基于地形信息的Landsat与Radarsat-2遥感数据协同分类研究

针对不同成像机理的光学与雷达遥感数据协同应用于地表信息提取瓶颈问题,提出了一种基于地形信息的光学与雷达数据协同分类方法。首先利用InSAR测量技术从Radarsat-2数据中提取DEM地形信息,然后构建基于地形信息的Landsat光学数据和Radarsat-2雷达数据的不同特征集输入模型,最后通过随机样本选取构建随机森林（Random Forest,RF）、支持向量机（Support Vector Machine, SVM）和决策树（Decision Tree,DT）分类算法模型提取地表信息。结果表明：①针对不同特征协同策略,在随机选取10%训练样本时,Radarsat-2干涉提取DEM与Landsat数据集提取精度优于ASTER GDEM与光学影像协同策略;②针对不同地表信息提取算法模型,通过50次随机选取训练样本构建模型评价分类精度,验证RF算法的鲁棒性和提取精度都要优于DT算法和SVM算法。研究充分利用光学和雷达遥感的优势信息,为光学和雷达遥感协同地表信息提取提供新的思路。     

基于地形信息的Landsat与Radarsat-2遥感数据协同分类研究

针对不同成像机理的光学与雷达遥感数据协同应用于地表信息提取瓶颈问题,提出了一种基于地形信息的光学与雷达数据协同分类方法。首先利用InSAR测量技术从Radarsat-2数据中提取DEM地形信息,然后构建基于地形信息的Landsat光学数据和Radarsat-2雷达数据的不同特征集输入模型,最后通过随机样本选取构建随机森林(Random Forest,RF)、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)和决策树(Decision Tree,DT)分类算法模型提取地表信息。结果表明:①针对不同特征协同策略,在随机选取10%训练样本时,Radarsat-2干涉提取DEM与Landsat数据集提取精度优于ASTER GDEM与光学影像协同策略;②针对不同地表信息提取算法模型,通过50次随机选取训练样本构建模型评价分类精度,验证RF算法的鲁棒性和提取精度都要优于DT算法和SVM算法。研究充分利用光学和雷达遥感的优势信息,为光学和雷达遥感协同地表信息提取提供新的思路。     

利用雷达摄影测量方法提取DEM及其精度评价

为了解雷达立体摄影测量中各项因素对最终DEM精度的影响,采用马来西亚热带雨林地区具有不同波束模式和入射角的6对Radarsat-1影像,应用两种不同的SAR成像模型,即距离/多普勒模型和等效共线方程模型,对使用雷达摄影测量方法提取DEM进行了试验.首先分析了两种成像模型不同的物理基础,然后通过比较由它们得到的DEM的精度,发现利用距离/多普勒模型提取DEM的精度优于等效共线方程模型;然后,利用研究区的数字地形图等参考资料,分析了不同轨道、不同模式、不同分辨率、不同交角的立体像对组合以及地形因素对DEM精度的影响,要得到高精度的DEM,必须综合考虑立体像对的选取和研究区的地形、地貌等特征.     

遥感信息融合和分类器集成的地类高精度识别

针对光学和雷达遥感协同应用于城市地物类型高精度识别难这一问题,提出了一种信息融合与自适应提升(adaptive boosting,adaboost)和引导集成(bootstrap aggregation,bagging)分类器集成模型的遥感影像地物识别方法。该方法充分利用光学和雷达遥感数据提供的不同信息,达到提高遥感图像在地物识别方面应用的潜力。首先选择GS(Gram-Schmidt)、主成分变换(principal components transform,PCT)、HSV(hue,saturation,value)和改进的多孔小波算法(a trous algorithm for wavelet,ATWT)融合算法对信息源进行融合,然后采用bagging和adaboost集成算法对支持向量机(a library for Support Vector Machines,LibSVM)、功能树(function tree,FT)、快速有效的裂具算法(ripper alogrithm for fast,effective rule induction,JRIP)、序列最小优化算法(sequential minimal optimization,SMO)分类器进行集训练学习提高地类识别精度。研究以意大利北部帕维亚地区的ERS SAR与Landsat TM影像对为信息源,通过融合定量指标评价和典型地物识别应用验证,结果表明提出的多分类器模型能够充分利用光学和雷达遥感信息,稳健有效地进行地物类别提取,地物识别精度比单独使用光学和雷达数据提高15到17个百分点。     

