预燃室湍流射流点火甲醇发动机稀薄燃烧和排放特性试验研究

基于一台四冲程单缸发动机开展预燃室湍流射流点火(turbulent jet ignition,TJI)甲醇发动机燃烧特性、性能表现和排放特性的试验研究。结果表明,TJI燃烧模式燃烧速率较快,放热率(heat release rate,HRR)峰值明显较高,且具有更短的滞燃期和燃烧持续期。随着过量空气系数变大,缸内压力和放热率峰值变小,TJI和火花塞点火(spark ignition,SI)燃烧模式滞燃期和燃烧持续期均变长。此外,TJI燃烧模式可有效提升甲醇发动机的稀薄燃烧稳定性,可将稀燃极限拓展至过量空气系数2.0。TJI燃烧模式下平均指示压力略低于SI模式;然而对于过量空气系数大于1.1的稀燃工况,TJI燃烧模式指示燃油消耗率更低,在过量空气系数1.3时低于570 g/(k W·h),说明其具有更好的燃油经济性。TJI燃烧模式下氮氧化物排放量明显低于SI燃烧模式,过量空气系数1.1时降低约37.2%,并且在过量空气系数大于1.3的极稀燃工况具有相对较低的甲醛CH₂O和碳氢化合物排放。     

湍流射流点火甲醇发动机燃烧特性及预燃室喷射策略研究北大核心CSCD

基于一台四冲程单缸发动机开展湍流射流点火甲醇发动机的性能表现和燃烧特性研究。结果表明,湍流射流点火(turbulent jet ignition,TJI)燃烧模式放热率(heat release rate,HRR)曲线呈现“双峰”现象,放热率峰值明显高于火花塞点火(spark ignition,SI)模式,且具有更短的燃烧持续期。过量空气系数λ=1.0时,预燃室内不喷射甲醇的被动式TJI模式的平均指示压力略低于SI模式,指示燃油消耗率略高于SI模式。对于主动式TJI燃烧模式,λ=1.5,预燃室甲醇喷射时刻为压缩上止点前180°曲轴转角,喷射脉宽保持在350μs~600μs之间时,TJI甲醇发动机燃烧稳定性较好,同时动力性与经济性均有所提升。     

不同过量空气系数下射流点火发动机燃烧、排放和爆震特性的试验研究

基于单缸试验机研究了过量空气系数对射流点火发动机性能的影响。通过分析发动机性能曲线、缸内燃烧情况及爆震特性探究射流点火最佳运行区间,并与火花点火燃烧方式进行对比。结果表明,射流点火可以有效提升瞬时放热率并拓展发动机稀燃极限,缩短缸内混合气滞燃期与燃烧持续期,同时燃油经济性有一定提升。在稀燃条件下氮氧化物排放极低。爆震方面,随着点火提前角增大,射流火焰的多点点火效应会在缸内产生明显压力震荡,继续增大点火提前角会诱导末端混合气自燃。因此射流点火爆震缸压表现为两阶段压力震荡,爆震因子集中性高。提升过量空气系数可以降低射流点火爆震因子幅值,使发动机工作在轻微爆震或无爆震状态。     

高压缩比下扫气式预燃室湍流射流点火对废气再循环稀释汽油机性能影响研究北大核心CSCD

基于一台可调压缩比(compression ratio,CR)的单缸发动机和自主设计的湍流射流点火(turbulent jet ignition,TJI)系统,开展高压缩比下扫气式预燃室湍流射流点火对废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)稀释汽油机性能影响的研究。研究发现在高EGR率时,扫气式TJI的点火方式燃烧稳定性最高,可以在EGR率超过30%时实现稳定燃烧。提升压缩比对提升TJI在高EGR率下的燃烧稳定性有积极作用,然而对提升高EGR率下火花塞点火(spark ignition,SI)的稳定性作用不大。对于TJI,在低EGR率时提升压缩比会造成发动机强烈爆震,过于推迟点火造成燃烧定容度下降,燃油消耗率上升。在高EGR率时,发动机爆震受到抑制,可以提前点火优化燃烧相位,降低燃油消耗率,在压缩比15时最低燃油消耗率相比压缩比11时降低2.2%。高EGR率时,提升压缩比有利于提升燃烧速率,降低滞燃期和燃烧持续期,提升发动机燃烧稳定性。在EGR率为30%而压缩比为15时,逐渐提前点火时刻会加大末端混合气自燃倾向,放热率出现两阶段高峰。     

