纳滤处理燃机电厂清洗废液及膜污染研究

采用NF 90、NF 270、NF 2001、NF 5001 4种纳滤膜对燃机电厂压气机清洗废液进行处理，考察操作压力、初始COD_Cr、温度和pH等因素对纳滤膜性能的影响。结果表明，操作压力为0.7 MPa时，4种纳滤膜对废液中低分子质量的难生物降解溶解性有机物截留效果均较好，产水水质满足纳管标准(COD_Cr≤500 mg/L)。操作压力在一定范围内增加，4种纳滤膜膜通量和COD_Cr截留率呈不同幅度的上升趋势，压力由0.6 MPa增加至1.0 MPa时，NF2001产水COD_Cr降幅最大(70.73%),NF 5001膜通量增幅最大(28.14%)。初始COD_Cr增加使膜通量下降而对COD_Cr的截留效果提高，且随着温度由20℃升高至40℃，及pH由3升至10，各膜通量均有一定程度的提高。此外，较低温度(20℃)下NF 270膜通量较大且不可逆污染值较小，因而在处理压气机清洗废液中具有良好的应用前景。     

微滤膜法预处理周位酸有机废水

采用微滤膜预处理周位酸有机废水,探讨了废水pH值、操作压力、操作温度对微滤膜预处理效果的影响。结果表明,在废水pH值为10、操作压力为0.1 MPa、操作温度为室温的条件下,废水COD截留率达58%,色度明显减小,微滤膜片经机械清扫和反水冲洗后可恢复部分膜通量。为微滤膜法预处理周位酸有机废水的工业化提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

操作条件对NF90膜软化水过程的影响

以模拟硬水为水样,针对压力、温度和pH值等操作因子对NF90型纳滤膜软化水过程的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,在处理暂时硬度为300 mg.L-1(以CaCO3计)的硬水时,NF90膜有较高的通量和Ca2+截留率,适用于水质软化过程。在操作压力为0.5～2.0 MPa、温度为13℃～37℃、水样pH值为6.0～8.0的条件下,膜通量随操作压力、温度的升高而升高,但受pH值的影响不大。在试验条件范围内,Ca2+的截留率均>97%。     

两种改性膨润土对废水中F-的吸附研究

选择铝盐和镧盐对膨润土进行改性,制得铝改性膨润土(Al-Bent)和铝镧改性膨润土(Al-La-Bent),并用红外光谱(IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)进行结构表征,通过批量实验比较两种改性膨润土的除氟性能,讨论了不同煅烧温度、pH值和反应时间对除氟效果的影响,采用吸附动力学和等温吸附实验揭示吸附机理.结果表明,Al-La-Bent的除氟能力高于Al-Bent,La的掺入有助于提高吸附效率.当pH值为5.6,投加量为5 g/L、反应温度为25℃,搅拌时间为60 min时,Al-Bent和Al-La-Bent的除氟率分别达到74.65％和78.90％.整个吸附过程符合准二级动力方程,等温曲线用Langmuir方程描述更为准确.     

纳滤浓缩回收高含磷废水

采用商品纳滤膜NF90浓缩回收高含磷废水,考察了预处理、pH、跨膜压力和浓缩倍数对纳滤浓缩回收含磷废水效果的影响。结果表明,利用氢氧化钠调节废水至pH=5时,固体去除率为64.2%,电导率降低60.3%。纳滤膜除磷技术的优化工艺条件为:料液pH=5,操作压力3 MPa,此条件下纳滤膜可长时间保持较高的通量。料液浓缩5倍时,TP的截留率为91.7%,脱盐率为90.7%。     

丁辛醇缩合废水的处理工艺

丁辛醇在缩合生产过程中会产生大量气味重、化学需氧量（COD）高、碱性强、盐度高且可生化性差的工业废水,其中COD浓度高达80g/L。本文提出了一种处理丁辛醇缩合废水的新工艺,即“酸化-隔油”预处理-非均相臭氧催化氧化处理-碟管式反渗透（DTRO）膜组处理深度处理。本文在非均相臭氧催化氧化处理过程中重点研究了催化剂种类、pH和反应时间对处理效果的影响规律;在DTRO处理过程中探究了操作压力对产水水质的COD和TDS的影响。实验结果表明：丁辛醇缩合废水在pH≤3的条件下进行“酸化-隔油”预处理,之后将“酸化-隔油”后的废水pH调节至7,再进行非均相臭氧催化氧化120min,其中每100g废水中需添加4号商业催化剂20g,最后DTRO膜组在7MPa的操作压力下对氧化后的废水进行深度处理。经检验,膜组出水的COD去除率达到99.6%以上。     

电凝聚-膜滤组合工艺除氟试验研究

针对部队勤务特点,以除氟为对象,设计并运行了电凝聚一膜滤组合工艺除氟试验.结果表明,电流密度越大,出水F~-质量浓度越低;随着运行时间的延长,出水F~-质量浓度、电极组电阻和出水pH逐渐增大,跨膜压力达到临界值所经历的时间逐渐缩短.当原水F~-质量浓度为5 mg·L~(-1),HRT为10min,电流密度为51.02 A·m~(-2)时,电凝聚-膜滤组合工艺除氟出水F~-质量浓度能达到国家饮用水标准.利用pH为12的NaOH溶液浸泡受污染的膜组件,膜的运行周期明显延长.     

