Vibrational characteristics of carbon nanotubes as nanomechanical resonators

Using eigenvalue analysis of mass and stiffness matrices directly computed from atomistic simulations, natural frequencies and mode shapes of various carbon nanotubes are studied. The stiffness matrix was developed from the Tersoff-Brenner potential for carbon-carbon interactions. The computed frequencies of the radial breathing modes of a variety of armchair (n, n) nanotubes agree well with results obtained by others using different techniques. In addition, the study reveals diverse mode shapes such as accordion-like axial modes, lateral bending modes, torsional modes, axial shear modes, and radial breathing modes for a variety of single-wall, multi-wall, and bamboo-type carbon nanotubes. The effects of different constraints on the carbon nanotube ends on the computed frequencies and mode shapes have been investigated for possible applications in vibration sensors or electromechanical resonators.     

On-line identification, flutter testing and adaptive notching of structural mode parameters for V-22 tiltrotor aircraft

New algorithms and results are presented for flutter testing and adaptive notching of structural modes in V-22 tiltrotor aircraft based on simulated and flight-test data from Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc. (BHTI). For flutter testing and the identification of structural mode frequencies, dampings and mode shapes, time domain state space techniques based on Deterministic Stochastic Realization Algorithms (DSRA) are used to accurately identify multiple modes simultaneously from sine sweep and other multifrequency data, resulting in great savings over the conventional Prony method. Two different techniques for adaptive notching are explored in order to design an Integrated Flight Structural Control (IFSC) system. The first technique is based on on-line identification of structural mode parameters using DSRA algorithm and tuning of a notch filter. The second technique is based on decoupling rigid-body and structural modes of the aircraft by means of a Kalman filter and using rigid-body estimates in the feedback control loop. The difference between the two approaches is that on-line identification and adaptive notching in the first approach are entirely based on the knowledge of structural modes, whereas the Kalman filter design in the second approach is based on the rigid-body dynamic model only. In the first IFSC design, on-line identification is necessary for flight envelope expansion and to adjust the notch filter frequencies and suppress aero-servoelastic instabilities due to changing flight conditions such as gross weight, sling loads, and air speed. It is shown that by tuning the notch filter frequency to the identified frequency, the phase lag is reduced and the corresponding structural mode is effectively suppressed and stability is maintained. In the second IFSC design using Kalman filter design, the structural modes are again effectively suppressed. Furthermore, the rigid-body estimates are found to be fairly insensitive to both natural frequency and damping factor variations and therefore stability is maintained. The Kalman filter design might be a better choice when the rigid-body dynamics are well known because no adaptation is necessary in this case.     

Understanding spectroscopic phonon-assisted defect features in CVD grown 3C-SiC/Si(1 0 0) by modeling and simulation

New phonon-assisted defect features are observed using photoluminescence (PL) and Raman scattering spectroscopy on 3C-SiC/Si(1 0 0) films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. The ultraviolet excitation room-temperature (RT) PL-Raman spectra show a luminescence band near 2.3 eV due to RT recombination over the 3C-SiC indirect band gap. In addition to the strong Raman lines characteristic of Si substrate and 3C-SiC we also observed weaker impurity modes near 620, 743 and 833 cm⁻¹. These frequencies are compared with the results of Green's function simulations of impurity modes with plausible defect structures to best support the observed Raman features as well as modes of some prototypical defect center.     

Acoustic vibrations in integrated electro-optic modulators on substrates of lithium niobate

The processes of the excitation of acoustic vibrations and their influence on the optical signals in integrated electro-optic modulators on substrates of lithium niobate have been investigated. The resonant frequencies of the excitation of substrate vibrational modes have been determined. It has been shown that acoustic vibrations can make a significant contribution to the modulator transfer characteristic at frequencies up to several hundred megahertz, which should be taken into account when using the modulators at low frequencies, for example, as a part of fiber-optic sensors.     

