无序介质的非相干背散射

讨论两种散射,导出相应的分布函数,运用蒙特卡罗法模拟光子在无序介质中的随机行走过程,得到非相干背散射空间分布及反射率。计算结果表明：1、散射不同,非相干背散射空间分布和反射率不同,非相干背散射反射率随光入射角增大而增大;2、非相干背散射反射率随无序介质吸收系数增大而减小,通过测量非相干背散射反射率可得吸收系数,进一步可得每次散射光子被微粒吸收的概率;3、非相干背散射反射率随光子平均自由程增大而减小,通过测量非相干背散射反射率可得平均自由程,这比检测相干背散射来得到平均自由程要容易。最后,讨论了背散射对无序激光器的影响。     

Monte Carlo simulation for millimeter wave propagation and scattering in rain medium

As the operating frequencies of communications systems more higher into the millimeter wave range, the effects of multiple scattering in precipitation media become more significant. This paper treats the problems of electromagnetic multiple scattering in rain medium by the Monte Carlo method. The em wave is regarded as a Markov chain of photon collisions in a medium in which it is scattered and absorbed. For the sake of simplicity, the polarization is not taken into account, the above mentioned problems are described by the scale integro-diffierential equation of transfer. When the plane wave through a random medium with particle size distribution, the technique of weighted average is used to characterize the radiation intensity, including average scattering, absorption coefficients and phase function. The Monte Carlo simulation algorithms are done for the rain attenuation and reflectance at millimeter wavelength region. Our computational results are in good agreement with experimental data of rain attenuation.     

Multiple Scattering Solution of Millimeter Wave Propagation in Strong Sandstorm

As the operating frequencies of communication systems more higher into the millimeter wave range, and the density of particles in medium is more denser, the effects of multiple scattering in sandstorm become more significant. This paper treats the problems of electromagnetic multiple scattering in strong sandstorm by the Monte Carlo method. Based on the analytical theory of multiple scattering, the millimeter wave propagation and scattering in discrete random media are investigated by means of the particle-tracking technique. The millimeter wave is regarded as a Markov chain of wave particle collisions in a medium in which it is scattered and absorbed. Considering the effect of multiple scattering, millimeter wave attenuation induced by strong sandstorm is simulated numerically. The values of theoretical calculation are in good agreement with the measured results of simulated experiment at 34 and 93 GHz.     

长波长红外光大气信道传输

采用光子追踪法,模拟光子在大气信道中的随机迁移路径及散射后随机迁移方向。引入光束发散角和接收视场角等参数,建立了包含散射作用的长波长红外大气信道传输模型。运用蒙特卡洛方法进行仿真,分析了雾环境下长波长红外光的大气传输特性。与朗伯-比尔定律进行对比,发现在能见度较低、通信距离较近时接收机接收的散射能量不能被忽略。分析了通信距离、能见度、光束发散角、接收视场角对链路损耗的影响,分析了不同阶次散射对接收机接收能量的影响。发现在给定参数条件下,四阶及以上高阶次散射对接收机接收能量几乎可以忽略。     

Estimation of Incoherent Scattered Field by Multiple Scatterers in Random Media

This paper proposes a method to estimate directly the incoherent scattered intensity and radar cross section (RCS) from the effective permittivity of a random media. The proposed method is derived from the original concept of incoherent scattering. The incoherent scattered field is expressed as a simple formula. Therefore, to reduce computation time, the proposed method can estimate the incoherent scattered intensity and RCS of a random media. To verify the potential of the proposed method for the desired applications, we conducted a Monte‐Carlo analysis using the method of moments; we characterized the accuracy of the proposed method using the normalized mean square error (NMSE). In addition, several medium parameters, such as the density of scatterers and analysis volume, were studied to understand their effect on the scattering characteristics of a random media. The results of the Monte‐Carlo analysis show good agreement with those of the proposed method, and the NMSE values of the proposed method and Monte‐Carlo analysis are relatively small at less than 0.05.     

On the use of finite surfaces in the numerical prediction of roughsurface scattering

Method of moments (MOM)-based Monte Carlo calculations are widely used in determining the average radar cross section of randomly rough surfaces. It is desirable in these numerical calculations to truncate the scattering surface into as short a length as possible to minimize the solution time. However, truncating the surface tends to change the solution for the surface fields near the truncation points and may alter the scattered far fields. In this paper, these end effect errors are examined for one-dimensional (i.e., grooved or corduroy) surfaces which are Gaussian distributed in height and have either a Gaussian or a Pierson-Moskowitz spectra. In the case of the Pierson-Moskowitz type surface, it is shown that a relatively short surface of 80-120 wavelengths can be used to obtain the average backscattered radar cross section for backscattering angles as large as 60° from normal. For a comparatively smooth Gaussian surface, on the other hand, its is shown that the truncation effects can be very significant at moderate backscattering angles. Also, great care should be taken when examining the scattering from Gaussian surfaces which are dominated by specular scattering. It is shown that in this situation, a very large number of calculations may be needed to obtain a good numerical average     