直喷二甲醚对稀汽油混合气燃烧过程影响的研究

在一台四冲程单缸汽油机上,通过缸内直喷二甲醚(DME)实现了空气稀释汽油混合气的稳定燃烧。研究结果表明:在1 500r/min下,固定循环燃油热值时,直喷DME可以降低汽油机稀燃下的循环变动,加速初期火焰发展速度,缩短燃烧持续期,提高汽油稀燃稳定燃烧的过量空气系数上限。稀燃和直喷DME相结合可以改善发动机在稀燃下的燃油经济性。与理论空燃比混合气相比,稀燃能使指示燃油消耗率最多降低11.7%。改变点火时刻和直喷DME比例能实现不同过量空气系数下的最佳燃烧相位。随着过量空气系数的增加,最佳放热中心相位提前。     

湍流射流点火甲醇发动机负荷拓展和性能优化研究

基于一台湍流射流点火（turbulent jet ignition, TJI）甲醇发动机开展发动机负荷拓展和性能优化试验研究。结果表明,稀燃工况下（过量空气系数大于1.4）,采用进气增压技术可有效提升TJI甲醇发动机在高负荷工况下的燃烧稳定性和动力性,同时降低指示油耗率,提升排放性能;此外,基于进气增压技术提出了TJI甲醇发动机宽负荷工况下的最佳油耗运行策略。低负荷运行工况下,相较于质调节方式,采用量调节方式改变发动机负荷可使指示油耗率最高降低5.2%（平均指示压力为0.30 MPa时）,一氧化碳（carbon monoxide, CO）、甲醛（methanal, HCHO）及碳氢化合物（hydrocarbon, HC）等污染物排放均有所降低,同时可提升燃烧稳定性,避免过于稀薄而造成的燃烧恶化现象。     

船用预燃室式天然气发动机稀薄燃烧特性试验

以船用预燃室式天然气发动机为研究对象，以点火正时(SOI)和过量空气系数(φ_a)为变量开展缸内稀薄燃烧特性影响规律的研究．在此基础上对试验数据开展主效应和帕累托分析，得出量化的规律性结果．结果表明：一方面，影响着火延迟和燃烧放热速率权重较大的为SOI，通过优化可以将滞燃期缩短至12°CA以内，将燃烧重心控制在14°CA ATDC以前；而对于燃烧持续期，影响权重较大的为φ_a，将各工况下φ_a控制为1.66～1.84，可以将燃烧持续期控制在28°CA以内；另一方面，φ_a的运行范围已经达到并超过了车用重载的稀薄极限．由于采用了独立供气的预燃室形式，船用预燃室式天然气发动机可在缸径较大、平均有效压力(BMEP)较高的前提下实现比重载天然气发动机更加稀薄的燃烧组织，从而有利于实现较高的热效率，同时更好的兼顾NO_x排放．     

主动预燃室式直喷汽油机稀薄燃烧性能研究

为明晰不同点火方式对汽油机稀薄燃烧特性的影响规律,在一款排量为0.5L的研究型单缸机上试验研究了传统火花塞和主动预燃室两种不同点火方式下发动机燃烧及排放特性,探索主动预燃室拓展稀薄燃烧极限的多种影响因素。研究结果表明,稀薄燃烧可有效降低油耗,提高发动机热效率。传统点火线圈的稀燃极限处于过量空气系数1.5附近,最高指示热效率为45.0%,而采用主动预燃室系统后,稀燃极限可进一步拓展,过量空气系数可达2.0,指示热效率提升至46.5%,氮氧化物排放比采用传统火花塞点火技术时降低约88%;主动预燃室匹配高压缩比14.80的燃烧系统,可进一步拓展稀燃极限至过量空气系数2.1,指示热效率可达48.0%,氮氧化物排放继续降低,在过量空气系数采用2.1时NOx排放最低可达58×10-6。     

基于CONVERGE的船用气体机仿真分析

为解决某大型气体燃料发动机燃烧不稳定、燃烧速率慢、热效率下降甚至失火等问题,采用预燃室式燃烧系统并以预燃室混合气加浓的方式实现点火燃烧。应用三维CFD软件CONVERGE对该发动机的排气、进气、压缩和燃烧过程进行了三维CFD数值模拟分析,得到了燃烧室压力、温度、放热率曲线及温度场变化过程等参数;并比较分析了不同点火时刻对燃烧性能的影响。     

稀燃条件下主动预燃室式直喷汽油机燃烧和排放特性研究

为明晰不同点火方式对汽油机稀薄燃烧特性的影响规律,在一款排量为0.5 L的研究型单缸机上试验研究了传统火花塞和主动预燃室两种不同点火方式下发动机燃烧及排放特性,探索主动预燃室拓展稀薄燃烧极限的多种影响因素.研究结果表明,稀薄燃烧可有效降低油耗,提高发动机热效率.传统点火线圈的稀燃极限处于过量空气系数1.5附近,最高指示...     

