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1.
Cuphea-oleic estolides and esters were synthesized from cuphea and oleic FA with various amounts of perchloric acid (0.01
to 0.40 equiv) at 60°C. Estolide yields ranged from 30 to 65% after Kugelrohr distillation. Estolide number (EN), the average
number of FA units added to a base FA, varied with reaction conditions. Cuphea-oleic estolides were esterified with 2-ethylhexanol
to obtain high yields of the corresponding ester. A streamlined, one-pot process was used to synthesize the estolide and its
ester with 0.05 equiv of HClO4, with, esterification incorporated into an in situ second step to provide a functional fluid at a very reasonable cost. The physical properties of the cuphea-oleic estolides
and estolide esters, including their viscosities, pour points, and cloud points, were related directly to the amount of oligomerization
(EN), i.e., viscosity increased with higher oligomerization. The viscosity index ranged from 132 to 166 cSt for the free-acid
estolides, whereas the complex estolide 2-ethylhexyl esters had slightly high viscosity indices that ranged from 165 to 181
cSt. These new cuphea-oleic estolide esters displayed good low-temperature properties (pour point −42°C and cloud point −41°C). 相似文献
2.
Steven C. Cermak Jakob W. Bredsguard Billee L. John Kristy Kirk Travis Thompson Katelyn N. Isbell Kati A. Feken Terry A. Isbell Rex Murray 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2013,90(12):1895-1902
Acetic‐ and butyric‐capped oleic estolide 2‐ethylhexyl (2‐EH) esters were synthesized in a perchloric acid catalyzed (0.05 equiv) one‐pot process from industrial 90 % oleic acid and either acetic or butyric fatty acids at two different ratios. This was directly followed by the esterification process incorporated into an in‐situ second step to provide a low viscosity estolide ester functional fluid. The monoestolide and polyestolides were separated via vacuum distillation (6–13 Pa) at 240–250 °C. The physical properties of these materials were followed throughout the synthetic process and are reported. The final low viscosity acetic‐ and butyric‐capped monoestolide 2‐EH esters had viscosities of 19.9 and 24.2 cSt at 40 °C and 4.8 and 5.5 cSt at 100 °C with viscosity indexes (VI) of 161 and 163, respectively. Both monoestolide esters displayed excellent pour points (PPs). The PPs of the two were as follows: acetic‐capped estolide 2‐EH ester PP = ?45 °C and butyric‐capped estolide 2‐EH ester PP = ?27 °C. The biodegradable short‐capped oleic estolide 2‐EH esters had excellent low temperature properties and should perform well in low viscosity applications. 相似文献
3.
Steven C. Cermak Girma Biresaw Terry A. Isbell 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2008,85(9):879-885
The rotating pressurized vessel oxidation test (RPVOT) was used in the analysis and determination of a new oxidative stability
package (OSP) for a series of estolide based materials. Three antioxidants (BHT, two different alkylated diphenyl amines)
were used in either 0.5 or 1.0 wt/wt%, in different ratios, and in conjunction with one another (hindered phenol/alkylated
diphenyl amines or hindered phenol/mixed alkylated diphenyl amines). The estolide-based samples analyzed for their resistance
to oxidation were two pure (distilled) estolides (oleic estolide 2-EH esters and coco-oleic estolide 2-EH esters), an estolide
mixture that was analyzed straight from the reaction (coco-oleic estolide 2-EH esters with coco 2-EH esters) and finally the
ester fraction from the estolide mixture (coco 2-EH esters). The coco estolide mixture and coco 2-EH esters had the best overall
RPVOT times with 1.0% of the alkylated diphenyl amine, coco estolide mixture, 326 min, and coco 2-EH esters, 310 min. Coco
estolides were expected to have an advantage over the simple oleic estolides due to the increase in saturation in the estolide.
