LPG替代R22的理论分析

本文对液化石油气LPG作为R22替代制冷工质进行了理论研究.通过对LPG热力学性能和理论循环的分析,得到了LPG替代R22后的系统性能参数.LPG和R22的热力学性能是在试验工况、空调工况和热泵工况下采用美国NIST的REFPROP软件分析的,其中包括压缩性能（压比和绝热压缩温度）、热力学特性（循环效率）和制冷量.分析结果证实LPG是一种很好的替代工质.     

热泵系统用R744/HCs混合工质配比范围研究

针对现有碳氢类(HCs)工质进行综合分析比较,选定了一些适用于热泵系统的R744/HCs非共沸混合工质对。通过对选定的混合工质临界参数和温度滑移特性的进一步计算分析,确定了其适用的热泵循环,并建立了快速确定亚临界循环热泵系统用R744/HCs非共沸混合工质中R744质量配比范围的计算程序。结合热泵热水器的工况及高压侧压力的要求,利用计算程序确定了R744/R600、R744/R600a、R744/R601和R744/R601a的质量配比范围。     

中高温热泵混合工质R13I1/R290/R600a替代R134a的理论研究

针对普通R134a热泵制取中高温热水过程中存在的冷凝压力过高、系统效率低、不环保及无法直接替代等问题,提出一种新型中高温热泵混合工质R13I1/R290/R600a。建立基于该工质的热力循环模型,计算该循环的热力特性。结合气象数据,对其进行多工况计算并与已有的工质R134a、MIX1和MIX2对比分析。研究结果表明该新型混合工质的循环性能与同模型常温热泵工况下R134a的循环性质大致相同,且其环境性能优良:ODP为零,GWP小于20,温度滑移小于4℃。单位容积制热量略低于R134a,分别比MIX1和MIX2平均高16.7%、1.3%;COP分别比R134a、MIX1和MIX2平均高9.2%、4.1%和0.7%。综合循环性能较对比工质更优越,适用于冷凝温度为70～90℃,循环温升低于75℃的热泵工况。     

用于高温热泵蒸汽系统的几种工质的循环性能

建立了高温热泵蒸汽系统的热力学模型。在蒸发温度为60℃,冷凝温度为120~140℃的工况下,进行经过初步筛选的4种高温热泵纯工质(R123,R141b,R245ca,R245fa)和传统高温热泵工质(R114)的循环性能对比研究。结果表明:R245fa的综合循环性能良好,单位容积制热量最高,其性能系数(COP)比R114平均高13.65%,压缩比与R114最接近;在符合干压缩要求的前提下,排气温度较低,而且环境友好,可作为高温热泵蒸汽系统的工质。     

变温热源地热热泵系统的可用能分析

地热能作为一种新能源已成为许多国家的研究重点，如何提高地热能的利用率是其重要的研究方向，而热泵又是其中一项关键技术。本文针对地热热泵系统的变温热源，从减小可用能损失的角度进行了详尽的理论分析。首先，对该地热热泵系统中的各个主要部件进行了可用能分析，发现和能损失情况均与循环工质的性能有关；其次，在实际工况下比较了纯工质和非共沸混合工质的可用能损失情况；最终提出了几种有可能应用于实际地热热泵工况下的循环工质。     

二氧化碳/丙烷用于热泵系统循环性能分析

在热泵热水器名义工况条件下,对二氧化碳(R744)/丙烷(R290)自然混合工质与四种常见的热泵工质R22、R134a、R410A和R407C的亚临界循环性能进行了分析对比。结果表明:R744/R290的最优质量配比为21/79,系统的制热循环性能系数(COPh)比R22系统提高了10.46%、比R134a系统提高了22.67%、比R410A系统提高了11.93%、比R407C系统提高了9.52%;在10%~35%、0%~35%、10%~35%和10%~35%的R744质量配比内,R744/R290可分别实现对四种常见热泵工质的替代;在最优质量配比下,R744/R290系统的冷凝压力低于R410A系统,压比仅为3.271,排气温度为80.9℃。     