基于CART决策树分类的沙漠化信息提取方法研究

沙漠化是我国北方土地退化的主要形式之一,也是国内外研究中的重要环境问题。以民勤县为例,讨论了CART(Classification and Regression Tree)决策树在沙漠化研究中的应用,并使用Landsat8OLI遥感影像为数据源,构建了一种可行的用于研究区的沙漠化信息提取规则,进行地表沙漠化信息提取。结果表明:所构建的决策树模型结构简单,沙漠化提取效果较好;在研究区域达到87.70%的分类精度,Kappa系数为0.848 4,分类精度也较高。同时,归一化裸露指数(NDBI)和地表反照率(Albedo)是两个明显的沙漠化特征量,在沙漠化提取中起着重要作用。然而,CART决策树作为一种基于监督的分类方法,模型构建时,选择相对较高质量的训练样本和准确合理的输入端变量,可大大提高沙漠化信息的提取精度。     

基于SAM与SVM的高光谱遥感蚀变信息提取

高光谱遥感技术的发展,提高了遥感技术的定量化水平,要求人们从光谱维去理解地物在空间维的变换。提出了一种光谱角匹配技术（Spectral Angle Mapper,SAM）与支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）相结合的高光谱遥感蚀变信息提取模型,在光谱维提取地表的蚀变信息。鉴于SAM算法仅考虑波谱矢量方向,忽略辐射亮度大小的缺点,利用SVM算法对SAM的提取结果进行二次分类,利用网格搜索法并结合分类精度评估进行参数寻优。通过AVIRIS高光谱数据实验证明,提取的蚀变信息分类精度为78.172 6%,Kappa系数为0.712 5。该模型计算方便,对于解决光谱维的地物分类及相似矿物的蚀变信息提取具有一定的实际意义。     

基于光谱相似尺度的支持向量机遥感土地利用分类

提出一种基于光谱相似尺度( spectral similarity scale, SSS ) 的支持向量机( support vector machines, SVM) 遥感土地分类新方法, 该方法选择莆田市作为遥感土地利用分类典型研究区, 利用该区域的Landsat7 ETM 遥感影像结合地面实况调查数据, 从图像上选取少量具有代表性的样本点的光谱作为参考光谱, 利用SSS 方法提取训练样本, 然后应用SVM 算法进行遥感土地利用分类, 并将分类结果与最大似然分类算法( MLC) 相比较, 实验结果表明分类精度上有了很大的提高。     

基于ENVISat ASAR影像的湿地植被冠层下淹水范围提取以扎龙保护区为例

以扎龙自然保护区湿地为例,结合ENVISat ASAR多极化(HH/HV)雷达影像与传统的光学影像Landsat TM (band1~5,7),分析雷达影像后向散射系数与Landsat TM影像不同波段反射率在淹水植被、非淹水植被、明水面和裸土不同地表覆被类型的差异。选择训练样本,采用分类回归树(Classification and Regression Tree,CART)模型,分别对两种影像进行分类,可视化表达湿地植被淹水范围空间分布情况。基于实测的植被冠层下淹水范围与非淹水范围样本点对两种数据源的分类结果进行精度验证。结果表明:HH/HV极化影像中,植被覆盖下水体的后向散射系数与其他地表覆被类型有明显区别,分类结果总精度为79.49%,Kappa系数为0.70,湿地植被淹水范围提取精度较高。而TM影像分类结果中,由于部分地区植被覆盖水体,淹水植被分类误差较高。将雷达影像引入沼泽湿地研究,提高了植被淹水范围提取效果,为有效分析湿地生态水文过程提供基础,对湿地水资源合理利用及生物多样性保护具有重要意义。     

InSAR技术获取高山峡谷区DEM精度研究

通过对金沙江河段高山峡谷区L波段的Alos-Palasar和C波段的Radarsat-2雷达单视复数数据的干涉处理,获取此区域的数字高程模型(DEM)。利用SRTM 90m分辨率的DEM为参考数据,通过对比分析发现InSAR技术生成的DEM精度与相干系数、地形和波长有密切的关系。同时也验证了在相干性好,地形起伏不太剧烈的地区,用InSAR技术生成DEM是可行的。     