Unexpectedly, the two distilled estolides (oleic and coco) had very similar RPVOT max times with all the antioxidants, and
were much higher than the other oxidative packages tested to date. In general, the alkylated diphenyl amine outperformed mixed
alkylated diphenyl amines in the majority of the individual samples tested specially the coco 2-EH esters and distilled coco-oleic
estolide 2-EH esters material at 1% OSP. Overall, a series of new antioxidants were tested and compared to other commercial
products. A variety of physical properties of the four estolide based material were collected and compared to commercially
acceptable material. Coco-oleic estolide 2-EH esters were formulated to have excellent pour points (−36 °C), were both oxidatively
and hydrolytically stable (RPVOT, 310 min), with expected good biodegradability which should help commercialization.
Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard
of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also
be suitable. 相似文献
4.
Shehu Isah Jainwei Zhang Girma Biresaw Gary D. Strahan Alberto Nunez Victor T. Wyatt Helen Ngo Gulnihal Ozbay 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2021,98(6):683-695
Previously synthesized C36-dimer acids (DA) have been esterified (97 ± 0.2% conversion at 120 °C for 72 hours) with 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) to produce a new class of C52-DA 2-EH esters that have potential application in biolubricant formulations such as base oils and additives. Investigation of physicochemical and lubricant properties showed the bio-based esters have good solubility in commercial base stocks such as polyalpha olefin (PAO-6) (>20 w/w) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSuO) (>20 w/w). The neat C52-DA 2-EH esters displayed a three- to eightfold higher kinematic viscosity and comparable viscosity index (VI = 134) as a commercial base stock, PAO-6 (VI =137). Both C52-DA 2-EH esters, whose parent C36-DA were synthesized with two different zeolite catalysts, were oxidatively stable above 176 °C. Blending C52-DA 2-EH esters in HOSuO improved the pour point (PP) of HOSuO from −18.8 to −21.0 °C at 1% w/w and the cloud point (CP) from −6.3 to −10.6 °C at 8% w/w of C52-DA 2-EH ester 1. A similar trend was observed for C52-DA 2-EH ester 2, indicating that the esters possess PP depressant (PPD) characteristics in HOSuO blends. Blending C52-DA 2-EH esters in PAO-6 increased the VI of PAO-6, which is an indication that the bio-based esters were acting as VI improvers (VII). It was concluded that C52-DA 2-EH esters can be employed commercially as bio-based base oils and as PPD and VII additives in lubricant formulations. 相似文献
5.
Thomas A. Foglia Lloyd A. Nelson Robert O. Dunn William N. Marmer 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1997,74(8):951-955
The low-temperature properties of mono-alkyl esters derived from tallow and recycled greases were determined for neat esters
and 20% ester blends in No. 2 low-sulfur diesel fuel. Properties studied included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging
point, low-temperature flow test, crystallization onset temperature, and kinematic viscosity. Compositional properties of
the alkyl esters determined included water, residual free fatty acids, and free glycerol content. In general, the secondary
alkyl esters of tallow showed significantly improved cold-temperature properties over the normal tallow alkyl ester derivatives.
The low-temperature flow test did not show a 1:1 correlation with cloud point as previously observed with methyl soyate and
methyl tallowate. For the homologous series methyl to n-butyl tallowate, ethyl tallowate had the best broad-spectrum low-temperature properties, both neat and when blended in diesel
fuel. For the greases studied, both the normal and branched alkyl ester derivatives showed improved properties over corresponding
tallow esters, especially with neat esters. 相似文献
6.
Several fatty derivatives with bulky moieties were prepared by treatment of epoxidized isopropyl oleate with a number of alcohols
in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst to provide a series of α-hydroxy ethers in good yield. The materials were analyzed
for cold flow performance through cloud point and pour point determinations. The most promising α-hydroxy ether produced in
this study, with respect to both low temperature behavior and economic criteria, was isopropyl 9(10)-(2-ethylhexoxy) 10(9)-hydroxystearate,
which has a cloud point of −23°C and pour point of −24°C. 相似文献
7.