卷管式及碟管式膜应用于制药废水分盐零排放的中试工程运行分析

采用卷管式反渗透膜(DTL-RO)、碟管式反渗透膜(DTRO)和碟管式纳滤膜(DTNF)组合工艺对制药废水进行分盐零排放处理。经生化处理后的制药废水进入一级DTL-RO系统,浓缩液软化后再进入浓水DTL-RO系统进行二次浓缩,浓缩液被送入DTNF系统进行分盐。DTNF浓缩液直接去机械式蒸汽再压缩(MVR)蒸发结晶装置,得到硫酸钠固体;DTNF透过液再经DTRO系统继续浓缩后被送至另一MVR蒸发结晶装置,得到氯化钠固体。经现场中试验证,卷管式及碟管式膜均具有很好的抗污染性能,能承受较高的污染物冲击;DTNF具有较好的分盐效果,对SO42-的截留率高达98%以上,对Cl-呈现负截留。卷管式及碟管式特种膜技术较好地解决了制药废水的浓缩减量及分盐资源化利用的问题。     

纳滤法处理含氟废水工艺条件的研究

采用Dow FilmTec公司的NF-90纳滤膜处理模拟含氟废水,主要考察了压力、pH、流量、温度、氟离子初始浓度等对膜渗透通量和氟离子截留率的影响。结果表明:压力升高,膜渗透通量增大,氟离子截留率先增大后减小;pH对膜渗透通量无明显影响,氟离子截留率随pH的升高而增大;流量升高膜渗透通量和氟离子截留率略有增大;温度升高,膜渗透通量增大,氟离子截留率降低;氟离子初始浓度增大,膜渗透通量减小,氟离子截留率降低。在压力1.0 MPa、pH 10.01、流量30 L/h、温度20℃的条件下NF-90膜截留率可达到95%;当处理氟浓度小于100 mg/L,出水氟浓度可达到国家工业一级排放标准。     

不同国产纳滤膜对饮用水中氟离子的去除影响研究

选用两种国产纳滤膜NF1和VNF2进行除氟的实验研究,考察了不同的原水pH、操作压力、进水F-浓度、温度以及腐殖酸的浓度对纳滤除氟截留率以及膜通量的影响。实验结果表明:VNF2膜的截留率高于NF1膜,而膜通量则低于NF1;同时两种膜的最佳操作条件为pH在6.5~7.0,温度在18~23℃,操作压力为0.4 MPa,进水氟离子浓度为4 mg/L;而腐殖酸主要通过静电斥力和氢键影响纳滤膜的截留率和膜通量,同时出水F-浓度满足生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006)。     

Fluoride and Arsenic Removal by Nanofiltration Technology from Groundwater in Rural Areas of China: Performances with Membrane Optimization

Nanofiltration (NF) membrane configuration for fluoride and arsenic removal from groundwater has a key role in controlling operation performances and membrane fouling. Some bench-scale contrast experiments using commercial NF membranes were done to obtain the optimum arrangement performances. The NF membrane arrays included one-stage, two-stage, and three-stage systems. The NF membrane surface was negatively charged above its isoelectric point (approximately at pH 5.9–6.4). Accordingly, the raw groundwater was initially adjusted to a neutral or alkaline pH to enhance the effect of electrical charge repulsion and improve the ion removal efficiencies by NF. The encouraging results indicated that a membrane in a parallel-linear arrangement with staging 2:1 was the preferable arrangement to remove fluoride and arsenic from low-salinity groundwater in rural areas of China. With this optimal arrangement, the NF system obtained fluoride and arsenic removal efficiencies of 70?73% and 92?94% respectively, a preferable permeate flux of 73.37 L h^?1 m² and acceptable water flux recovery rate of 65% at 16°C. This optimal arrangement can further limit the potential membrane fouling by lowering the interstage Reynolds number. Moreover, the water product cost was lowest by the NF system with this optimal arrangement.     

膜分离技术处理磷酸铁生产废水实验研究

磷酸铁生产废水因含大量低浓度铵根、硫酸根等杂质离子,增加了工业处理难度,影响了磷酸铁生产企业的可持续性发展。采用膜分离技术对湖南某电池级磷酸铁生产企业的工业废水进行了处理效果试验研究,选用国内某海水淡化膜,在废水进水质量分数为0.519%、pH为7、温度为20℃、操作压力为1.727MPa,并控制产水率为75%的条件下,处理后淡水中铵根离子浓度降为61.22mg/kg、硫酸根离子浓度降为147.63mg/kg、盐浓度降为0.02%,盐脱除率达到96.15%。     

硝酸脱除褐煤粉煤灰中的砷

基于砷在褐煤粉煤灰中的赋存状态,建立了酸法脱除粉煤灰中部分砷的新方法,考察了反应温度、时间、pH值等对脱砷率的影响. 结果表明,褐煤灰中的砷大多富集在煤灰表面并以砷酸钙等砷酸盐形式存在,脱砷率与pH值和反应温度成反比. 综合考虑脱砷率、溶损率等因素,确定酸法最优脱砷条件为pH=1、反应温度20℃、反应时间1 h,此时脱砷率为66.34%.     

