钢筋混凝土板件地质雷达的应用

模拟混凝土中的典型情况设计制作了三块厚度为200mm的钢筋混凝土板,对板件应用美国GSSI公司生产的Handyscan地质雷达进行了无损检测,将检测得到的信号应用雷达信号处理软件Radan进行分析,研究了各种典型情况的雷达反射波图像典型特征,总结了图像特征的规律;检测结果表明,使用中心频率为1GHz的雷达可以分辨出钢筋的位置、保护层厚度以及可分辨钢筋的最小间距,钢筋的最大检测深度等,雷达检测的分析结果表明,本试验中所采用的雷达设备,可以精确探测混凝土体中的物体位置,具有较高的可信度。     

探地雷达在公路路基路面检测中的应用

简述了探地雷达检测公路路基路面厚度的基本原理和检测方法。应用美国GSSI公司TerraSIRchSIR-3000探地雷达系统,对连霍高速公路三门峡段路基路面厚度进行了无损检测。计算得出公路路基路面各检测层的平均厚度和标准差,同时通过探地雷达交互式解释方法可以绘制连续清晰的厚度曲线图,有利于探地雷达厚度检测成果的进一步精细解释。     

混凝土结构厚度的雷达检测

为了得到混凝土结构的厚度,采用了探地雷达技术进行检测.介绍了探地雷达的检测原理,由发射天线向混凝土结构发射高频脉冲电磁波(1 MHz～2 GHz),电磁波在其中传播时,其传播路径、电磁场强度和波形将随所通过介质的电磁属性(介电常数)和几何形态的变化而变化.雷达主机将接收此部分的反射波,并根据其双程传播时间t和计算所得速度?计算出各结构层的厚度.通过采用RIS-2K型探地雷达配置1 600 MHz天线,对阶梯试件厚度的检测,发现在厚度＜400 mm时,检测最大误差为6.7%.实际的桥梁混凝土检测发现,该技术对120 mm左右的现浇混凝土板的变异系数为4.5%,而钢筋保护层厚度和钢筋间距的变异系数较大,说明后两者的均匀性较差.试验证明,采用雷达法检测混凝土结构的厚度是切实可行的.     

RAMAC型地质雷达在管线普查中的应用

地质雷达作为一种新的探测方法,在城市管线探测过程中应用越来越广泛。介绍了地质雷达的工作原理和方法。结合RAMAC型地质雷达在上海市管线普查中的实际应用可知,RAMAC型地质雷达可有效探测出地下非金属管线（如给水管道和燃气管道）、综合管沟和近间距管线的埋藏位置及尺寸,具有快速、高效和非破坏检测的优势,较传统地质雷达操作简便、数据处理快捷以及图像分辨率高。若该型地质雷达与管线探测仪结合使用,可以解决城市管网普查中的大部分难点,是值得推广的检测方法。     

恒压模式下电源频率对ZrH_(1.8)表面微弧氧化陶瓷层的影响

在磷酸盐体系下,采用恒压模式对氢化锆(Zr H1.8)进行微弧氧化。考察了电源频率对氧化膜的厚度、相结构、截面形貌以及阻氢性能的影响。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、膜层测厚仪分析了氧化膜的表面形貌、截面形貌、相结构及膜层厚度。通过真空脱氢实验评估膜层的阻氢性能。结果表明:随着电源频率的增加,Zr H1.8表面微弧氧化膜层厚度由约50μm仅减小至约45μm;电源频率的增加能有效提高膜层的致密性;电源频率的改变对于膜层的相结构没有明显影响,膜层主要由单斜相氧化锆(M-Zr O2)和四方相氧化锆(T-Zr O1.88)构成,其中单斜相占80%以上;电源频率的增加有助于提高氧化膜的阻氢效果,当电源频率增加到300 Hz时,氧化膜的氢渗透降低因子PRF值高达10.8。     

基于超声法的等离子弧粉末堆焊层厚度测量

堆焊层厚度的精确测量对于堆焊材料的合理利用有重要意义。本文基于超声测厚原理,在超声波探伤仪和直探头校准的基础上,提出了等离子弧粉末堆焊层厚度测量的数学模型,实现了堆焊层厚度的精确测量。堆焊层厚度的测量分为三个步骤:首先测出母材的厚度;其次测出母材上方堆焊层的厚度;最后从堆焊层的金相照片中测出母材中熔焊层的厚度,从而根据提出的数学模型得到堆焊层的厚度。与游标卡尺测厚相比,该方法简便可行,检测速度快,可大大减轻检测人员的劳动强度。另外,难以采用游标卡尺测量的部位,也可采用本文提出的方法进行测量。     