圆柱共鸣腔力学特性模拟分析

采用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟了圆柱共鸣腔在不同螺栓预紧力下的变形以及共鸣腔的固有频率,实验测量了圆柱共鸣腔的实际固有频率,模拟仿真结果与实验测量结果具有良好的一致性,为下一步壳体振动修正理论模型的建立以及共鸣腔谐振模式的选取提供了基础。     

Toroidal Alfvén Eigenmodes in Globus-M Spherical Tokamak Plasma

Conditions of the excitation of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes (TAEs) and their inf luence on the confinement of fast particles into the Globus-M spherical tokamak have been studied by KINX code calculations of the magnetohydrodynamic spectra of reconstructed divertor equilibrium configurations with stability margin q₀ > 1 on the magnetic axis. The sensitivity of the frequencies of TAE modes with toroidal wavenumber n = 1 to the type of boundary conditions and choice of boundary surface has been studied. It has been established that the frequencies of modes with dominating poloidal harmonics m = 1 and 2 in the gap of continuum are significantly higher than those observed in the spectra of signals measured in the Mirnov coil probes, especially under the assumption of free plasma boundary with allowance for its compressibility. The TAE modes with lower frequencies and higher poloidal wavenumbers localized near the plasma boundary may be responsible for the oscillations observed in the experiment. However, these modes are characterized by the interaction with continuum and, probably, exhibit related damping.     

Carbon nanotube-reinforced composites: frequency analysis theories based on the matrix stiffness

Strong and versatile carbon nanotubes are finding new applications in improving conventional polymer-based fibers and films. This paper studies the influence of matrix stiffness and the intertube radial displacements on free vibration of an individual double-walled carbon nanotube (DWNT). For this, a double elastic beam model is presented for frequency analysis in a DWNT embedded in an elastic matrix. The analysis is based on both Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories which considers shear deformation and rotary inertia and for both concentric and non-concentric assumptions considering intertube radial displacements and the related internal degrees of freedom. New intertube resonant frequencies and the associated non-coaxial vibrational modes are calculated. Detailed results are demonstrated for the dependence of resonant frequencies and mode shapes on the matrix stiffness. The results indicate that internal radial displacement and surrounding matrix stiffness could substantially affect resonant frequencies especially for longer double-walled carbon nanotubes of larger innermost radius at higher resonant frequencies, and thus the latter does not keep the otherwise concentric structure at ultrahigh frequencies. Therefore, depending on the matrix stiffness, for carbon nanotubes reinforced composites, different analysis techniques should be used while the aspect ratio of carbon nanotubes has a little effect on the analysis theory which should be selected.     

基于地面共振试验的操纵面间隙非线性颤振分析方法

以某型民机带中心对称间隙的方向舵为研究对象。按动力相似准则设计了尾翼颤振风洞模型,通过地面共振试验获得不同操纵刚度和自由间隙组合情况下方向舵旋转模态的力频曲线,根据收敛的频率值获得有限元模型作动器单元的等效刚度,经动力学特性修正后的有限元模型进行了颤振分析。风洞试验后通过比较表明,计算结果与试验结果吻合:①颤振速度一致;②颤振频率的偏差不大于6.5%;③颤振型一致。由此可见,根据试验频率得到的等效操纵刚度是准确的,用来预测弹性操纵面的极限环振荡临界速度是可行的,可以作为民机适航符合性验证的一种手段。     

Research on Vibration Transfer Characteristics of the Bolt Connection Structure

Bolt pre-tightening force and the characteristics of contact surfaces have great influence on structural modes and transfer functions, which are usually ignored due to the difficulty in treatment. Using the ANSYS Workbench software, the finite element model of the whole structure and the bolt connection structure are established, and the vibration modes and harmonic responses in different structures are investigated. By comparing the finite element calculation data and test data, the influence of bolt connection structure is analyzed. Comparing the results when the bolt pre-tightening force is varied, the results show that the natural frequencies of bolt connection structure decrease compared with the whole structure. The transfer characteristics of the system are influenced by the pre-tightening force, and the natural frequencies increase with the increase in pre-tightening force.     