催化湿式氧化处理兰炭废水的工艺研究

采用催化湿式氧化(CWAO)技术处理陕北某兰炭生产企业的兰炭废水,考察了反应温度、氧气分压、进水pH及催化剂投加量等对兰炭废水处理效果的影响。结果表明:将自制CuO-MnO2-CeO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂用于CWAO处理兰炭废水时,随着反应温度、氧气分压、催化剂投加量的增大,CODcr去除率增大;在实验条件下,催化剂的最佳投加量为10g/L,最佳进水pH值=8;T=150℃、P(O2)=1.6MPa、反应120min后CODcr去除率可从湿式氧化的17.3%提高到77.8%。     

Arsenic removal from drinking water by a “loose” nanofiltration membrane

The removal of arsenic from water by a “loose” nanofiltration (NF) membrane was investigated. Prior to the arsenic removal studies, the loose NF membrane was characterized for molecular weight cut-off and pore size by saccharide retention measurements, and electrokinetic charge by streaming potential measurements. In addition, separation of both single salt and mixed salt electrolyte solutions was studied to investigate the ion transport properties of the membrane. Arsenic rejection experiments included variation of pH, arsenic feed concentration, and presence of background electrolyte. In general, arsenic rejection increased with increasing pH and arsenic feed concentration, and was enhanced in the presence of 0.01 M NaCl. Arsenic was removed 60–90% from synthetic feed waters containing 10, 32, 100, and 316 μg/L As(V), resulting in permeate arsenic concentrations of 4, 6, 10, and 25μg/L, respectively. The behavior of the membrane is consistent with the extended Nernst-Planck equation model predictions for an uncharged membrane where size exclusion controls ion retention. However, separation of Arsenic species was a due to a combination of size exclusion, preferential passage of more mobile ions, and charge exclusion.     

中空纤维超滤膜去除乳酸钙中蛋白质的研究

发酵法联合生产乳酸-乳酸钙工艺中,分离出的乳酸钙产品含有蛋白质、还原糖、重金属等杂质,影响产品的品质。本实验研究了中空纤维膜对乳酸钙中蛋白质的去除,并分析了压差、温度、浓度及pH值等因素的影响。得到了较好的工艺操作条件为Δp=0.05MPa,Δ=30g/L,30°C,pH=4。进一步提出用多步超滤能提高蛋白质的去除率15%～27%。     

氧化还原电位控制硫酸生产含砷废水处理过程实验研究

以石灰-铁盐混凝沉淀法处理硫酸生产含砷废水,考察氧化还原电位(ORP)、曝气时间、pH及铁砷比的变化和影响。结果表明,砷去除率趋势与ORP基本一致,ORP可作为参考砷去除率的控制影响因素;一级处理pH 8~9,ORP 15 mV,铁砷比3,砷去除率达96%以上;二级处理pH 8~9,ORP 0 mV,铁砷比20,砷去除率达到60%以上。     

Performance evaluation of polyamide nanofiltration membranes for phosphorus removal process and their stability against strong acid/alkali solution

In this study,a quantitative performance of three commercial polyamide nanofiltration(NF) membranes(i.e.,NF,NF90,and NF270) for phosphorus removal under different feed conditions was investigated.The experiments were conducted at different feed phosphorus concentrations(2.5,5,10,and 15 mg·L~(-1)) and elevated pHs(pH 1.5,5,10,and 13.5) at a constant feed pressure of 1 MPa using a dead-end filtration cell.Membrane rejection against total phosphorus generally increased with increasing phosphorus concentration regardless of membrane type.In contrast,the permeate flux for all the membranes only decreased slightly with increasing phosphorus concentration.The results also showed that the phosphorus rejections improved while water flux remained almost unchanged with increasing feed solution pH.When the three membranes were exposed to strong pHs(pH 1.5 and 13.5) for a longer duration(up to 6 weeks)it was found that the rejection capability and water flux of the membranes remained very similar throughout the duration,except for NF membrane with marginal decrement in phosphorus rejection.Adsorption study also revealed that more phosphorus was adsorbed onto the membrane structure at alkaline conditions(pH 10 and 13.5) compared to the same membranes tested at lower pHs(pH 1.5 and 5).In eonelusion,NF270 membrane outperformed Nf and NF90 membranes owing to its desirable performance of water flux and phosphorus rejection particularly under strong alkali solution.The NF270 membrane achieved 14.0 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1) and 96.5% rejection against 10 mg·L~(-1) phosphorus solution with a pH value of 13.5 at the applied pressure of 1 MPa.