最小二乘法联合光学与雷达遥感数据估算玉米叶面积指数

针对单源数据经验模型估算精度较低等问题,提出采用最小二乘法联合光学和雷达遥感数据构建联合估算模型,以中国科学院河北怀来遥感综合实验站为研究区,以夏季玉米为研究对象,利用Landsat8和Radarsat2影像实现研究区叶面积指数估算:首先分别建立了多光谱数据和雷达数据与实测叶面积指数之间的回归模型,然后利用最小二乘算法联合不同数据间的回归模型构建估算模型,最后利用迭代法估算叶面积指数并通过验证数据对估算结果进行评价分析,同时与单源数据经验模型、多源数据加权平均模型和基于物理模型查找表估算结果进行对比。通过对研究区59个样本点数据分析表明:基于最小二乘算法联合光学与雷达遥感数据能够提高叶面积指数的估算精度(R2=0.5442,RMSE=0.81),优于单源遥感数据拟合经验模型(DVI经验模型:(R2=0.485,RMSE=1.27))、基于权重的光学微波联合模型(R2=0.447,RMSE=1.36)和物理模型查找表法(R2=0.333,RMSE=1.36),并当叶面积指数大于3时,对其由于信息饱和或误差引起的低估或高估现象具有一定的抑制作用。     

A refined classification approach by integrating Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) and RADARSAT-2 imagery for land-use and land-cover mapping in a tropical area

Producing accurate land-use and land-cover (LULC) mapping is a long-standing challenge using solely optical remote-sensing data, especially in tropical regions due to the presence of clouds. To supplement this, RADARSAT images can be useful in assisting LULC mapping. The fusion of optical and active remote-sensing data is important for accurate LULC mapping because the data from different parts of the spectrum provide complementary information and often lead to increased classification accuracy. Also, the timeliness of using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) fills information gaps during overcast or hazy periods. Therefore, this research designed a refined classification procedure for LULC mapping for tropical regions. Determining the best method for mapping with a specific data source and study area is a major challenge because of the wide range of classification algorithms and methodologies available. In this study, different combinations and the potential of Landsat Operational Land Imager (OLI) and RADARSAT-2 SAR data were evaluated to select the best procedure for LULC classification. Results showed that the best filter for SAR speckle reduction is the 5 × 5 enhanced Lee. Furthermore, image-sharpening algorithms were employed to fuse Landsat multispectral and panchromatic bands and subsequently these algorithms were analysed in detail. The findings also confirmed that Gram–Schmidt (GS) performed better than the other techniques employed. Fused Landsat data and SAR images were then integrated to produce the LULC map. Different classification algorithms were adopted to classify the integrated Landsat and SAR data, and the maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) was considered the best approach. Finally, a suitable classification procedure was designed and proposed for LULC as mapping in tropical regions based on the results obtained. An overall accuracy of 98.62% was achieved from the proposed methodology. The proposed methodology is a useful tool in industry for mapping purposes. Additionally, it is also useful for researchers, who could extend the method for different data sources and regions.     

Wetland classification using Radarsat-2 SAR quad-polarization and Landsat-8 OLI spectral response data: a case study in the Hudson Bay Lowlands Ecoregion

Circumboreal Canadian bogs and fens distinguished by differences in soils, hydrology, vegetation and morphological features were classified using combinations of Radarsat-2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) quad-polarization data and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) spectral response patterns. Separate classifications were conducted using a traditional pixel-based maximum likelihood classifer and a machine learning algorithm following an object-based image analysis (OBIA). This study focused on two wetland classes with extensive coverage in the area (bog and fen). In the pixel-based maximum likelihood classification, accuracy increased from approximately 69% user’s accuracy and 79% producer’s accuracy using Radarsat-2 SAR data alone to approximately 80% user’s accuracy and 87% producer’s accuracy using Landsat-8 OLI data alone. Use of the Radarsat-2 SAR and Landsat-8 OLI data following principal components analysis (PCA) data fusion did not result in higher pixel-based maximum likelihood classification accuracy. In the object-based machine learning classification, higher bog and fen class accuracies were obtained when using Radarsat-2 and Landsat OLI data individually compared to the equivalent pixel-based classification. Subsequently, a PCA-data fusion product outperformed the individual bands of the Radarsat-2 and Landsat-8 imagery in object-based classification. Greater than 90% producer’s accuracy was obtained. The margin of error (MOE) was less than 5% in all classifications reported here. Further research will examine alternative data fusion techniques and the addition of Radarsat-2 SAR interferometric digital elevation model (DEM)-based geomorphometrics in object-based classification of different morphological types of bogs and fens.     