自然工质复叠式制冷热泵系统的性能分析

介绍了以自然工质CO2为高温循环工质,R290为低温循环工质,同时制冷和供热的CO2/R290复叠式制冷热泵系统,通过对CO2/R290复叠式制冷热泵系统的性能分析,得到了气体冷却器的入口压力和出口温度,复叠式循环的蒸发温度,低温循环的冷凝温度对复叠式制冷热泵系统性能的影响,为今后的CO2/R290复叠式制冷热泵系统的优化设计和开发应用打下了一定的基础。     

二氧化碳/二甲醚混合工质热泵系统循环性能分析

在相同的工况条件下,对二氧化碳(R744)/二甲醚(RE170)混合工质与四种常见的热泵工质R22、R134a、R410A和R407C的亚临界循环性能进行了分析计算。结果发现,在R744/RE170质量配比为30/70下,系统的制热循环性能系数最大,其值为4.922,分别比R22、R134a、R410A和R407C系统提高了17.53%、30.52%、19.09%和16.52%;此时,系统的冷凝压力为2.276MPa仅高于R134a系统,压缩机压比为3.708,压缩机出口工质排气温度为92.6℃。     

R125/R290混合工质热泵制冷剂变流量特性研究

对混合工质R125/R290(25/75,质量配比)热泵变制冷剂流量特性进行了实验研究,并以55℃热汇出口温度为例,与被替代工质R134a和R22进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:随着制冷剂流量增大,排气温度线性下降,单位质量制热量则先上升后下降,系统COP随着制冷剂流量的增加表现为先线性增加后缓慢下降的趋势;在混合工质流量为1.12kg/min时,系统出现最大COP值3.040;系统火用效率则随着制冷剂质量流量的增大而增大。整个实验工况范围内,传热温差窄点一直保持在换热器中间部位。实验结果表明,在实验工况范围内,R125/R290(25/75)有望成为R134a及R22的替代工质。     

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON TWO NATURAL WORKING FLUIDS OF MODERATELY HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT PUMP

以筛选适合中高温热泵工况,环境性能优良的自然工质为目标,在理论循环分析基础上,采用指定工质侧参数的循环性能对比实验评价研究方法,在水-水蒸气压缩式热泵实验台上,对理论循环性能优良、样品可得的自然工质HC600(丁烷)、HC600a(异丁烷),在蒸发温度为30 ～ 50℃,冷凝温度为60 ～95℃范围进行实验研究.研究结果表明,两种自然工质中高温热泵循环性能优良,两者在较低温度工况循环性能差别不大,在较高温度工况HC600的循环性能优于HC600a,在蒸发温度为44℃,冷凝温度为90℃时,丁烷和异丁烷COP分别为3.84和3.33,但两种工质的可燃性应引起足够重视.     

分液热泵空调系统的制热性能研究

随着热泵空调的普及,热泵空调的能耗占比不断增大,其节能问题成为了关注焦点。换热器对系统性能有着重要的影响,如何通过改进换热器来提升系统性能则成为了研究的热点。其中分液冷凝器作为一种新型的换热设备,能对系统制冷性能产生积极影响。但热泵空调系统在制热工况下,分液冷凝器变成气液分离式蒸发器,其系统制热性能尚未可知。通过实验研究,调整毛细管长度和制冷剂充注量,发现在国家标准工况下分液热泵空调系统的最大制热量比原系统高4.50%,C OP比原系统高7.93%,所对应的毛细管长度为700 mm,制冷剂充注量为700 g。且制冷剂过充注的情况下,分液热泵空调系统的制热性能比较稳定。     

Performance analysis of a novel dual-nozzle ejector enhanced cycle for solar assisted air-source heat pump systems

In this study, a novel dual-nozzle ejector enhanced vapor-compression cycle (DEVC) for solar assisted air-source heat pump systems is proposed. In DEVC, the use of the dual-nozzle ejector for recovering the expansion losses is a very promising approach to improve the cycle performance. A mathematical model of the DEVC is developed to predict its performance under specified operating conditions. The simulation results indicate that for the range of given operating conditions, the coefficient of performance (COP) and the volumetric heating capacity of the novel cycle using refrigerant R410A are theoretically improved by 4.60–34.03% and 7.81–51.95% over conventional ejector enhanced vapor-compression cycle (CEVC), respectively. The results imply that the solar-air source heat pump systems could take advantage of the best features of the DEVC. The potential use of DEVC therefore deserves further experimental validation. It is expected that this new cycle will be beneficial to developing dual-source coupled heat pump applications.     