Low-frequency Beats Produced by Interference of Laser Modes

Abstract

A helium-neon laser operating in three or more axial modes can generate, at a photo detector with a nonlinear response to intensity, beat signals with frequencies corresponding to the second differences between the frequencies of these modes. This paper presents a quantum-field theoretical treatment of the formation of such low-frequency beats, as well as experimental data demonstrating that interference effects corresponding to the production of such beats can be observed even at light levels at which the probability of at least one photon from each of the three modes being present simultaneously in the optical path is negligible.     

Simultaneous interface and interband lasing in InAs/InAsSbP heterostructures grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy

Coherent radiation sources have been manufactured based on double heterostructures of the InAs/InAsSbP type grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. The mode composition of the lasing spectrum is determined by simultaneous induced recombination at the heteroboundary and in the bulk of the active region, as well as nongenerated modes with intermediate frequencies. Additional optical losses at the intermediate modes decrease the slope of the laser intensity dependence on the current.     

Analysis of microwave ovens loaded with lossy process materials using the transmission-line-matrix method

The transmission-line-matrix (t.l.m.) numerical analysis technique is used in this paper to evaluate resonant frequencies and field parameters of the generated modes in microwave ovens loaded with lossy process materials. Analysis is made for the variation of resonant frequencies with the loss factor of the loading material. Temperature rise profile through the load is predicted from the calculated results of field parameters of sustained modes. The demonstrated data are for the dimensional parameters of a rectangular cavity of a commercial microwave oven operating at the standard heating frequency 915 MHz.     

Natural frequencies and axial response of a liquid layer under the influence of an axial steady micro-gravity field

Under the action of a steady axial gravity field a liquid layer experiences a change of natural frequencies in comparison to the annular layer. The natural frequencies exhibit a decrease with increasing axial Bond number and liquid height. This is particularly pronounced in the range of the lower modes. In addition the response of the liquid layer to axial excitation has been investigated and shows resonance peaks for all modes in contrast to those of the circular cylindrical layer. Increase of axial Bond number yields an increase of response magnitude.     

Influence of material parameters on acoustic wave propagation modes in ZnO/Si bi-layered structures

The influences of material properties on acoustic wave propagation modes in ZnO/Si bi-layered structures are studied. The transfer matrix method is used to calculate dispersion relations, wave field distributions, and electromechanical coupling coefficients of acoustic wave propagation modes in ZnO/Si bi-layered systems, in which the thickness of the substrate is of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of the propagating wave modes. The influences of the thin film parameters on the acoustic wave propagation modes and their electromechanical coupling coefficients of the wave modes also are obtained. In addition, some experimental results for characterizing the wave propagation modes and their frequencies have also been obtained, which agree well with the theoretical predictions.     

Modal Coupling in Micromechanical Vibratory Rate Gyroscopes

The authors present modeling approaches to describe the coupling of modes in a resonant vibratory rate gyroscope. Modal coupling due to off-diagonal stiffness and damping terms is considered. Three analytical modeling approaches are presented in the context of a$z$-axis micromechanical vibratory rate gyroscope fabricated in an integrated polysilicon surface-micromachining process. The first approach is based on frequency-response analysis of the gyroscope output. The second approach takes the route of state-space-based system identification to identify the modal-coupling parameters. A third approach based on measured vibration data identifies the coupling parameters due to stiffness and damping. These three methods are then applied to predict the extent of displacement and force coupling between the drive and the sense axes of an existing device as a function of varying degrees of matching between the resonant frequencies associated with the drive and the sense modes. Experimental data show that as the resonant frequencies of the drive and sense modes are brought closer together, an improvement in overall resolution and scale factor of the device is obtained at the expense of an enhanced coupling of forces to displacements between the two axes and the onset of instability for an open-loop sensing implementation.     