Improving the low-temperature properties of alternative diesel fuels: Vegetable oil-derived methyl esters 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
R. O. Dunn M. W. Shockley M. O. Bagby 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(12):1719-1728
This work explores near-term approaches for improving the low-temperature properties of triglyceride oil-derived fuels for
direct-injection compression-ignition (diesel) engines. Methyl esters from transesterified soybean oil were evaluated as a
neat fuel and in blends with petroleum middle distillates. Winterization showed that the cloud point (CP) of methyl soyate
may be reduced to −16°C. Twelve cold-flow additives marketed for distillates were tested by standard petroleum methodologies,
including CP, pour point (PP), kinematic viscosity, cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and low-temperature flow test (LTFT).
Results showed that additive treatment significantly improves the PP of distillate/methyl ester blends; however, additives
do not greatly affect CP or viscosity. Both CFPP and LTFT were nearly linear functions of CP, a result that compares well
with earlier studies with untreated distillate/methyl ester blends. In particular, additives proved capable of reducing LTFT
of neart methyl esters by 5–6°C. This work supports earlier research on the low-temperature properties; that is, approaches
for improving the cold flow of methyl ester-based diesel fuels should continue to focus on reducing CP. 相似文献
8.
Terry A. Isbell Benjamin A. Lowery Steven C. Cermak 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2020,97(4):425-435
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) diesters from estolides of oleic acid, ricinoleic acid, and 12-hydroxy stearic acid were used up to 5 wt% additive in petroleum-derived base oils: 100 N, 220 N, 600 N, PAO 2cSt, PAO 4cst, and PAO 8cSt. The viscosity indices of the petroleum base oils were the lowest (VI = 104–108); the polyalpholefin (PAO) synthetic petroleum-derived base oils were better (VI = 124–136) and the vegetable-derived oils were the best (VI = 111–205). 12-Hydroxystearic estolide PEG 400 diester gave the largest increase in viscosity index in 5% w/w admixtures with PAO 2cSt, 4cSt, 220 N, and 600 N base oils with a 12.3–16.3% increase in viscosity index. Single fatty chain esters had the least impact on viscosity index. As the molecule bulk increased, the viscosity index also increased. This viscosity index effect was demonstrated for the series of monomer to oleic estolide to oleic estolide PEG-200 diester, which gave viscosity indices of 110, 111–122, respectively, in 5% admixtures with 100 N base oil. The larger the size of the molecule coupled with the polar PEG moiety gave the largest impact on viscosity index improvement where a 5 wt% admixture of 12-hydroxystearate estolide PEG-200 diester gave a 25.8% increase in 100 °C viscosity in PAO 2cSt. Incorporation of a dihydroxyl moiety into the molecule at a central side chain location in laurate-capped ricinoleate estolide PEG-200 diester did not increase viscosity index of the base oil but greatly reduced its solubility to less than 0.5 wt%. 相似文献
9.
Use of branched-chain esters to reduce the crystallization temperature of biodiesel 总被引:12,自引:17,他引:12
Inmok Lee Lawrence A. Johnson Earl G. Hammond 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1995,72(10):1155-1160
To reduce the tendency of biodiesel to crystallize at low temperatures, branched-chain alcohols were used to esterify various
fats and oils, and the crystallization properties of the branched esters were compared with those of methyl esters by using
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cloud point, and pour point. Compared with the methyl esters that are commonly used
in biodiesel, branched-chain esters greatly reduced the crystallization onset temperature (TCO) of neat esters and their corresponding ester diesel fuel blends. Isopropyl and 2-butyl esters of normal (∼10 wt% palmitate)
soybean oil (SBO) crystallized 7–11 and 12–14°C lower, respectively, than the corresponding methyl esters. The benefit of
the branched-chain esters in lowering TCO increased when the esters were blended with diesel fuel. Esters made from a low-palmitate (3.8%) SBO crystallized 5–6°C lower
than those of normal SBO. Isopropyl esters of lard and tallow had TCO values similar to that of methyl esters of SBO. DSC provided an accurate means of monitoring crystallization, and the DSC
results correlated with cloud and pour point measurements. 相似文献
10.
