TPL主导下的生鲜电商三级供应链决策分析

研究由TPL、生鲜电商、生鲜产品供应商组成的三级供应链系统,其中生鲜农产品的市场需求受网上零售价格、安全追溯系统可用性、新鲜度的影响。在TPL主导下,运用Stackelberg博弈模型,分析生鲜电商、生鲜产品供应商不同领导权下的最优决策和最大利润,得出以下结论:生鲜产品供应商作为第二领导下的TPL利润、安全追溯系统可用性、保鲜水平、市场需求均大于其作为第三领导时的情形;不同领导权对供应链企业的利润也会产生影响,利润偏向于领导权大的一方。然而不管哪种决策模型,其供应链利润均小于集中决策下的情形。     

基于商业信用和收益共享的再制造闭环供应链协调模型

研究了在商业信用条件下闭环供应链的协调问题。利用Stackelberg 主从博弈方法分析了分散决策模式下制造商和零售商的定价策略,接着分析了集中决策模式下的定价策略,提出了一个基于商业信用和收益共享的闭环供应链协调机制,通过算例分析讨论了各参数对决策结果的影响,定量刻画了商业信用在闭环供应链协调中的价值。研究表明商业信用和收益共享契约能有效地协调闭环供应链,对闭环供应链管理实践具有较大的指导作用。     

The bullwhip effect in hybrid supply chain

As the service is becoming the strategic preference in the manufacturing industry, more and more manufacturing companies provide customers with total solutions by integrating services into their core product offerings, which is usually implemented in so-called hybrid supply chain (HSC). The HSC is formed as a chain by a group of manufacturers and service providers who work together to offer total solutions to customers. In HSC, customers’ responses to variable service levels and the interaction between inventory strategy and service capacity strategy have a great impact on supply chain instability, which represents an important concern in supply chain research. To tackle this problem, we establish a system dynamics model, by taking the HSC for an elevator company in China as an example. Firstly, we analyzed the oscillation characteristics of service flow and product flow. Then, we proposed the performance metrics of bullwhip effect in HSC. Finally, based on the model, we find that the bullwhip effect of HSC could be smoothened by incorporating service capacity adjustment strategy into the inventory replenishment policy.     

Additive manufacturing technology in spare parts supply chain: a comparative study

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology has the potential to significantly improve supply chain dynamics. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of AM on spare parts supply chain. Three supply chain scenarios are investigated in this paper, namely conventional supply chain, centralised AM-based supply chain and distributed AM-based supply chain. Based on system dynamics simulations, this paper specifically compares three supply chain scenarios, in terms of total variable cost and carbon emission. The results show the spare part supply chain utilising AM is indeed superior to the traditional one in sustainable performance. It is also expected that AM can facilitate the spare parts supply chain to achieve more economic benefits along with its development. To our knowledge, this paper is one of the early studies that explores the impact of AM on supply chain performance and quantitatively examines the superiority of utilising AM in spare parts supply chain. Some suggestions are also provided to help managers adopting AM in their spare parts supply chains.     

Improving the resilience of maritime supply chains: The integration of ports and inland transporters in duopoly markets

The adverse impact of the outbreak of COVID-19 has reduced ports’ operational efficiency. In addition, ports and inland logistics providers are generally independent of each other and difficult to work together, which leads to time loss. Thus, as the core player, ports can integrate with inland logistics providers to improve the efficiency and resilience of maritime supply chains. This study examines the strategic options of two competing maritime supply chains consisting of ports and inland logistics providers. We investigate the impact of cooperation between ports and inland logistics providers and government regulation on the maritime supply chain by comparing members’ optimal pricing and overall social welfare under centralized, decentralized, and hybrid scenarios. Results indicate that the hybrid scenario is an equilibrium strategy for maritime supply chain, although this strategy is not optimal for governments seeking to improve supply chain resilience and maximize social welfare. Furthermore, observations show that through government economic intervention, both seaborne supplies can be incentivized to adopt an integrated strategy, and business and society can achieve a win–win situation.     

