinement of requirements, and hence requirements can both be compared with each other and to product strategies. Comparison
between requirements will allow for prioritization of requirements, which in many cases is impossible if the requirements
are described on different abstraction levels. Comparison to product strategies will enable early and systematic acceptance
or dismissal of requirements, minimizing the risk for overloading. This paper presents an industrial evaluation of the model.
It has been evaluated in two different companies, and the experiences and findings are presented. It is concluded that the
requirements abstraction model provides helpful improvements to the industrial requirements engineering process.
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2.
The increasing globalisation of the software industry demands an investigation of requirements engineering (RE) in multi-site software development organisations. Requirements engineering is a task difficult enough when done locally—but it is even more difficult when cross-functional stakeholder groups specify requirements across cultural, language and time zone boundaries. This paper reports on a field study that investigated RE challenges introduced by the stakeholders' geographical distribution in a multi-site organisation. The goal was to examine RE practices in global software development, and to formulate recommendations for improvement as well as to provide directions for future research on methods and tools. Based on the empirical evidence, we have constructed a model of how remote communication and knowledge management, cultural diversity and time differences negatively impact requirements gathering, negotiations and specifications. Findings reveal that aspects such as a lack of a common understanding of requirements, together with a reduced awareness of a working local context, a trust level and an ability to share work artefacts significantly challenge the effective collaboration of remote stakeholders in negotiating a set of requirements that satisfies geographically distributed customers. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving RE practices in this setting. 相似文献
3.
Software requirements arrive in different shapes and forms to development organizations. This is particularly the case in
market-driven requirements engineering, where the requirements are on products rather than directed towards projects. This
results in challenges related to making different requirements comparable. In particular, this situation was identified in
a collaborative effort between academia and industry. A model, with four abstraction levels, was developed as a response to
the industrial need. The model allows for placement of requirements on different levels and supports abstraction or break
down of requirements to make them comparable to each other. The model was successfully validated in several steps at a company.
The results from the industrial validation point to the usefulness of the model. The model will allow companies to ensure
comparability between requirements, and hence it generates important input to activities such as prioritization and packaging
of requirements before launching a development project.
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4.
Collaborative product commerce (CPC) solutions span software and services which permit individuals to share product data to
improve the design, development, and management of products throughout the product development lifecycle. Drawing upon prior
developments in adaptive structuration theory (AST) and media richness theory, I develop a theoretical framework to better
understand the role of CPC in enabling collaboration in a product development environment. I study the impact of CPC on product
design and development processes using a cross-sectional survey of 36 firms. The study reveals that CPC usage varies across
different phases of the product development lifecycle. Preliminary results indicate that CPC has enabled firms to collaborate
effectively with external stakeholders, which has resulted in tangible business benefits. I conclude by developing several
research propositions which provide a roadmap for conducting future empirical research to measure the impact of CPC on product
development, and highlight potential research topics that can be explored.
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5.
Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) can reduce software development costs, reduce time to market and improve product
quality. A software product line is a set of software products sharing a set of common features but containing variation points.
Successful SPLE requires making selection decisions at variation points effectively and efficiently. A significant challenge
is how to identify, represent and manage the inter-dependency of selection decisions for requirements. We developed the concept
of a meta-model for requirement decision models to bring formalism and consistency to the structure and to model inter-dependencies
between requirement selection decisions. Here we present a meta-model for requirement selection decisions that includes inter-dependencies
and we use a mobile phone worked example to illustrate our approach. To support our method, we developed two separate tools,
V-Define (for domain decision model construction) and V-Resolve (for new product derivation). Finally the results of a metal
processing product line case study using the tools are described.
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6.
Because requirements engineering (RE) problems are widely acknowledged as having a major impact on the effectiveness of the
software development process, Sommerville et al. have developed a requirements maturity model. However, research has shown
that the measurement process within Sommerville’s model is ambiguous, and implementation of his requirements maturity model
leads to confusion. Hence, the objective of our research is to propose a new RE maturity measurement framework (REMMF) based
on Sommerville’s model and to provide initial validation of REMMF. The main purpose of proposing REMMF is to allow us to more
effectively measure the maturity of the RE processes being used within organisations and to assist practitioners in measuring
the maturity of their RE processes. In order to evaluate REMMF, two organisations implemented the measurement framework within
their IT divisions, provided us with an assessment of their requirements process and gave feedback on the REMMF measurement
process. The results show that our measurement framework is clear, easy to use and provides an entry point through which the
practitioners can effectively judge the strengths and weakness of their RE processes. When an organisation knows where it
is, it can more effectively plan for improvement.
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7.