Low-temperature property and engine performance evaluation of ethyl and isopropyl esters of tallow and grease 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
Wen-Hsin Wu Thomas A. Foglia William N. Marmer Robert O. Dunn Carroll E. Goering Thomas E. Briggs 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(12):1173-1178
Three monoalkyl fatty acid esters derived from tallow and grease were prepared by lipase-catalyzed transesterification and
evaluated as prospective diesel engine fuels. The low-temperature properties of the esters, both neat and as 20% blends in
No. 2 diesel fuel, were evaluated. Those properties included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, low-temperature
flow test, and crystallization onset temperature. Other properties of the esters, such as kinematic viscosity, heating value,
and calculated cetane number, also were determined. All three esters had acceptable physical and low-temperature properties,
as well as acceptable fuel properties at the 20% level in diesel blends. Engine performance and emissions for the ester blends
were determined in a direct-injection, matched two-cylinder diesel engine. Among the monoalkyl esters studied, ethyl greasate
had better properties and engine performance characteristics than the two tallow esters. For the latter esters, isopropyl
tallowate had better properties than ethyl tallowate.
Presented in part at the 88th Annual Meeting of American Oil Chemists’ Society, Seattle, WA, May 1997. 相似文献
11.
Wen-Hsin Wu Thomas A. Foglia William N. Marmer Robert O. Dunn Carroll E. Goering Thomas E. Briggs 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(9):1173-1178
Three monoalkyl fatty acid esters derived from tallow and grease were prepared by lipase-catalyzed transesterification and
evaluated as prospective diesel engine fuels. The low-temperature properties of the esters, both neat and as 20% blends in
No. 2 diesel fuel, were evaluated. Those properties included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, low-temperature
flow test, and crystallization onset temperature. Other properties of the esters, such as kinematic viscosity, heating value,
and calculated cetane number, also were determined. All three esters had acceptable physical and low-temperature properties,
as well as acceptable fuel properties at the 20% level in diesel blends. Engine performance and emissions for the ester blends
were determined in a direct-injection, matched two-cylinder diesel engine. Among the monoalkyl esters studied, ethyl greasate
had better properties and engine performance characteristics than the two tallow esters. For the latter esters, isopropyl
tallowate had better properties than ethyl tallowate.
Presented in part at the 88th Annual Meeting of American Oil Chemists’ Society, Seattle, WA, May 1997. 相似文献
12.
In order to improve the oxidative stability and cold flow properties of oleic acid or methyl oleate, branch chain isomerization
was conducted using a beta zeolite catalyst. Reaction conditions of temperature (200–300 °C), pressure (0.1–3.0 MPa), and
co-catalyst (0–2 wt%) were optimized based on branch chain conversion and the cloud point of the ester following the isomerization
reaction of oleic acid or methyl oleate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatograph equipped with
Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses were used to analyze and quantify the isomerization product samples, while the cloud point
of each sample was tested. The lowest and therefore, best cloud point measured was −15.2 °C at conditions of 200 °C, 3 MPa,
and 2% co-catalyst using methyl oleate as a starting material. The highest branch chain conversion achieved was 50% under
conditions of 300 °C, 1.5 MPa and 0% co-catalyst using oleic acid as a starting material. The use of oleic acid and methyl
oleate is based on whether it is optimal to carry out the skeletal isomerization before or after the esterification reaction.
Performing the isomerization reaction on the ester was preferred over the fatty acid based on the trans isomerization and cloud point results. Reducing the unbranched trans isomers was desirable in obtaining a low cloud point. 相似文献
13.
