数字化智能化产品设计方法与技术的发展

目的 回顾产品设计方法与技术的发展经历,建立设计方法与技术的定式化分类框架,分析数字化智能化产品设计技术的研究与应用热点,展望智能化创新设计技术的未来发展趋势与挑战。方法 通过对已有的产品设计方法与技术的分析,将设计对象、设计阶段、设计资源、设计手段作为设计方法与技术的分类要素,构建设计方法与技术的定式化分类框架;通过确定各分类要素的具体内容,可以明确不同的设计方法与技术,如数字化智能化产品设计技术;利用该定式化分类框架,展望未来数字化智能化产品设计技术的发展趋势。结论 提出了一种用于产品设计方法与技术定式化的分类框架,界定了基于模型的系统设计与仿真优化、基于互联网的开放式众包设计和数据驱动的设计等三个热点研究方向,指出了产品全生命周期一体化设计、混合智能驱动的创新设计的趋势与挑战。     

Application of glyph-based techniques for multivariate engineering visualization

This article presents a review of glyph-based techniques for engineering visualization as well as practical application for the multivariate visualization process. Two glyph techniques, Chernoff faces and star glyphs, uncommonly used in engineering practice, are described, applied to the selected data set, run through the chosen optimization methods and user evaluated. As an example of how these techniques function, a set of data for the optimization of a heat exchanger with a microchannel coil is adopted for visualization. The results acquired by the chosen visualization techniques are related to the results of optimization carried out by the response surface method and compared with the results of user evaluation. Based on the data set from engineering research and practice, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques for engineering visualization are identified and discussed.     

Additive manufacturing process monitoring and control by non-destructive testing techniques: challenges and in-process monitoring

This paper examines on the obstacles specific to the implementation of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques in additive manufacturing (AM). The general challenges impeding the adoption of AM for volume production of parts, and the use of NDT techniques to ameliorate some of these challenges are studied. These challenges include the lack of understanding of AM materials, and insufficient standards for the mechanical testing and NDT of additively manufactured parts. An overview on the principle of operation for in-process inspection NDT methods is presented. The techniques include thermography, and acoustic emission testing. The applications of these NDT techniques in AM and their suitability for defects detection of additively manufactured parts are reviewed. The sensitivity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are evaluated. The types of defects, and the detectability of these defects by NDT techniques are assessed.     

Solution techniques for pulse problems in non-linear stochastic dynamics

Advantages and disadvantages of available solution techniques for pulse problems in non-linear stochastic dynamics are discussed. First, random pulse problems, both, those which do and do not lead to Markov theory, are presented. Next, the analytical and analytically numerical techniques suitable for Markov response problems such as moment equations, Petrov–Galerkin and cell-to-cell mapping techniques are briefly discussed. Usefulness of these techniques is limited by the fact that effectiveness of each of them depends on the mean rate of impulses. Another limitation is the size of the problem, i.e. the number of state variables of the dynamical system. In contrast, the applicability of the simulation techniques is not limited to Markov problems, nor is it dependent on the mean rate of impulses. Moreover their use is straightforward for a large class of point processes, at least for renewal processes.     

直升机旋翼桨涡干扰噪声主动控制技术综述

旋翼桨涡干扰噪声是典型的直升机噪声类型之一,会显著增大直升机总体噪声水平,带来严重的环境噪声污染。主动控制技术是降低桨涡干扰噪声的有效手段之一。针对旋翼桨涡干扰噪声主动控制技术的研究情况进行概述。首先介绍高阶谐波控制(HHC)、独立桨距控制(IBC)、主动后缘襟翼控制(ACF)等桨涡干扰噪声主动控制技术的概念及产生过程;然后针对每种技术的发展历程及研究现状进行归纳总结;之后重点讨论桨涡干扰噪声主动控制所采用控制算法的发展趋势;最后对旋翼桨涡干扰噪声主动控制技术的发展趋势进行展望,并结合国内研究情况指出开展桨涡干扰噪声主动控制研究的关键技术及途径。     

Progress in Microfluidics‐Based Exosome Separation and Detection Technologies for Diagnostic Applications

Exosomes are secreted by most cell types and circulate in body fluids. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes play a significant role in intercellular communication and are closely associated with the pathogenesis of disease. Therefore, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for disease diagnosis. However, exosomes are always mixed with other components of body fluids. Consequently, separation methods for exosomes that allow high‐purity and high‐throughput separation with a high recovery rate and detection techniques for exosomes that are rapid, highly sensitive, highly specific, and have a low detection limit are indispensable for diagnostic applications. For decades, many exosome separation and detection techniques have been developed to achieve the aforementioned goals. However, in most cases, these two techniques are performed separately, which increases operation complexity, time consumption, and cost. The emergence of microfluidics offers a promising way to integrate exosome separation and detection functions into a single chip. Herein, an overview of conventional and microfluidics‐based techniques for exosome separation and detection is presented. Moreover, the advantages and drawbacks of these techniques are compared.     