Scenarios help practitioners to better understand the requirements of a software system as well as its interface with the environment. However, despite their widespread use both by object-oriented development teams and human–computer interface designers, scenarios are being built in a very ad-hoc way. Departing from the requirements engineering viewpoint, this article shows how inspections help software developers to better manage the production of scenarios. We used Fagans inspections as the main paradigm in the design of our proposed process. The process was applied to case studies and data were collected regarding the types of problems as well as the effort to find them. 相似文献
8.
Requirements engineering (RE) is a critical phase in the software engineering process and plays a vital role in ensuring the
overall quality of a software product. Recent research has shown that industry increasingly recognizes the importance of good
RE practices and the use of appropriate RE techniques. However, due to the large number of RE techniques, requirements engineers
find it challenging to select suitable techniques for a particular project. Unfortunately, technique selection based on personal
experience has limitations with regards to the scope, effectiveness and suitability of the RE techniques for the project at
hand. In this paper, a Knowledge-based Approach for the Selection of Requirements Engineering Techniques (KASRET) is proposed
that helps during RE techniques selection. This approach has three major features. First, a library of requirements techniques
was developed which includes detailed knowledge about RE techniques. Second, KASRET integrates advantages of different knowledge
representation schemata and reasoning mechanisms. Thus, KASRET provides mechanisms for the management of knowledge about requirements
techniques and support for RE process development. Third, as a major decision support mechanism, an objective function evaluates
the overall ability and cost of RE techniques, which is helpful for the selection of RE techniques. This paper makes not only
a contribution to RE but also to research and application of knowledge management and decision support in process development.
A case study using an industrial project shows the support of KASRET for RE techniques selection.
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9.
Assumptions are frequently made during requirements analysis of a system about the trustworthiness of its various components
(including human components). These trust assumptions, whether implicit or explicit, affect the scope of the analysis, derivation
of security requirements, and in some cases how functionality is realized. This paper presents trust assumptions in the context
of analysis of security requirements. A running example shows how trust assumptions can be used by a requirements engineer
to help define and limit the scope of analysis and to document the decisions made during the process. The paper concludes
with a case study examining the impact of trust assumptions on software that uses the secure electronic transaction specification.
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10.
A major challenge in the field of software engineering is to make users trust the software that they use in their every day
activities for professional or recreational reasons. Trusting software depends on various elements, one of which is the protection
of user privacy. Protecting privacy is about complying with user’s desires when it comes to handling personal information.
Users’ privacy can also be defined as the right to determine when, how and to what extend information about them is communicated
to others. Current research stresses the need for addressing privacy issues during the system design rather than during the
system implementation phase. To this end, this paper describes PriS, a security requirements engineering method, which incorporates
privacy requirements early in the system development process. PriS considers privacy requirements as organisational goals
that need to be satisfied and adopts the use of privacy-process patterns as a way to: (1) describe the effect of privacy requirements
on business processes; and (2) facilitate the identification of the system architecture that best supports the privacy-related
business processes. In this way, PriS provides a holistic approach from ‘high-level’ goals to ‘privacy-compliant’ IT systems.
The PriS way-of-working is formally defined thus, enabling the development of automated tools for assisting its application.
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11.
This paper argues that a users manual makes an excellent software requirements specification. It describes several experiences, including one in industry, of writing users manuals as requirements specifications. Finally, it discusses several lessons learned from the experiences. 相似文献
12.
The desired principle of separation of concerns in software development can be jeopardized by the so-called crosscutting concerns, which tend to be scattered over (and tangled with) the functionality of the modular units of a system. The correct identification of such concerns (and their encapsulation into separate artifacts) is thereby considered a way to improve software understanding and evolution. Pursuing a proper management of concerns from the requirements engineering stage can greatly benefit the entire software life-cycle. In this paper, we propose conceptual guidelines on how to perform the identification of crosscutting concerns in the process of building requirements specifications. We argue that the identification must be carried out in an incremental way, to encapsulate apart the crosscutting concerns even if they have not emerged completely yet. 相似文献
13.
Designers of complex real-time systems need to address dependability requirements early on in the development process. This
paper presents a model-based approach that allows developers to analyse the dependability of use cases and to discover more
reliable and safe ways of designing the interactions of the system with the environment. The hardware design and the dependability
of the hardware to be used also needs to be considered. We use a probabilistic extension of statecharts to formally model
the interaction requirements defined in the use cases. The model is then evaluated analytically based on the success and failure
probabilities of events. The analysis may lead to further refinement of the use cases by introducing detection and recovery
measures to ensure dependable system interaction. A visual modelling environment for our extended statecharts formalism supporting
automatic probability analysis has been implemented in AToM 3, A Tool for Multi-formalism and Meta-Modelling. Our approach is illustrated with an elevator control system case study.
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14.