非共沸工质双压冷凝热泵热水器性能研究

提出一种双压冷凝梯级加热热泵热水器（DPS）系统新构型,采用碳氢非共沸工质作为制冷剂,可实现热水的连续梯级低损加热,采用黄金分割法对系统热力性能进行优化。结果表明,非共沸工质的DPS系统的热力学性能优于纯质的DPS系统和单级热泵系统,双压冷凝系统在最优中间水温时取得最大COP。名义工况下,采用R600/R601a(40/60)的DPS系统COP高达5.17,相对采用纯质的DPS系统和单级系统分别提高9.45%和14.25%。采用温度滑移合理的非共沸工质可显著减少损,改善冷凝器的热匹配特性,系统效率最高提升11.70%,名义工况下推荐R600/R601a(40/60)作为工质对。     

中高温空气源热泵热水器的工质优选

热泵热水器的工质对机组的性能和热水器的出水温度都有较大的影响,是研发高性能热泵热水器的重要课题之一。对目前热泵热水器常用的工质、部分中高温热泵工质以及新开发的中高温热泵热水器工质TJR01从基本物性、安全性、环保性、溶油性进行了分析,又通过CSD方程对循环特性进行了计算和分析。结果表明,新工质TJR01直接充灌到R22压缩机里,既能保证热水器的出水温度要求,又能保证机组高效稳定运行。     

Performance evaluation of heat exchanger using alternative refrigerant R407C

R22 (HCFC22) has been widely used as the refrigerant in air conditioners. According to the Montreal protocol for ozone layer protection, the total production of HCFCs has been capped since the beginning of 1996. Zeotropic refrigerant mixture R407C and nearly azeotropic refrigerant mixture R410A have been selected as alternatives to R22. We examined refrigerant passages in heat exchangers used in heat pump‐type room air conditioners using zeotropic refrigerant R407C through simulation, and obtained the following conclusions. In an indoor heat exchanger, a counter flow configuration when operating as a condenser has higher temperature efficiency. When an outdoor heat exchanger operates as an evaporator, a configuration that suppresses the temperature glide by partially reducing the refrigerant passage not only produces high efficiency, but also reduces the frost formation on fins. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(8): 626–638, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10064     

Thermal performance of a direct expansion solar-assisted heat pump

A direct expansion solar assisted heat pump, in which a bare flat plate collector also acts as the evaporator for the refrigerant, Freon-12, is designed and operated. The system components, e.g. the collector and the compressor, are properly matched so as to result in system operating conditions wherein the collector/evaporator temperature ranges from 0 to 10°C above ambient temperature under favorable solar conditions. This operating temperature range is particularly favorable to improved heat pump and solar collector performance. The system thermal performance is determined by measuring refrigerant flow rate, temperature and pressure at various points in the system. The heat pump COP_H and the solar collector efficiency ranged from 2.0 to 3.0 and from 40 to 70 per cent, respectively, for widely ranging ambient and operating conditions. Experimental results indicate that the proposed system offers significant advantage in terms of superior thermal performance when compared with results gotten by replacing the solar evaporator with a standard outdoor fan-coil unit.     