Tilt modulation of high resolution radar backscatter crosssections: unified full wave approach

The unified full wave approach is used to determine the tilt modulation of the like- and cross-polarized (high-resolution) radar backscatter cross sections for the rough sea surface. Real or synthetic aperture radars (SARs) with small effective footprints (resolution cells) are considered. Since the unified full-wave approach accounts for Bragg scattering as well as specular point scattering in a self-consistent manner, it is not necessary to adopt a two-scale model for the rough sea surface. The sea surface slope probability density function is assumed to be Gaussian. The backscattering cross sections are evaluated for all angles of incidence (normal to grazing). For tilts in the plane of incidence, the modulation of all the cross sections is largest at angles of incidence of 10°. The cross-section modulation due to tilts perpendicular to the plane of incidence critically depends on the incident and scattered polarizations. The effective filtering of the large-scale spectral components of the rough sea surface by the high-resolution radar is accounted for, and the dependence of the cross-section tilt modulation on the size of the effective footprint is determined     

Microwave backscatter from non-Gaussian seas

Rough-surface scattering theory is applied to study microwave backscattering from seas characterized by a non-Gaussian wave-height distribution. The relationship of the geometrical optics limit of rough-surface scattering theory to the probability density of surface slopes is used to relate the coefficients of Gram-Charlier expansions, describing measured slope statistics, to the wavenumber spectra of non-Gaussian surface components. Functional forms for the spectra consistent with measured slope statistics are assumed, and the backscatter predicted by rough-surface scattering theory is compared with measured cross sections. The predicted upwind-downwind asymmetry of scattering cross sections is comparable to that observed, and a measurable dependence of cross sections on atmospheric stability is predicted.     

Physics of Carrier Backscattering in One- and Two-Dimensional Nanotransistors

The physics of carrier backscattering in 1-D and 2-D transistors is examined analytically and by numerical simulation. An analytical formula for the backscattering coefficient is derived for elastic scattering in a 1-D channel. This formula shows that the critical length for backscattering is somewhat longer than the $kT$ length, and it depends on the shape of the channel potential profile. For inelastic scattering, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations show that the critical length is related to the phonon energy. The MC simulations also show that although the scattering physics in 1-D and 2-D transistors is very different, the overall backscattering characteristics are surprisingly similar. For an elastic process, this similarity is due to the compensating effects of the scattering rate and the fraction of scattered carriers, which contribute to the backscattering coefficient. For an inelastic process, the critical length is determined from the phonon energy for both 1-D and 2-D channels.      

基于主动式圆偏振光照射的探测建模与分析

圆偏振光有良好的“偏振记忆”效应,为了验证在 强散射介质中通过圆偏振光的旋性 差异可以有效抑制散射光的影响,实现复杂背景下的目标探测功能。从经典的米氏散射 理论和菲涅尔反射理论出发,结合偏振蒙特卡罗方法,构建了主动式圆偏振光在散射介质中 探测目标的模型,通过追踪每个光子的偏振态变化,统计分析了圆偏振光经过介质散射和目 标反射后的Stokes矢量信息。仿真结果表明,文中建模方法可以明显区分出散射介质中是否 存在被探测目标;不同的介质环境和不同的探测距离都会对目标的偏振成像造成不同程度的 衰减,而圆偏振差分成像及圆偏振度成像均可实现偏振成像的增强处理。文中建模方法可以 为全偏振探测的理论研究及实际应用提供借鉴。     

基于倾斜地面上分形树的电磁散射研究

本文用随机Ｌ系统产生具有自相似发形结构的分形树,基于ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟的方法,用相干中近似、树的独立散射近似和独立散射近似研究了倾斜粗糙面为下垫面的分形树的电磁散射、计算结果表明,相干叠加近似和树的独立散射近似具有比较好的一致性,而独立散射近似在低频时不能给出好的结果,倾斜粗糙面的存在使得交叉极化分量与同极化分量相差减小。     

云的多次散射对激光雷达测量结果影响的研究

为了更加准确地获得大气消光系数和后向散射系数,利用半解析Monte Carlo方法对云的大气多次散射激光雷达回波信号进行了模拟计算。分析了激光雷达接收视场角及光学厚度对多次散射回波信号的影响及水云和卷云多次散射因子与光学厚度的关系。激光雷达测量数据的对比结果表明,多次散射对卷云和水云消光系数影响较明显,而对后向散射系数的影响可以忽略。     

太赫兹波在烟尘气溶胶中的传播特性

随着太赫兹波技术的发展,对其在各种大气条件下的传播特性的研究是很有必要的。本文利 用扩散限制凝聚模型(DLA 方法)模拟了组成烟尘气溶胶的簇团粒子,并利用广义Mie 理论(GMM)方法 计算了不同基本粒子个数的单个簇团粒子对波长分别为30μm、35μm 和40μm 的太赫兹波的散射特性。 另外本文还利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟计算了浓度较大的烟尘气溶胶对太赫兹波的衰减特性并将结果与波 长为6.2μm 的红外波段的结果进行比较,结果显示,太赫兹波在烟尘气溶胶中传播的衰减要小的多, 这也说明太赫兹波更加适合在烟尘气溶胶中传播。     

植被散射的蒙特卡罗模拟及其在低掠角散射中应用

本文提出利用蒙特卡罗算法研究植被散射及其低掠角散射特性.根据双层植被的散射模型,考虑到植被层内各散射体场的相干和多径效应,利用蒙特卡罗算法模拟随机分布和簇规则分布植被的低掠角散射系数,适当解释植被散射的后向增强和掠射特性.     