Product variety strategies for vertically differentiated products in a two-stage supply chain

In this paper, we study how the presence of coordination, competition and cost structures affect the product variety and pricing decisions in a two-stage supply chain. We consider vertically differentiated industries. Products reach the end customers via assembly companies positioned in the middle-tier between the producers and end customers. The assembly operations incur bill-of-materials (BOM) cost, which includes the cost of raw materials and components as well as the cost of producing, managing and synchronising supply, storage and distribution of these materials and components. We consider three coordination scenarios in the supply chain, and compare an uncoordinated supply chain with a horizontal and a vertical coordination scenario using the Nash equilibria of a multi-leader Stackelberg game between the producers and assembly companies. For exogenously given quality levels, we show that producers and assembly companies should either differentiate their product offering, or offer the high-end product only depending on the BOM cost. In addition, the uncoordinated scenario helps reduce the intensity of competition in the supply chain. For endogenous quality levels, partial product-differentiation equilibrium can emerge. Numerical experiments are performed to illustrate the impacts of BOM cost and quality levels on the equilibrium.     

Supply chain configuration with co-ordinated product,process and logistics decisions: an approach based on Petri nets

Supply chain configuration lends itself to be an effective means to deal with product differentiation and customisation throughout a supply chain network. It essentially entails the instantiation of a generic supply chain network to specific supply chains in accordance with diverse customer requirements. The lynchpin of supply chain configuration lies in the co-ordination of product, process and logistics decisions in relation to a variety of customer orders. This paper aims to provide modelling support to supply chain configuration. The ultimate goal is to assist companies to form appropriate supply chains with the most added-value to customer order fulfillment. A formalism based on coloured Petri nets is developed for configuring supply chains. System models are built upon the coloured Petri nets and used to incorporate product and process concerns into the supply chain configuration process. An industrial case study is reported to illustrate the potential of the coloured Petri net modelling formalism and the built system models for supply chain configuration.     

面向复杂制造业企业的供应链管理实施策略

以一个实际案例为背景讨论面向复杂制造业企业的供应链管理实施策略,其中详细探讨了如何根据企业的产品特点确立供应链管理的基本指导思想,如何对外购物料进行分类管理,如何对供应市场进行分析并在此基础上进行基本策略定位,以及一些具体的实施策略。     

An impact of manufacturing flexibility and technological dimensions of manufacturing strategy on improving supply chain responsiveness: Business environment perspective

The main objective of this research is to investigate the impact of manufacturing flexibility and technological dimensions of manufacturing strategy on responsiveness in the supply chain. Based on the theoretical background of dynamic capability, this study also examines the role of the business environment on the relationship between manufacturing flexibility and supply chain responsiveness. 144 structured surveys were collected and the partial least squares of structural equation modelling approach were utilised for data analysis. The result establishes relationships among various dimensions of manufacturing flexibility. Although the technological dimensions in manufacturing strategy of such advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) and e-procurement do not have any direct impact on new product and market flexibility, they increase supply chain responsiveness, which helps to react quickly against supply chain disruptions. More importantly, the business environment has a moderating effect on the relationship between market flexibility and supply chain responsiveness.     

Scheduling of recovery actions in the supply chain with resilience analysis considerations

Supply chain engineering models with resilience considerations have been mostly focused on disruption impact quantification within one analysis layer, such as supply chain design or planning. Performance impact of disruptions has been typically analysed without scheduling of recovery actions. Taking into account schedule recovery actions and their duration times, this study extends the existing literature to supply chain scheduling and resilience analysis by an explicit integration of the optimal schedule recovery policy and supply chain resilience. In particular, we compute a schedule optimal control policy and analyse the performance of this policy by varying the perturbation vector and representing the outcomes of variations in the form of an attainable set. We propose a scheduling model that considers the coordination of recovery actions in the supply chain. Further, we suggest a resilience index by using the notion of attainable sets. The attainable sets are known in control theory; their calculation is based on the schedule control model results and the minimax regret approach for continuous time parameters given by intervals. We show that the proposed indicator can be used to estimate the impact of disruption and recovery dynamics on the achievement of planned performance in the supply chain.     