Calculations of plate frequencies from complementary energy formulation

The complementary variational principle has been used to derive the differential equations and the associated boundary conditions of the vibrating plate in terms of bending moments. It is shown that in this formulation, the plate possesses an infinite number of zero frequency modes in which the plate remains in a state of constant strain under a set of self-equilibrating bending moments. In applying the Rayleigh Ritz procedure for the non-zero frequency modes of the plate, it is shown that it the assumed functions are orthogonal to only a finite number of zero frequency modes, then one may obtain frequencies which are lower than the true frequencies of the plate. An iliustrative example is given in the paper.     

Equivalent circuit for the microstrip ring resonator suitable for broadband materials characterisation

A simple equivalent circuit of the edge coupled microstrip ring resonator is developed based on both circuit and electromagnetic theory. The new model extends the work done by previous authors by including the effects of radiation loss, the coupling gap and the feed network as well as extending the frequency range by including higher-order modes. The model accurately predicts the resonant frequencies of the ring including the effects of dispersion and thick conductors. The equivalent circuit allows measurement of the resonance frequencies and the Q factors to be made independently of the coupling gap dimensions, which traditionally have been difficult to accurately model. A method of determining radiation loss is also presented, which has often been incorrectly neglected in the past. Experimental results support the accuracy of the equations and measurements on alumina rings that demonstrate a frequency accuracy of better than 1% over 12 resonant modes in the frequency range 3-33 GHz.     

基于遗传算法的结构损伤诊断研究

利用试验得到的振动参数评估结构的破损情况,是当前结构工程学科十分活跃的领域。本文引入遗传算法处理振动参数,进行结构的损伤诊断。为了让遗传算法更适用于结构工程损伤诊断领域,提出了多父体变量级杂交和变量微调等新的改进策略,并运用于固端梁的损伤诊断,取得了满足工程要求的结果。在识别过程中,遗传算法用到的信息有前二阶固有频率和其相应的振型及前三阶固有频率和第一阶振型,充分说明了遗传算法可在已知信息不多的情况下找到最优解,为结构损伤诊断开辟了一条新路。     

Theoretical analysis and experimental measurement for resonant vibration of piezoceramic circular plates

Based on the electroelastic theory for piezoelectric plates, the vibration characteristics of piezoceramic disks with free-boundary conditions are investigated in this work by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and experimental measurement. The resonance of thin piezoceramic disks is classified into three types of vibration modes: transverse, tangential, and radial extensional modes. All of these modes are investigated in detail. Two optical techniques, amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry (AF-ESPI) and laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), are used to validate the theoretical analysis. Because the clear fringe patterns are shown only at resonant frequencies, both the resonant frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes are obtained experimentally at the same time by the proposed AF-ESPI method. Good quality of the interferometric fringe patterns for both the transverse and extensional vibration mode shapes are demonstrated. The resonant frequencies of the piezoceramic disk also are measured by the conventional impedance analysis. Both theoretical and experimental results indicate that the transverse and tangential vibration modes cannot be measured by the impedance analysis, and only the resonant frequencies of extensional vibration modes can be obtained. Numerical calculations based on the finite element method also are performed, and the results are compared with the theoretical analysis and experimental measurements. It is shown that the finite element method (FEM) calculations and the experimental results agree fairly well for the resonant frequencies and mode shapes. The resonant frequencies and mode shapes predicted by theoretical analysis and calculated by finite element method are in good agreement, and the difference of resonant frequencies for both results with the thickness-to-diameter (h/D) ratios, ranging from 0.01 to 0.1, are presented.     

Technology and Performance of Millimetre-Wave Multilayer Components

New data are presented on the performance of thick film multilayer microwave components in the frequency range 30–40 GHz. It was seen that the performance of a novel microwave DC block has been enhanced through the use of broadside coupling between conductors in a multilayer structure. Very good results have shown that low loss and wideband performance at low mm-wave frequencies can be achieved through direct thick film printing. The effects of the properties of the materials employed are discussed in the context of minimum cost structures.