0.55 µm 激光在复杂组分雾霾中的散射传输特性

基于典型雾霾粒子的消光、吸收、散射截面、不对称因子参量和粒径分布函数的分析, 运用蒙特卡罗方法研 究了不同组分、不同混合方式的雾霾介质中波长 0.55 µm 激光的传输散射特性, 比较了典型污染物颗粒介质对光的透 射率影响。研究表明, 同等浓度下, 硫酸铵介质对光的透射率最高, 碳溶胶介质的透射率最低, 且雾霾的透射率小于灰 霾透射率。此外, 对不同混合状态簇团粒子组成介质的透射率比较分析表明, 典型污染物粒子外混合状态和内混合状 态对光的衰减性几乎相同, 而雾霾介质中水组分的分布对光的透射率有明显的影响。     

Monte Carlo simulation of electromagnetic scattering fromtwo-dimensional random rough surfaces

The fast multipole method fast Fourier transform (FMM-FFT) method is developed to compute the scattering of an electromagnetic wave from a two-dimensional (2-D) rough surface. The resulting algorithm computes a matrix-vector multiply in O(N log N) operations. This algorithm is shown to be more efficient than another O(N log N) algorithm, the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA), for surfaces of small height. For surfaces with larger roughness, the MLFMA is found to be more efficient. Using the MLFMA, Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to compute the statistical properties of the electromagnetic scattering from 2-D random rough surfaces using a workstation. For the rougher surface, backscattering enhancement is clearly observable as a pronounced peak in the backscattering direction of the computed bistatic scattering coefficient. For the smoother surface, the Monte Carlo results compare well with the results of the approximate Kirchhoff theory     

Scattering cross sections for composite models of non-Gaussian rough surfaces for which decorrelation implies statistical independence

The full wave approach is used to determine the scattering cross sections for composite models of non-Gaussian rough surfaces. It is assumed in this work that the rough surface heights become statistically independent when they decorrelate, thus no delta function type specular term appears in the expressions for the scattered fields. The broad family of non-Gaussian surfaces considered range in the limit from exponential to Gaussian. It is seen that for small angles of incidence the like polarized cross sections have the same dependence on the specific form of the surface height joint probability density, but for large angles the scattering cross sections for the horizontally polarized waves are much more sensitive to the specific form of the joint probability density. On the other hand the shadow functions are rather insensitive to the specific form of the joint probability density.     

Full wave vertically polarized bistatic radar cross sections forrandom rough surfaces-comparison with experimental and numerical results

The one-dimensionally rough surfaces considered in this paper are characterized by four-dimensional Gaussian joint probability density functions for the surface heights and slopes at two points. The expressions for the diffuse scattered fields are used to obtain the random rough cross sections. The full wave solutions are compared with the corresponding small perturbation results and the physical optics results. They are also compared with experimental and numerical results based on Monte Carlo simulations of rough surfaces. The earlier assumption that the surface heights and slopes can be considered to be uncorrelated are examined, and the impact of self shadow is considered in detail. The impact of the commonly used assumption that the radii of curvature is very large compared to the wavelength is also examined in detail. These results are in agreement with the duality and reciprocity relationships in electromagnetic theory     

利用深度探测函数研究双层介质的空间分辨漫反射率

提出了一种研究双层介质空间分辨漫反射率的理论模型。考虑到不同深度分布的光子对探测信号的贡献不同,引入深度探测函数a(z,p),用其描述探测光子与散射介质空间面的相互作用,进而提出了一种研究双层散射介质空间分辨漫反射率的理论方法。给出了双层散射介质的空间分辨漫反射率的理论分析结果,并与Monte Carlo模拟结果进行比较,结果表明两者符合得较好。     

Analytical, experimental, and numerical studies of angular memorysignatures of waves scattered from one-dimensional rough surfaces

It is known that a change in the direction of an incident wave on a random medium is “remembered” by the angular correlation characteristics of the scattered waves. This “memory effect” is studied for rough-surface scattering by means of theoretical [second-order Kirchhoff approximation (KA)], numerical (Monte Carlo simulations), and experimental (millimeter-wave range) approaches. The second-order KA has been found to be effective for wave scattering from very rough surfaces with large radii of curvature and high slopes (0.5-1.5). Although the second-order KA is based on a number of approximations including the geometrical optics approximation and the approximate forms of the shadowing functions, excellent agreement with Monte Carlo simulations and millimeter-wave experiments was achieved. The results are presented in a form of memory signatures which clearly exhibit the important features of this effect