基于互补产品的双渠道供应链合作广告博弈分析

针对互补产品的双渠道供应链合作广告问题,在考虑互补产品溢出效应的基础上,构建以制造商为领导者的Stackelberg主从博弈分散决策模型和集中决策模型,通过求解模型给出不同决策模式下制造商最优广告策略、零售商最优广告策略及最优合作广告分担率,最后以数值算例验证相关结论。研究结果表明：制造商关于某产品的广告投入水平与制造商关于该产品及其互补产品在网络渠道、零售渠道的边际利润正相关,且制造商关于其互补产品在网络渠道、零售渠道的边际利润对制造商关于该产品的广告投入的影响水平取决于产品的溢出效应系数;制造商对某产品的合作广告分担率除了与该产品及其互补产品在各渠道的边际利润有关外,还与零售商广告对网络渠道的影响性质有关。     

Supply chain focus dependent sensitivity of the point of product differentiation

Customer preferences for variety in the product(s) with improved customer service and lower prices are forcing the supply chains to overhaul the current practices from design to operational level. Postponement or delayed differentiation of the products is one such strategy, primarily deployed in mass customisation settings. Life cycles are shrinking not only for individual products but for product families as well. In this context, supply chain responsiveness becomes one of the crucial factors that need to be effectively managed to succeed in the present day competitive markets. Our model, that considers inventory costs and the supply chain responsiveness costs would aid a supply chain manager to make informed decisions with regard to the ideal location for the point of differentiation (POD), while striking the right balance between holding costs and the supply chain responsiveness costs. We also make use of a dimensionless parameter called the ‘coefficient of inverse responsiveness’ that not only facilitates the introduction of responsiveness related costs into the model but also improves the scalability and simplifies the analysis and interpretation of the results. Based on the strategic model developed, we offer some context-specific counter-intuitive managerial insights with respect to the sensitivity of the location of the POD in a supply chain.     

A hybrid optimisation approach to configure a supply chain for new product diffusion: a case study of multiple-sourcing strategy

Configuring a supply chain for a new product is a challenging task due to the lack of historical demand data and the dynamic/uncertain nature of the new product diffusion process. An integrated supply chain configuration (SCC) and new product diffusion (NPD) model is developed to explicitly account for the impact of demand dynamics during a new product's diffusion on an optimal supply chain configuration. Our hybrid NPD-SCC model allows a manufacturer to source from multiple suppliers, vendors or modes for its supply chain entities. Such a multiple-sourcing approach not only helps the manufacturer to diversify its pool of suppliers and maintain bargaining power, but also builds redundancy into the supply chain to hedge against potential demand surge and supply disruption during the new product life cycle. Through a case study and a comprehensive computational study, we find that although the single-sourcing solution is able to achieve lower unit-manufacturing cost (UMC), the multiple-sourcing approach is superior to single-sourcing on the overall supply chain performance in the environment with random supply disruptions. By building-in redundancy as multiple suppliers and modes, the resultant supply chain has less chance of being disrupted and achieves higher overall profit on average. We also draw several other managerial insights closing the gap between some supply chain operations and marketing strategies.     

面向大规模定制的供应链驱动模型的研究与应用

大规模定制是在高效率的大规模生产的基础上,通过产品结构和制造过程的重组,运用现代信息技术,新材料技术、柔性技术等一系列高新技术,以大规模生产的成本和速度,为单个顾客或小批量多品种市场定制任意数量的产品的一种生产模式,本文提出了面向大规模定制的推拉型供应链驱动模式,构建了以装配为分离点的供应链模型,并进行了案例研究。     

Roles of inventory and reserve capacity in mitigating supply chain disruption risk

This research focuses on managing disruption risk in supply chains using inventory and reserve capacity under stochastic demand. While inventory can be considered as a speculative risk mitigation lever, reserve capacity can be used in a reactive fashion when a disruption occurs. We determine optimal inventory levels and reserve capacity production rates for a firm that is exposed to supply chain disruption risk. We fully characterise four main risk mitigation strategies: inventory strategy, reserve capacity strategy, mixed strategy and passive acceptance. We illustrate how the optimal risk mitigation strategy depends on product characteristics (functional versus innovative) and supply chain characteristics (agile versus efficient). This work is inspired from a risk management problem of a leading pharmaceutical company.     