Evaluation of adequacy of quantitative laboratory chemical analysis techniques

According to GOST R ISO/IEC 17027, evaluation of adequacy of testing (analysis, measurements) techniques is a constituent element of laboratory technical competence. The stages of the work performed when evaluating adequacy of quantitative chemical analysis techniques, the range of determined metrological characteristics, and the ways of their presentation depending on the applied algorithms of evaluating the precision parameters of analysis techniques are considered. It is shown that, for the majority of the analysis techniques applied in accordance with the requirements of the regulating normative documents (ND), Russian practice of development, certification, and acceptance tolerance for measurement techniques does not necessitate a laboratory procedure of adequacy evaluation. As far as these techniques are concerned, the possibility of correctly using them in laboratory conditions is verified prior to their application for work sample analysis. Algorithms demonstrating the adequacy (experimentally verified compliance) of the analysis performed in laboratory conditions to documented requirements are recommended.     

材料前沿测试表征技术及其在船舶材料领域的应用展望

材料测试表征技术是了解材料宏观和微观特征、剖析材料科学问题、进行材料应用评价的基础,测试表征技术的发展极大地加速了材料科学重大发现和重要理论创新的进程,密切跟踪测试表征技术前沿动态并尝试在科研生产中加以运用是材料研究的主要创新途径。通过了解材料基础研究和工程应用所关注的关键性能特征(如力学性能、化学成分、微观特征、疲劳性能、腐蚀性能等)的测试表征技术的发展现状,并分析前沿测试表征技术在船舶材料中的应用前景,为船舶领域的材料研制和工程应用研究提供参考。      

Adaptive forecasting techniques

The class of exponential smoothing models which vary the values of their parameters to adapt to changing conditions in a time series are referred to as adaptive forecasting techniques. In this article criteria for evaluating forecasting models are presented and the features of a simple exponential smoothing model that are exploited by the adaptive techniques are discussed. Several adaptive forecasting schemes are described and classified, and examples of the performance of these techniques are presented.     

Business improvement tools and techniques: a comparison across sectors and industries

The purpose of this study was to investigate the awareness, usage, perceived effectiveness and potential future use of improvement tools and techniques via two sets of comparisons: between public and private sector organisations, and between manufacturers and service organisations. The need for the study was driven by the current lack of understanding of the extent of improvement tools and techniques adoption on a global scale. A questionnaire survey of 453 respondents from over 20 countries was conducted and the quantitative data were analysed through use of the IBM SPSS software package. The study’s findings indicated that there are no significant differences between both sets of organisations for the majority of improvement tools and techniques. However, this study has shown that public sector organisations are more likely to adopt some improvement tools and techniques in comparison to their private sector counterparts. Similarly, service organisations are also more likely to adopt some improvement tools and techniques than their manufacturing counterparts. These results contradict the conventional perception that improvement tools and techniques are used more often by the private sector and manufacturing organisations.     

Designing techniques for systemic impact: lessons from C-K theory and matroid structures

As underlined in Arthur’s book “the nature of technology”, we are very knowledgeable on the design of objects, services or technical systems, but we don’t know much on the dynamics of technologies. Still contemporary innovation often consists in designing techniques with systemic impact. They are pervasive—both invasive and perturbing—and they recompose the family of techniques. Can we model the impact and the design of such techniques? More specifically: how can one design generic technology, i.e. a single technology that provokes a complete reordering of families of techniques? Advances in design theories open new possibilities to answer these questions. In this paper, we use C-K design theory and a matroid-based model of the set of techniques to propose a new model (C-K/Ma) of the dynamics of techniques, accounting for the design of generic technologies. We show that: (1) C-K/Ma accounts for basic phenomena in the design of pervasive (and non-pervasive) techniques, in particular for generic techniques. (2) C-K/Ma, when applied iteratively, helps to propose new laws for the dynamics of techniques and helps to build strategic alternatives in the design of techniques. Moreover, C-K/Ma contributes to design theory since it provides some basic quantifiers and operations that could lead to a computational model of the process of designing techniques with systemic impact.     

钢筋混凝土腐蚀的电化学检测研究现状

综述了混凝土中钢筋腐蚀的几种重要的电化学检测技术,主要包括线性极化电阻的测量、电化学阻抗谱的应用和电化学噪声的测量与分析,重点介绍了电化学噪声技术在钢筋混凝土失效方面的应用,并比较了各种方法的优缺点,同时展望了钢筋混凝土腐蚀的电化学检测的发展方向。     

On the numerical solution of non-linear reservoir flow models with gravity

Based on a two-phase fluid model for immiscible displacement in a porous medium, we develop and analyse numerical solution techniques for certain non-linear phenomena. Two different solution strategies for the treatment of gravity effects, which are non-trivial to model by existing solution techniques and may be of great influence in many practical flow situations, are presented. The solution procedures are based on an operator-splitting technique, combining the modified method of characteristics with finite element techniques and adaptive grid refinement.     