Effect of hydrogen direct injection on natural gas/hydrogen engine performance under high compression-ratio conditions

In traffic transportation, the use of low-carbon fuels is the key to being carbon-neutral. Hydrogen-enhanced natural gas gets more and more attention, but practical engines fueled with it often suffer from low engine power output. In this study, the inner mechanism of hydrogen direct injection on methane combustion was optically studied based on a dual-fuel supply system. Simultaneous pressure acquisition and high-speed direct photography were used to analyze engine performance and flame characteristics. The results show that lean combustion can improve methane engine's thermal efficiency, but is limited by cyclic variations under high excess air coefficient conditions. Hydrogen addition mainly acts as an ignition promoter for methane lean combustion, as a result, the lean combustion limit and thermal efficiency can be improved. As for hydrogen injection timing, late injection can increase the in-cylinder turbulence intensity but also the inhomogeneity, so a suitable injection timing is needed for improving the engine's performance. Besides, late hydrogen injection is more effective under lean conditions because of the reduced mixture inhomogeneity. The current study shall give some insights into the controlling strategies for natural gas/hydrogen engines.     

天然气发动机的研究现状

天然气能降低发动机的有害物排放,是一种比较理想的发动机代用燃料。稀燃天然气发动机具有较高的热效率和较低的NOx排放。均质充量压缩着火(HCCI)燃烧也是提高稀燃天然气发动机热效率的方法之一,并有很低的NOx排放。本文综述了稀燃天然气发动机和HCCI天然气发动机的研究进展,尤其是燃烧室形状、点火系统、充量分层、加氢等对天然气发动机性能的影响及天然气HCCI发动机的燃烧与排放特点。     

Optical study on the effects of the hydrogen injection timing on lean combustion characteristics using a natural gas/hydrogen dual-fuel injected spark-ignition engine

Lean combustion has the potential to achieve higher thermal efficiency for internal combustion (IC) engines. However, natural gas engines often suffer from slow burning rate and large cyclic variations when adopting lean combustion. In this study, using a dual-fuel optical engine with a high compression ratio, the effects of direct-injected hydrogen on lean combustion characteristics of natural gas engines was investigated, emphasizing the role of hydrogen injection timing. Synchronization measurement of in-cylinder pressure and high-speed photography was performed for combustion analysis. The results show that the direct-injected hydrogen exhibits great improvement in lean combustion instability and power capability of natural gas engines. Visual images and combustion phasing analysis indicate that the underlying reasons are ascribed to the fast flame propagation with hydrogen addition. Regarding the direct injection timings, it is found that late injection of direct-injected hydrogen can achieve higher thermal efficiency, manifesting advanced combustion phasing, and increased heat release rate. Specifically, the flame propagation speed is elevated by approximately 50% at ?100 CAD than that of ?250 CAD. Further analysis indicates that the improvement of engine performance is ascribed to the increased volumetric efficiency and in-cylinder turbulence intensity, manifesting distinct flame centroid pathways at different injection timings. The current study provides insights into the combustion optimization of natural gas engines under lean burning conditions.     

6230SG型天然气发动机研发

在对原有的6230柴油机实施技术改造的基础上,进行6230SG型天然气发动机开发.6230SG型天然气发动机遵循稀薄燃烧原理,采用预燃烧室电火花塞点火,逐缸控制燃气进气正时,燃气-空气混合良好,采用每缸一套机械式燃气控制机构设计.型式试验结果表明:6230SG天然气发动机的各项主要技术指标均达到设计要求.该机获得了中国船级社颁发的天然气发动机型式认可证书,实际应用达到预期要求.     

天然气-汽油双燃料发动机燃烧特性试验研究

为了探究天然气-汽油双燃料燃烧模式在现代发动机上的适用性及潜在优势,基于一台增压直喷发动机结合进气道喷射天然气和缸内喷射汽油,开展了不同负荷、过量空气系数和天然气替代率下天然气-汽油双燃料燃烧特性试验研究。结果表明,低负荷固定转矩工况下,随着天然气质量流量增加,发动机最高燃烧压力提高,燃烧相位提前,循环变动降低,且在稀燃条件下尤为明显。中等负荷固定转矩工况下的燃烧特性变化规律与低负荷工况相似,而在高天然气替代率、稀燃条件下有效热效率随天然气质量流量增加明显提高。高负荷节气门全开工况下,尽管发动机最大转矩有所下降,但爆震起点和强度得到有效抑制,燃烧相位也明显改善,因此可以通过增压来弥补发动机功率不足的问题。     

A comparison between EGR and lean-burn strategies employed in a natural gas SI engine using a two-zone combustion model