核电厂安全壳钢筋保护层厚度的雷达探测技术

介绍了雷达探测技术检测钢筋混凝土保护层厚度的原理,并针对核电厂安全壳模型开展了应用研究,对安全壳钢筋保护层厚度及安全壳厚度进行检测。结果表明:采用雷达探测技术对核电厂安全壳钢筋保护层厚度及安全壳厚度进行检测,具有较高的精度,是保证核安全的重要措施。     

UBM凸点互连结构信号完整性分析

建立了凸点下金属层(under bump metallization,UBM)和凸点互连结构仿真分析模型,基于HFSS软件对其高频条件下的信号完整性进行了研究.得到了UBM凸点互连结构表面电场强度分布,分析了UBM各层厚度及不同材料组合变化对UBM凸点互连结构信号完整性的影响.结果表明,不同信号频率下电场强度在凸点及UBM各层表面分布不均匀,越接近UBM顶端电场强度越大;随信号频率的提高,UBM凸点互连结构的回波损耗增大而插入损耗减小;随镍层厚度、铜层厚度和钛层厚度的增加插入损耗减小;采用Ti-Wu-Au组合UBM凸点互连结构的信号完整性最好,Ti-Cu-Ni组合次之,而Cr-Ni-Au组合最差.     

基于探地雷达的水闸水下结构探测

介绍了探地雷达的工作原理和应用方法,应用探地雷达对水闸的底板进行了检测,有效地探测了水闸底板的厚度及安全状态,并且检测过程具有快速、准确和无损等优点。结果显示,水闸底板厚度为1.75m,底板连续,上下游存在少量抛石,无明显安全隐患。     

近区交流电阻率法及其应用

针对隧道喷层和高等级公路路面无损厚度检测，或解决开采坑道中一些特殊地质问题的需要，发展了一种能对浅深度、小厚度介质进行测量的近区交流电阻率法．其特点是测量速度快，可克服恶劣的接地条件，抗工业频率干扰的能力强，具有很好的推广应用价值。     

A comparison of nondestructive evaluation methods for bridge deck assessment

Concrete bridge deck deterioration is a significant problem that must be addressed to preserve highway infrastructure investments in bridges around the world. Reducing the cost of bridge deck maintenance is critical to government and private agencies responsible for maintenance of bridges. Maintenance challenges increase as many bridges begin to approach the end of their design life and traffic loads continue to increase. One means of reducing the cost of bridge deck maintenance is to accurately evaluate the condition of the structure and its constituent materials. Current methods used to evaluate deterioration of bridge decks include acoustic, electrochemical, electromagnetic, and visual inspection techniques. The purpose of this study was to assess the advantages and limitations of three available evaluation methods. The evaluation techniques included in this study were ground penetrating radar, the chain drag method, and IE. These techniques represent an important group of inspection methods currently used to evaluate in-service bridge decks. The bridge deck used in the study contains significant delaminations but exhibits virtually no outwardly visible signs of these deficiencies, so a detailed visual inspection survey of the deck was not included. Cores were taken from the bridge deck at selected locations to confirm the accuracy of the results obtained through each evaluation method. This paper presents the findings from each method and describes their respective advantages and limitations.     

Understanding depth-amplitude effects in assessment of GPR data from concrete bridge decks

The variation of concrete cover thickness on bridge decks has been observed to significantly affect the rebar reflection amplitude of the ground penetrating radar signal. Several depth correction approaches have been previously proposed in which it is assumed that, for any bridge, at least a portion of the deck area is sound concrete. The 90th percentile linear regression is a commonly used procedure to extract the depth-amplitude relationship of the assumed sound concrete. It is recommended herein that normalizing the depth-dependent amplitudes be divided into two components. The first component takes into account the geometric loss due to inverse-square effect and the dielectric loss caused by the dissipation of electromagnetic energy in sound concrete. The second component is the conductive loss as a result of increased free charges associated with concrete deterioration. Whereas the conventional depth correction techniques do not clearly differentiate the two components and tend to incorporate both in the regression line, they are separately addressed in this research. Specifically, while the first component was accounted for based on a library of GPR signals collected from sound areas of twenty four bare concrete bridge decks, the conductive loss caused by an increased conductivity is linearly normalized by the two-way travel time. The implementation of the proposed method in two case studies showed that, while the method significantly improves the accuracy of GPR data analysis, the conventional methods may lead to a loss of information regarding the background attenuation that would indicate the overall deterioration of bridge decks.     