Synthetic lubricant basestocks were prepared from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) to be used alone
or with polyalphaolefin (PAO). Sulfuric acid-catalyzed reaction of ESO with 2-EH involves a ring-opening reaction at the epoxy
group followed by transesterification at the ester group. Reaction with other catalysts including p-toluenesulfonic acid, Dowex 50W-8X, boron trifluoride, and sodium methoxide was also examined. Pour points of the products
were observed as lows as −21 and −30°C without and with 1% of pour point depressant, respectively. When the hydroxy groups
in the products were esterified with an acid anhydride, lower pour points were observed. Pour point depression of the product
by adding PAO has been tested. Oxidative stability of the product was examined using pressurized DSC and compared with those
of synthetic lubricant basestocks, PAO, and a synthetic ester. 相似文献
14.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Melting Points of Fatty Acids and Esters Determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The melting point is one of the most important physical properties of a chemical compound and it plays a significant role
in determining possible applications. For fatty acid esters the melting point is essential for a variety of food and non-food
applications, the latter including biodiesel and its cold-flow properties. In this work, the melting points of fatty acids
and esters (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) in the C8–C24 range were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), many of which for the first time. Data for triacylglycerols
as well as ricinoleic acid and its methyl and ethyl esters were also acquired. For some compounds whose melting points have
been previously reported, data discrepancies exist and a comprehensive determination by DSC has not been available. Variations
in the present data up to several °C compared to data in prior literature were observed. The melting points of some methyl-branched
iso- and anteiso-acids and esters were also determined. Previously unreported systematic effects of compound structure on
melting point are presented, including those for ω-9 monounsaturated fatty acids and esters as well as for methyl-branched
iso and anteiso fatty acids and esters. The melting point of a pure fatty acid or ester as determined by DSC can vary up to
approximately 1 °C. Other thermal data, including heat flow and melting onset temperatures are briefly discussed.
Product names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard
of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also
be suitable. 相似文献
15.
Daniel Swern H. B. Knight John T. Scanlan Waldo C. Ault 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1945,22(11):302-304
Summary Tallow fatty acids have been fractionally crystallized from acetone at temperatures ranging from 0° to −60° C.
By crystallizing at 0° to −20° C., a saturated acid fraction which amounts to 40 to 50% by weight of the starting material
has been obtained. This fraction corresponds to “double- or triple-pressed stearic acid.”
The filtrate acids from the crystallization at −20° C. contain over 90% of the oleic acid present in the starting material,
and in fatty acid composition this mixture is similar to olive oil. From this fraction. which amounts to about 50% by weight
of the starting material, a synthetic triglyceride with, properties approximating those of olive oil has been prepared.
By low-temperature crystallization of this oleic-acid-rich fraction at −50° to −60° C., followed by fractional distillation,
a good yield of purified oleic acid (oleic acid content, over 95%) has been obtained.
One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Chemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, United
States Department of Agriculture. 相似文献
16.
Nongnuch Sutivisedsak Bryan R. Moser Brajendra K. Sharma Roque L. Evangelista Huai N. Cheng William C. Lesch Robert R. Tangsrud Atanu Biswas 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(2):193-200
Four common beans (black, kidney, great northern, and pinto) were extracted with hexane and found to contain about 2% triacylglycerols.
The fatty acids in these bean oils were mainly linolenic (41.7–46 wt%), linoleic (24.1–33.4 wt%), palmitic (10.7–12.7 wt%)
and oleic (5.2–9.5 wt%). Because of the high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the bean oils had iodine values between
174 and 177 g/100 g (compared to 130 g/100 g for soybean oil). Yet, the bean oils exhibited high oxidative stability due to
the presence of high amounts of tocopherols (2,670–2,970 ppm). The bean oils had lower pour points (−18 to −11 °C) compared
to −9 °C for soybean oil. Among the four bean oils, kidney bean oil had the highest acid value (15.4 mg KOH/g) and kinematic
viscosities over a wide range of temperatures. 相似文献
17.
Ch. Bindhu J. R. C. Reddy B. V. S. K. Rao T. Ravinder P. P. Chakrabarti M. S. L. Karuna R. B. N. Prasad 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2012,89(5):891-896
Sterculia foetida oil contains cyclopropene fatty acids namely 8,9-methylene-heptadec-8-enoic acid (malvalic) and 9,10-methylene-octadec-9-enoic
acid (sterculic) to an extent of 50–55%. The present study reports the preparation of biodiesel from S. foetida oil using sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The resultant biodiesel was evaluated for physico-chemical properties namely iodine
value (72.6), free fatty acids (0.17%), phosphorous content (0 ppm), flash point (179 °C), cloud point (3 °C), pour point
(3 °C), viscosity at 40 °C (4.72 cSt), oxidative stability at 110 °C (3.42 h), density (0.850 g/cm3 at 15 °C), and trace metals (Group I metals 0.21 ppm). The properties were compared with that of sunflower, soybean and rapeseed
oil-based biodiesels and found to be comparable except for the pour point. 相似文献
18.