融合不精准先验知识的Landsat 8 OLI影像深度学习分类方法

遥感影像解译是获得土地利用和土地覆盖（LULC）信息最为重要的途径之一,而自动化分类是提高LULC信息获取效率的关键。实际场景中包含大量不精准的先验知识,提取并融合其中的可用知识能进一步提高影像分类方法的精度、自动化率和规模应用能力。基于上述情况,提出了一种融合不精准先验知识的Landsat 8 OLI影像深度学习分类方法。该方法可自动规避先验知识中的不精准单元,在图斑约束空间内实现了分类样本的自动化区域选择和特征提取,并获得了高置信度知识,然后利用这些分类样本训练深度残差网络,从而实现大区域影像的精确分类。以常州市新北区为例进行实验,选用该区域2009年土地利用现状数据作为先验数据,2014年Landsat 8 OLI影像作为待分类影像。实验结果表明,所提方法可融合不精准先验知识,对大面积连片LULC信息分类精确,主要地类图斑界限准确,全图分类图斑精度达到了88.7%,Kappa系数为0.842。该方法能配合深度学习方法实现高精度Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像分类。     

融合不精准先验知识的Landsat 8 OLI影像深度学习分类方法

遥感影像解译是获得土地利用和土地覆盖（LULC）信息最为重要的途径之一，而自动化分类是提高LULC信息获取效率的关键。实际场景中包含大量不精准的先验知识，提取并融合其中的可用知识能进一步提高影像分类方法的精度、自动化率和规模应用能力。基于上述情况，提出了一种融合不精准先验知识的Landsat 8 OLI影像深度学习分类方法。该方法可自动规避先验知识中的不精准单元，在图斑约束空间内实现了分类样本的自动化区域选择和特征提取，并获得了高置信度知识，然后利用这些分类样本训练深度残差网络，从而实现大区域影像的精确分类。以常州市新北区为例进行实验，选用该区域2009年土地利用现状数据作为先验数据，2014年Landsat 8 OLI影像作为待分类影像。实验结果表明，所提方法可融合不精准先验知识，对大面积连片LULC信息分类精确，主要地类图斑界限准确，全图分类图斑精度达到了88.7%，Kappa系数为0.842。该方法能配合深度学习方法实现高精度Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像分类。     

Geo-referencing of continental-scale JERS-1 SAR mosaics based on matching homologous features with a digital elevation model: theory and practice

An effective method for a posteriori ortho-rectification of continental-scale synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mosaics using a digital elevation model (DEM) has been developed. The method is based on homologous feature matching between the DEM and a simulated SAR image. The simulated image is derived from the radar-viewing geometry, topographic information and contextual information provided by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), shorelines and water bodies database (SWBD) and GeoCover Landsat mosaics. Two large L-band SAR mosaics (the global boreal forest mapping (GBFM) Siberia mosaic and the global rain forest mapping (GRFM) Africa mosaic), assembled from the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) data, were accurately geo-referenced and ortho-rectified. The GRFM Africa mosaic was also radiometrically corrected for topographic effects. The accurate co-registration with the DEM allows for improved classification methods based on the combination of SAR backscatter with terrain features. Comparison of the revised GBFM and GRFM mosaics with a forthcoming set of continental-scale mosaics assembled from the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data will offer a unique possibility for change detection studies over the Tropical and Boreal forest zones with a temporal spacing of some 10 years.     

Accurate crop-type classification using multi-temporal optical and multi-polarization SAR data in an object-based image analysis framework