One of the main goals of an applied research field such as requirements engineering is the transfer of research results to
industrial use. To promote industrial adoption of technologies developed in academia, researchers need to provide tangible
evidence of the advantages of using them. This can be done through industry validation, enabling researchers to test and validate
technologies in a real setting with real users and applications. The evidence obtained, together with detailed information
on how the validation was conducted, offers rich decision support material for industrial practitioners seeking to adopt new
technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive systematic literature review of all papers published in the Requirements
Engineering journal containing any type of technology evaluation. The aim is to gauge the support for technology transfer,
i.e., to what degree industrial practitioners can use the reporting of technology evaluations in the journal as decision support
for adopting the technologies in industrial practice. Findings show that very few evaluations offer full technology transfer
support, i.e., have a realistic scale, application or subjects. The major improvement potential concerning support for technology
transfer is found to be the subjects used in the evaluations. Attaining company support, including support for using practitioners
as subjects, is vital for technology transfer and for researchers seeking to validate technologies.
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15.
The requirements and issues associated with computational representations for planning extend beyond those apparent in real-time control, where a substantial, existing research literature informs designers. To assist in the identification of requirements for planning representations, this paper provides two resources: (1) a theoretical foundation drawn from computer science and (2) illustrations of representations and corresponding work practice for real-time control and planning for the US Shuttle program. Together, these resources illustrate the human role in the planning process, and the need for work practices and information that combine to assist human operators in interpreting a representation that is loosely coupled to the physical world while shared among and modified by multiple participants in the planning process. 相似文献
16.
Quantitative usability requirements are a critical but challenging, and hence an often neglected aspect of a usability engineering process. A case study is described where quantitative usability requirements played a key role in the development of a new user interface of a mobile phone. Within the practical constraints of the project, existing methods for determining usability requirements and evaluating the extent to which these are met, could not be applied as such, therefore tailored methods had to be developed. These methods and their applications are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Representation and reasoning about goals of an information system unavoidably involve the transformation of unclear stakeholder
requirements into an instance of a goal model. If the requirements engineer does not justify why one clear form of requirements
is chosen over others, the subsequent modeling decisions cannot be justified either. If arguments for clarification and modeling
decisions are instead explicit, justifiably appropriate instances of goal models can be constructed and additional analyses
applied to discover richer sets of requirements. The paper proposes the “Goal Argumentation Method (GAM)” to fulfil three
roles: (i) GAM guides argumentation and justification of modeling choices during the construction or critique of goal model
instances; (ii) it enables the detection of deficient argumentation within goal model instances; and (iii) it provides practical
techniques for the engineer to ensure that requirements appearing both in arguments and in model instance elements are clear.
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18.
The complexity of group dynamics occurring in small group interactions often hinders the performance of teams. The availability
of rich multimodal information about what is going on during the meeting makes it possible to explore the possibility of providing
support to dysfunctional teams from facilitation to training sessions addressing both the individuals and the group as a whole.
A necessary step in this direction is that of capturing and understanding group dynamics. In this paper, we discuss a particular
scenario, in which meeting participants receive multimedia feedback on their relational behaviour, as a first step towards
increasing self-awareness. We describe the background and the motivation for a coding scheme for annotating meeting recordings
partially inspired by the Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis. This coding scheme was aimed at identifying suitable observable
behavioural sequences. The study is complemented with an experimental investigation on the acceptability of such a service.
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19.
There are many expressive and structural differences between product names and general named entities such as person names,
location names and organization names. To date, there has been little research on product named entity recognition (NER),
which is crucial and valuable for information extraction in the field of market intelligence. This paper focuses on product
NER (PRO NER) in Chinese text. First, we describe our efforts on data annotation, including well-defined specifications, data
analysis and development of a corpus with annotated product named entities. Second, a hierarchical hidden Markov model-based
approach to PRO NER is proposed and evaluated. Extensive experiments show that the proposed method outperforms the cascaded
maximum entropy model and obtains promising results on the data sets of two different electronic product domains (digital
and cell phone).
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20.
The area of agent systems design may be safely described as cluttered and disorganized, especially by those that situate themselves
outside the “agent community”. Despite the wealth of bibliography on agent systems design and applications, there are few
widely acknowledged design methods that have surfaced from testing and practice, mainly in laboratory settings. The paper
contributes to the understanding of the field by presenting a critical review of methodologies that have emerged over the
last few years to guide and explain agent systems design and development. The perspective for this review has been mainly
formulated by posing important research questions in the field, and by attempting to interpret and discover latent hypotheses
and underlying assumptions made by methodologies in reference to relevant research, both in agent systems and cooperative
information systems practice and theory. The paper identifies significant challenges for agent systems methodologies that,
if pursued, can contribute to a new understanding of the field that shifts the foci of current agent systems research, towards
holistic design methods that place human users and information systems stakeholders at the centre of interest and involve
them in the design process as much as possible.
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