Mass and energy storage analysis of an absorption heat pump with simulated time dependent generator heat input

This communication presents an assessment of the feasibility of energy storage via refrigerant mass storage within an absorption cycle heat pump with simulated time dependent generator heat input. The system consists of storage volumes with the condenser and absorber of the conventional absorption cycle heat pump to store liquid refrigerant, weak and strong solutions during the generation period, which are required for the heat pump operation during the generation off period. A time dependent mass and energy storage analysis based on mass and energy balance equations for various components of the heat pump system has been carried out to evaluate energy storage concentration and storage efficiency for combined and separate storage schemes for the weak and strong solutions. Two possible performance modes, viz constant pumping ratio or the constant flow of the strong solution from the absorber to the generator have been analysed: the latter is preferable over the former from a practical point of view. Numerical computer simulation has been made for a typical winter day in Melbourne (Australia) with the desired heating load specified. It is found that the concept of refrigerant storage within the absorption cycle heat pump is technically feasible for efficient space heating. The energy storage concentration in the condenser store is slighly higher while that in absorber store is slightly lower for the separate storage mode as compared to the combined storage. However, the combined storage has an advantage of less storage volume and hence is more cost effective than separate storage and the disadvantage of limited system operation due to the decrease of solution concentrations.     

基于平板热管的太阳能-空气能双源集热蒸发器性能实验研究

设计一种基于平板热管的太阳能-空气能双源集热蒸发器及由其组成的新型直膨式热泵系统,并对其进行实验研究与分析。实验测试平板热管在制冷剂低温取热条件下的均温性与导热性能,热泵运行工况下集热蒸发器表面温度分布、光电光热性能,以及在不同天气条件不同运行模式下热泵系统性能。结果表明,平板热管在低温取热条件下当量导热系数可达6.8×10⁵W/(m·℃),集热蒸发器运行时纵向最大温差为3.9℃;在夏季晴朗天气条件下运行太阳能模式制热水时热泵平均COP为3.62;在低辐照阴天下运行太阳能-空气能双源模式与太阳能模式相比,单位面积集热功率提高18.8%,系统平均COP提高5.7%;在无辐照的夜晚,运行空气源模式系统COP为2.54。     

Latent heat storage for solar energy systems: Transient simulation of refrigerant storage

This paper presents a brief review of the available latent heat storage systems for solar energy utilization. A new concept of latent heat storage of solar energy via the refrigerant-absorbent mass storage in absorption cycle heat pump systems used for solar space heating/cooling has been proposed and assessed thermodynamically. A computer modelling and numerical simulation study shows that the concept of refrigerant storage is fundamentally sound, technically feasible and yields the following advantages over other storage methods: (i) the storage capacity per unit volume is high as the latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant is high; (ii) the heat loss from the storage to the surroundings is minimum as the storage temperature is near the ambient; (iii) prolonged energy storage is possible with no degradation in system performance and hence suitable for combined solar heating and airconditioning. The effects of operating parameters on the energy storage concentration and storage efficiency have been studied in detail.     

Boiling heat transfer coefficient of R22 and an HFC/HC refrigerant mixture in a fin‐and‐tube evaporator of a window air conditioner

The commonly used refrigerant in unitary type air conditioners is R22 and its phase out schedule in developing countries is to commence from 2015. Many alternatives to R22 are found in published literature in which R407C has similar characteristics to those of R22 except for its zeotropic nature. However, R407C which is an HFC is made compatible with the mineral oil lubricant in the system compressor by the addition of 20% of HC. This HFC/HC mixture called the M20 refrigerant mixture is reported to be a retrofit refrigerant for R22. Though its latent heat value is greater than that of R22, its refrigerating capacity is lower when it is used to retrofit R22 window air conditioners. Hence, a heat transfer analysis was conducted in the evaporator of a room air conditioner, for practically realized heat flux conditions during standard performance testing. The tests were conducted as per the BIS and ASHRAE standards. Kattan–Thome–Favrat maps are used to confirm the flow patterns, which prevail inside the fin‐and‐tube evaporator in the tested operating conditions. It is revealed that the heat transfer coefficient/heat fluxes are poorer for M20 because of the lower mass flow rate and higher vapor fraction at the entry of the evaporator than that of R22 in the prevailing operating conditions. The heat transfer coefficients of the M20 refrigerant mixture under various test conditions are lower in the range of 14% to 56% than those of R22. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20299