Accurate crop-type classification is a challenging task due, primarily, to the high within-class spectral variations of individual crops during the growing season (phenological development) and, second, to the high between-class spectral similarity of crop types. Utilizing within-season multi-temporal optical and multi-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, this study introduces a combined object- and pixel-based image classification methodology for accurate crop-type classification. Particularly, the study investigates the improvement of crop-type classification by using the least number of multi-temporal RapidEye (RE) images and multi-polarization Radarsat-2 (RS-2) data utilized in an object- and pixel-based image analysis framework. The method was tested on a study area in Manitoba, Canada, using three different classifiers including the standard Maximum Likelihood (ML), Decision Tree (DT), and Random Forest (RF) classifiers. Using only two RE images of July and August, the proposed method results in overall accuracies (OAs) of about 95%, 78%, and 93% for the ML, DT, and RF classifiers, respectively. Moreover, the use of only two quad-pol images of RS-2 of June and September resulted in OAs of 92%, 75%, and 90% for the ML, DT, and RF classifiers, respectively. The best classification results were achieved by the synergistic use of two RE and two RS-2 images. In this case, the overall classification accuracies were 97% for both ML and RF classifiers. In addition, the average producer’s accuracies of 95% and 96% were achieved by the ML and RF classifiers, respectively, whereas the average user accuracy was 94% for both classifiers. The results indicated promising potentials for rapid and cost-effective local-scale crop-type classification using a limited number of high-resolution optical and multi-polarization SAR images. Very accurate classification results can be considered as a replacement for sampling the agricultural fields at the local scale. The result of this very accurate classification at discrete locations (approximately 25 × 25 km frames) can be applied in a separate procedure to increase the accuracy of crop area estimation at the regional to provincial scale by linking these local very accurate spatially discrete results to national wall-to-wall continuous crop classification maps.     

Improving 30 m global land-cover map FROM-GLC with time series MODIS and auxiliary data sets: a segmentation-based approach

FROM-GLC (Fine Resolution Observation and Monitoring of Global Land Cover) is the first 30 m resolution global land-cover map produced using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data. Due to the lack of temporal features as inputs in producing FROM-GLC, considerable confusion exists among land-cover types (e.g. agriculture lands, grasslands, shrublands, and bareland). The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) provides high-temporal frequency information on surface cover. Other auxiliary bioclimatic, digital elevation model (DEM), and world maps on soil-water conditions are possible sources for improving the accuracy of FROM-GLC. In this article, a segmentation-based approach was applied to Landsat imagery to down-scale coarser-resolution MODIS data (250 m) and other 1 km resolution auxiliary data to the segment scale based on TM data. Two classifiers (support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF)) and two different strategies for use of training samples (global and regional samples based on a spatial temporal selection criterion) were performed. Results show that RF based on the global use of training samples achieves an overall classification accuracy of 67.08% when assessed by test samples collected independently. This is better than the 64.89% achieved by FROM-GLC based on the same set of test samples. Accuracies for vegetation cover types are most substantially improved.     

Volume estimation in a Eucalyptus plantation using multi-source remote sensing and digital terrain data: a case study in Minas Gerais State,Brazil

In this study, we tested the effectiveness of stand age, multispectral optical imagery obtained from the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired by the Sentinel-1B satellite, and digital terrain attributes extracted from a digital elevation model (DEM), in estimating forest volume in 351 plots in a 1,498 ha Eucalyptus plantation in northern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. A Random Forest (RF) machine learning algorithm was used following the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of various data combinations, including multispectr al and SAR texture variables and DEM-based geomorphometric derivatives. Using multispectral, SAR or DEM variables alone (i.e. Experiments (ii)–(iv)) did not provide accurate estimates of volume (RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) > 32.00 m³ ha^?1) compared to predictions based on age since planting of Eucalyptus stands (Experiment (i)). However, when these datasets were individually combined with stand age (i.e. Experiments (v)–(vii)), the RF models resulted in better volume estimates than those obtained when using the individual multispectral, SAR and DEM datasets (RMSE < 28.00 m³ ha^?1). Furthermore, a model that integrated the selected variables of these data with stand age (Experiment (viii)) improved volume estimation significantly (RMSE = 22.33 m³ ha^?1). The large and increasing area of Eucalyptus forest plantations in Brazil and elsewhere suggests that this new approach to volume estimation has the potential to support Eucalyptus plantation monitoring and forest management practices.     

基于Sentinel-1双极化数据改进水体提取的Otsu算法

基于SAR图像的阈值分割法是水体信息有效提取的常用方法之一。针对Otsu算法对于SAR影像水体提取精度低、噪声大的问题,以C波段Sentinel-1 SAR为数据源,提出一种基于Otsu算法的SAR图像水体提取新方法。该方法首先基于双极化数据构建自然指数函数,优化原始Sentinel-1数据图像像元直方图分布,再结合Otsu算法对图像进行水体提取,最后基于DEM数据去除误提取的山体阴影。以同一天的Landsat 8光学影像作为真实水体样本进行精度评定,结果表明：在不同水体占比情况下,该方法水体提取精度均优于Otsu算法,在水体占比小于10%时综合精度提升约为20%—60%,而且噪声小、适用性强,可用于快速高效获取大范围内水体信息。