基于缩短供应链响应周期的运作模式研究

通过分析总结推动式和拉动式供应链的特点及对用户需求响应时间的变化，阐明基于延迟策略的推-拉结合式供应链的综合优势，提出利用延迟和压缩提前期的方法缩短供应链的响应周期；论述了对于不同生产类型企业为缩短响应时间可以采取不同的供应链运作模式；构建了基于延迟策略的模块化供应链模型，描述了该模型的运作流程以及实施中应注意的问题。     

An optimisation model for purchase,production and distribution in fish supply chain – a case study

This paper presents an optimisation model for spawn purchase, fish culturing production process and harvested fish distribution in a fish supply chain. Due to the complexity and variety of real-world fish supply chains, the model is built based on a case study for a real trout fish farm to illustrate the methodology on how to incorporate influential factors from both warm chain and cold chain. Warm chain mainly considers the biological factors while fish is alive and cold chain mainly considers the economic factors after fish is ready for harvest, harvested, and processed. The model seeks to improve the trout farm production planning to help decision-making on spawn purchase quantity, the best time to harvest fish, and the farming periods. In addition, the model adopts a customer classification method in distribution planning that is able to prioritise the delivery of fresh fish to the most profitable customers. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model was developed to maximise the total profit. The experimental results demonstrate that farmers’ total profit can be increased after applying the proposed optimisation strategy, compared to the traditional farming strategy.     

Structure dynamics control approach to supply chain planning and adaptation

Many of the existing methods and models of supply chain planning and control consider only one supply chain structure and assume it's more or less static in nature. In practice, supply chains have a multi-structural semantics and those multiple interrelated structures (organisational, functional, informational, financial, topological, technological, product, and energy structures) are dynamic and subject to many planned and disturbance-based changes. These changes are tackled by control activities which make planning an adaptive process. Although the supply chain optimal planning domain for static structures has been extensively investigated, the domain of planning and control of supply chains with structure dynamics merits more systematic and critical attention. In this study, an original form of supply chain representation as a dynamic system with changing multi-structural characteristics is developed. The structure dynamics control is a dynamic interpretation of the supply chain (re)synthesis process and aims at both advancing the supply chain (re)planning domain and enlarging the scope of the supply chain analysis domain that is currently rather limited. The developed approach is based on an optimal program control theory, active modelling objects, and structural–mathematical concept blended with mathematical programming. In this paper, we describe its basic features and exemplify possible applications and extensions regarding real planning and control problems faced by international supply chains in recent years.     

Value chain management for commodities: a case study from the chemical industry

We present a planning model for chemical commodities related to an industry case. Commodities are standard chemicals characterized by sales and supply volatility in volume and value. Increasing and volatile prices of crude oil-dependent raw materials require coordination of sales and supply decisions by volume and value throughout the value chain to ensure profitability. Contract and spot demand differentiation with volatile and uncertain spot prices, spot sales quantity flexibility, spot sales price–quantity functions and variable raw material consumption rates in production are problem specifics to be considered. Existing chemical industry planning models are limited to production and distribution decisions to minimize costs or makespan. Demand-oriented models focus on uncertainty in demand quantities not in prices. We develop an integrated model to optimize profit by coordinating sales quantity, price and supply decisions throughout the value chain. A two-phase optimization approach supports robust planning ensuring minimum profitability even in case of worst-case spot sales price scenarios. Model evaluations with industry case data demonstrate the impact of elasticities, variable raw material consumption rates and price uncertainties on planned profit and volumes.     

Supply chain design to guarantee quoted lead time and inventory replenishment: model and insights

Do lead time constraints only lead to re-think and re-optimise the inventory positioning along the supply chain or can they impact on the design of the supply chain itself? To answer such a question, we integrate the lead time constraints in a multi-echelon supply chain design model and challenge the difficulty of combining in the same model the long-term decisions (facility location, supplier selection) with the midterm decisions (inventory placement and replenishment, delivery lead time). The model guarantees the respect of the quoted lead time associated with each customer order and the replenishment of the different stocks (raw materials, intermediate and final products) in the different stages of the supply chain between any pair of consecutive orders. We use the model to investigate the impact of the quoted lead time and customer’s order frequency on supply chain design decisions and costs. Some of our results indicate that the lead time constraints can lead to bringing the sites of manufacturing and distribution close to the demand zone and to select local suppliers in spite of their higher cost.