Autocorrelated SPC for Non‐Normal Situations

The importance of statistical process control (SPC) techniques in quality improvement is well recognized in industry. However, most conventional SPC techniques have been developed under the assumption of independent, identically and normally distributed observations. With advances in sensing and data capturing technologies, large volumes of data are being routinely collected from individual units in manufacturing industries. These data are often autocorrelated and skewed. Conventional SPC techniques can lead to false alarms or other types of poor performance monitoring of such data. There is a great need for process control techniques for variation reduction in these environments. Much recent research has focused on the development of appropriate SPC techniques for autocorrelated data, but few studies have considered the impact of non‐normality on these techniques. This paper investigates the effect of skewness on conventional autocorrelated SPC techniques, and provides an effective approach based on a scaled weighted variance approach to improve SPC performance in such an environment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

车身制造中的铝合金板热处理-冲压一体化技术

随着能源和环境问题日益严峻,对汽车轻量化的需求愈发强烈,高比强度铝合金板在车身中的应用成为重要发展方向.铝合金板在室温下较低的成形性促使人们将各种成形技术引入到汽车制造领域.本文简述了适用于铝合金板件小批量生产的超塑性成形和板材液压成形等特种成形技术,重点介绍了适用于铝合金构件大批量生产的热处理-冲压一体化技术,包括带中间退火-冲压一体化技术、温冲压、W态下冲压和热冲压,阐明了它们的发展历史和现状,指出铝合金板热处理-冲压一体化技术控形控性的关键,最后比较了不同技术的优缺点,并展望了铝合金板冲压技术未来应重点开展的工作.     

Implementation sequence of engineering and management techniques for enhancing the effectiveness of production and inventory control system

This paper discusses a methodology to determine an appropriate sequence for implementing engineering and management (E&M) techniques for enhancing the effectiveness of the production and inventory control (P&IC) system. Firstly, direct relationships among E&M techniques are analysed using the fuzzy interpretive structural modelling (FISM) approach. A procedure based on a max-min fuzzy composition of the direct relationships is also applied to determine indirect relationships among E&M techniques. Then, an appropriate implementation sequence of these E&M techniques is determined based on the driver power and dependence scores that are derived from the overall direct and indirect relationships among these techniques.     

Validation of efficiency tracing and zero detection threshold techniques using liquid scintillation analyser TriCarb

Efficiency tracing with unquenched 14C and zero detection threshold with unquenched 3H as tracers are practical and simple techniques which have been implemented to quantify the activity of various beta emitters using liquid scintillation analyser. These techniques are used to study the influence of quench level on activity quantification and the activity levels up to which these techniques are applicable. The results indicate that, for an activity level of 166.67 Bq, both the techniques are in good agreement with the reference activity with a relative discrepancy of ≤4.6 %. The relative discrepancy of ~10 % is observed for extreme quench values of ~111. For all the radionuclides with the activity level of 1.67 Bq, the uncertainty in activity quantification raises to ~8 % and for the activity level from 8.33 to 100 Bq, the uncertainty reduces to 1 %.     

Survey and analysis of various image fusion techniques for clinical CT and MRI images

The research and development of biomedical imaging techniques requires more number of image data from medical image acquisition devices, like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission technology, and single photon emission computed tomography. Multimodal image fusion is the process of combining information from various images to get the maximum amount of content captured by a single image acquisition device at different angles and different times or stages. This article analyses and compares the performance of different existing image fusion techniques for the clinical images in the medical field. The fusion techniques compared are simple or pixel‐based fusion, pyramid‐based fusion, and transform‐based fusion techniques. Four set of CT and MRI images are used for the above fusion techniques. The performance of the fused results is measured with seven parameters. The experimental results show that out of seven parameters the values of four parameters, such as average difference, mean difference, root mean square error, and standard deviation are minimum and the values of remaining three parameters, such as peak signal to noise ratio, entropy, and mutual information are maximum. From the experimental results, it is clear that out of 14 fusion techniques taken for survey, image fusion using dual tree complex wavelet transform gives better fusion result for the clinical CT and MRI images. Advantages and limitations of all the techniques are discussed with their experimental results and their relevance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 24, 193–202, 2014.     

氧化锆基固体电解质制备技术最新研究进展

综述了几种氧化锆基固体电解质制备技术，阐述电化学气相沉积（EVD），等离子喷涂、流延、凝胶注膜等制膜技术的发展现状，并提出制备技术要满足的低成本，薄膜化的发展方向。