In situ measurements of hot-mix asphalt dielectric properties

Twelve different flexible pavement sections, which comprised different layers/materials, are incorporated in the Virginia Smart Road test facility. These sections provide a good opportunity to explore the feasibility of using ground penetrating radar (GPR) to assess pavements and to verify its practicality. Thirty-one copper plates, serving as a reflecting material, were placed during construction at different layer interfaces throughout the pavement sections. Results show that enough radar energy is reaching the subgrade, but due to low dielectric contrast between some pavement materials, energy is not reflected back. In these cases, the copper plates indicate where the interface between each two layers occurs. Reflections from the copper plates are also used to determine the dielectric constant of pavement materials over the GPR frequency range. This paper presents an overview of the Virginia Smart Road test facility, data obtained from different sections using two GPR systems, and a method to calculate the complex dielectric constant of hot-mix asphalt over the frequency range of 750–1750 MHz using an air-coupled GPR system.     

GPR performances for thickness calibration on road test sites

This paper presents ground penetrating radar (GPR) experiments conducted on a number of road test sites. In its capacity as a State civil engineering research organization, the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC) possesses large-scale testing facilities, such as a circular pavement fatigue test track, ideal for road-related research. This particular facility is composed of several sections of different known structures especially well-adapted for GPR investigations. Our study of GPR techniques made use of a commercial system for measuring asphalt layer thickness.Various road structures have been examined with a GSSI system. Cores have been drilled and permittivity measurements performed in the laboratory. The initial study reveals a comparison between thickness measured by coring and that calculated from both measured permittivities and GPR-selected times.A second study has consisted of avoiding calibration with core drilling, by means of recording GPR signals with a non-destructive testing technique on the multi-layer structures (i.e. common middle point). A numerical reconstruction has then been developed in order to calculate the thickness and velocity of each layer from experimental data. When compared with the cored samples, results show a sufficient level of accuracy in the first two or three layer thickness measurements to satisfy the needs of road facility managers.     

Application of regularized deconvolution technique for predicting pavement thin layer thicknesses from ground penetrating radar data

In this paper, regularized deconvolution is utilized to analyze GPR signal collected from thin asphalt pavement overlays of various mixtures and thicknesses on a test site. By applying regularized deconvolution and the L-curve method, the overlapped interface was identified in the signal. The thickness of the thin layer was predicted with maximum error of 4.2%, which is less than 1.5 mm, a value well below the layer tolerance during construction. The study shows that the algorithm based on regularized deconvolution is a simple and effective approach for processing GPR data collected from thin pavement layers to predict their thickness.     

Ultrasonic measurements of undamaged concrete layer thickness in a deteriorated concrete structure

Ultrasonic wave propagation in deteriorated concrete structures was studied numerically and experimentally. Ultrasonic single-side access immersion pulse-echo and diffuse field measurements were performed in deteriorated concrete structures at 0.5 MHz center frequency. Numerically and experimentally it is shown that the undamaged layer thickness in a deteriorated concrete structure is measurable using pulse-echo measurements when the deterioration depth is larger than the wavelength. The signal overlapping, which occurs in the thin deteriorated layers, can be overcome using diffuse field measurements or a pattern matching technique. The ultrasonic experimental data were shown to be in good agreement with the widely used phenolphthalein test for concrete degradation.     

Detection technology of micro residual core in small inner cavity of complex castings

A new technology for detecting a tiny residual core in the small inner cavity of complex castings is proposed. The residual core is identified by using image recognition technology. Tracer processing and image signal processing are combined to enhance the image contrast. The relationships between the concentration of tracer, the size of the residual core, the wall thickness of the castings and the contrast were obtained. Based on the experimental data, the minimum detectable amount of residual core under different conditions was obtained. The results show that the minimum detectable amount decreases from 4.398 mg to 0.438 mg for the 1.0 mm wall thickness casting when the concentration of tracer increases from 0% to 20%. The signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) of the detection results increases by 27.010 by means of average filtering and linear point operation. The subtraction of image and image background was performed, and then the boundary extraction was carried out to obtain a clear and reliable result. The experimental results show that the non-traced residual core cannot be detected for a blade with a thickness less than 5 mm. The residual core of 1 mm thickness can be barely identified by artificial recognition after tracer processing and image processing, while the residual core of 0.6 mm thickness can be detected clearly using image recognition technology.