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) strategy has been recently employed in natural gas SI engines as an alternative to lean burn technique in order to satisfy the increasingly stringent emission standards. However, the effect of EGR on some of engine performance parameters compared to lean burn is not yet quite certain. In the current study, the effect of both EGR and lean burn on natural gas SI engine performance was compared at similar operating conditions. This was achieved numerically by developing a computer simulation of the four-stroke spark-ignition natural gas engine. A two-zone combustion model was developed to simulate the in-cylinder conditions during combustion. A kinetic model based on the extended Zeldovich mechanism was also developed in order to predict NO emission. The combustion model was validated using experimental data and a good agreement between the results was found. It was demonstrated that adding EGR to the stoichiometric inlet charge at constant inlet pressure of 130 kPa decreased power more rapidly than excess air; however, the power loss was recovered by increasing the inlet pressure from 130 kPa at zero dilution to 150 kPa at 20% EGR dilution. The engine fuel consumption increased by 10% when 20% EGR dilution was added at inlet pressure of 150 kPa compared to using 20% air dilution at 130 kPa. However, it was found that EGR dilution strategy is capable of producing extremely lower NO emission than lean burn technique. NO emission was reduced by about 70% when the inlet charge was diluted at a rate of 20% using EGR instead of excess air.     

TJ376QE二气门发动机稀薄燃烧的实验研究

汽油机燃烧稀混合气是降低有害尾气排放、燃油消耗率的有效途径。由于二气门发动机改变缸内气体流动比较困难,难以形成空气燃料浓度分布,因此目前国际上成功的稀燃发动机均为四气门结构。为增强其涡流和滚流运动,对二气门的TJ37GQE汽油机进气系统进行了改造,随后强烈的空气运动结果表明其有利于组织空气和燃料在缸内的浓度分布,从而为在二气门汽油机上实现稀薄燃烧打下基础;通过采用二次燃油喷射技术,在缸内形成准均质分层混合气,成功地在二气门汽油机上实现了稀薄燃烧。     

Experimental study of stratified lean burn characteristics on a dual injection gasoline engine

Due to increasingly stringent fuel consumption and emission regulation, improving thermal efficiency and reducing particulate matter emissions are two main issues for next generation gasoline engine. Lean burn mode could greatly reduce pumping loss and decrease the fuel consumption of gasoline engines, although the burning rate is decreased by higher diluted intake air. In this study, dual injection stratified combustion mode is used to accelerate the burning rate of lean burn by increasing the fuel concentration near the spark plug. The effects of engine control parameters such as the excess air coefficient (Lambda), direct injection (DI) ratio, spark interval with DI, and DI timing on combustion, fuel consumption, gaseous emissions, and particulate emissions of a dual injection gasoline engine are studied. It is shown that the lean burn limit can be extended to Lambda= 1.8 with a low compression ratio of 10, while the fuel consumption can be obviously improved at Lambda= 1.4. There exists a spark window for dual injection stratified lean burn mode, in which the spark timing has a weak effect on combustion. With optimization of the control parameters, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases 9.05% more than that of original stoichiometric combustion with DI as 2 bar brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) at a 2000 r/min engine speed. The NO_x emissions before three-way catalyst (TWC) are 71.31% lower than that of the original engine while the particle number (PN) is 81.45% lower than the original engine. The dual injection stratified lean burn has a wide range of applications which can effectively reduce fuel consumption and particulate emissions. The BSFC reduction rate is higher than 5% and the PN reduction rate is more than 50% with the speed lower than 2400 r/min and the load lower than 5 bar.     

Pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition of methane/air mixtures with multiple orifices in a large bore constant volume chamber: effect of air-fuel equivalence ratio and pre-mixed pressure

Liquefied natural gas (LNG), mainly composed of methane, is in progress to substitute diesel fuel in heavy-duty marine engine for practical, economic, and environmental considerations. However, natural gas is relatively difficult to be ignited in a large bore combustion chamber. A combustion enhancement technique called pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition (TJI) can permit combustion and flame propagation in a large-bore volume. To investigate the effect of air-fuel equivalence ratio and pre-mixed pressure on pre-chamber TJI of methane/air mixtures with multiple orifices in a large bore volume, experimental tests and computational simulations were implemented to study the discharge of hot turbulent jets from six orifices of the pre-chamber. Different initial pressures and air-fuel equivalence ratios were considered to analyze the characteristics of TJI. The asymmetry of the turbulent jet actuated from six different orifices were found due to the asymmetric orientation of the spark plug, resulting in the inhomogeneous distribution of combustion in the constant volume chamber, which should be considered seriously in the marine engine design. Besides, as the premixed pressure increases, it has more effect on the flame propagation and plays a more important role, as it further increases.