Roy R. Chao Steven J. Mulvaney Hsimin Huang 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1993,70(2):139-143
Edible beef tallow was extracted by supercritical CO2 in a dynamic mode at pressures from 138 to 345 bars and temperatures of 40 and 50°C. The lipid fractions were collected at
34.5 bar/40°C. A retrograde behavior of lipid solubility was observed around 170–175 bar. The ranges of the cholesterol concentration
[chol.], were 300–450 mg/100 g and 50–200 mg/100 g lipid for the fractions extracted at 138 bar and 345 bar, respectively.
Beef tallow was also extracted with sequentially varied pressures of 138, 345 and 138 bars at 40°C and collected at 34.5 bar/40°C.
The results showed that after 20 kg CO2 was used for extracting 100 g of loaded beef tallow the weight of the residual beef tallow remaining in the extractor was
23 g with [chol.] of 49 mg/100 g lipid. The lower [chol.] of the residual beef tallow represents a 60–70% reduction in cholesterol
content, when compared with untreated beef tallow where [chol.] ranges from 130 to 160 mg/100 g lipid. To isolate lipid fractions
containing higher [chol.], beef tallow was extracted at 345 bar/40°C and then fractionated into three separators connected
in series with decreasing pressures of 173 bar, 117 bar, and 34.5 bar at 40°C, respectively. The results showed that the fractions
collected from the third separator (34.5 bar) contained concentrated [chol.] ranging from 272 to 433 mg/100 g lipid. The fatty
acid analysis revealed that the fractions containing high [chol.] generally consisted of high concentrations of myristic and
palmitoleic acids but low concentrations of stearic and oleic acids. 相似文献
19.
Synthesis of estolides from oleic and saturated fatty acids 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Oleic acid and various saturated fatty acids, butyric through stearic, were treated with 0.4 equivalents of perchloric acid
at either 45 or 55°C to produce complex estolides. Yields varied between 45 and 65% after Kugelrohr distillation. The estolide
number (EN), i.e., the average number of fatty acid units added to a base fatty acid, varied as a function of temperature
and saturated fatty acid. The shorter-chain saturated fatty acids, i.e., butyric and hexanoic, provided material with higher
degrees of oligomerization (EN=3.31) than stearic acid (EN=1.36). The individual, saturated fatty acid estolides each have
very different characteristics, such as color and type of by-products. The higher-temperature reactions occurred at faster
rates at the expense of yield, and lactones were the predominant side products. At 55°C, lactone yields increased, but the
δ-γ-lactone ratio decreased; this led to lower estolide yields. The opposite trend was observed for the 45°C reaction. The
saturate-capped, oleic estolides were then esterified with 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, and the chemical composition of these new
estolides remained consistent throughout the course of the reaction. 相似文献
20.
A mixture containing 37% cyclic and 63% straight-chain fatty acids, made by high-temperature treatment of linseed oil fatty
acids with alkali, was separated by the urea adduct method to give unsaturated cyclic fatty acids (nonadduct) in 95% purity
and 90–95% yeild. Previous reports from this Laboratory describe a process for separating cyclic fatty acids from stearic
acid by hydrogenation followed by crystallization at −40C. The urea adduct method avoids hydrogenation and low-temperature
crystallization, and furthermore, unsaturated cyclic and unsaturated straight-chain products can be recovered as individual
fractions. Then, by readducting the unsaturated straight-chain fatty acid fraction, the small amounts of palmitic and stearic
acids are removed leaving an unsaturated fraction containing oleic, nonconjugated and conjugated linoleic and some unsaturated
cyclic fatty acids.
Presented at AOCS Meeting, Los Angeles, April 1966.
No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. 相似文献