纳米金属Cu对ADN热分解的影响

为了研究纳米Cu粉催化剂对NH4N(NO2)2(ADN)热分解的影响,采用DSC和TG研究了纳米Cu粉作用下ADN的热分解。结果表明,纳米Cu对ADN热分解起到较好的催化作用,可以将ADN热分解峰温从212.6℃提前至126.3℃,降低了86.3℃;纳米Cu粉使ADN的热分解呈现出2个明显的热分解过程,但仅对其第一步分解过程有明显催化作用,而对ADN分解的中间产物AN的吸热分解没有明显影响。同时对纳米Cu粉催化ADN热分解的机理进行了分析。     

纳米Cu对HTPB-AP推进剂性能的影响

为研究纳米铜Cu对丁羟推进剂性能的影响,制备了含纳米Cu的推进剂,作为比较,同时制备了含有纳米CuO的推进剂和空白推进剂试样。采用SEM和TG-DSC表征推进剂的形貌和热性能,采用靶线法测试推进剂的燃速,并拍摄推进剂的燃烧火焰。TG-DSC结果表明,纳米Cu和纳米CuO主要影响AP的高温热分解阶段,但是纳米CuO比纳米Cu对推进剂的热分解具有更好的催化作用。纳米Cu可使AP的终止热分解温度降低67.0 ℃,使推进剂的终止热分解温度降低24.7 ℃。燃速测试结果表明,纳米Cu和纳米CuO均可提高推进剂的燃速,但是纳米Cu对推进剂燃速的改善效果更显著。加入纳米Cu和纳米CuO后,推进剂在燃烧过程中均出现蓝色火焰。     

纳米CuFe_2O_4催化硫酸铜热分解及机理研究

通过硫酸铜的热分解行为研究了纳米铁酸铜的催化机理。采用共沉淀法制备不同物质的量比的纳米CuFe2O4催化剂,并测定了不同成分和用量的催化剂对硫酸铜热分解温度及热分解表观活化能的影响。通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜对铁酸铜晶体进行表征,用差热分析(TG-DSC)法测定硫酸铜的分解热变化量以衡量催化剂活性。结果表明:Cu2+、Fe3+物质的量比为1∶1,质量分数为20%的CuFe2O4对CuSO4的催化效果最佳,该条件下CuSO4的高温分解峰与低温分解峰重合,分解峰温度向低温方向移动了29.5℃,表观分解热吸热量降低了112.1 J/g。     

铜/碳纳米管复合粒子的制备及其对高氯酸铵热分解性能研究

以碳纳米管为载体, 用化学沉积法制备了Cu/CNTs复合粒子, 并用TEM、SEM、FT-IR、XRD、XPS和DTA对其表观形貌、结构及催化性能进行了表征. 结果表明, CNTs和Cu之间无论是简单混合还是复合, 对高氯酸铵(AP)的热分解均有催化作用. 与纯AP相比, Cu/CNTs复合粒子中的AP高温分解峰温降低126.3℃, 低温分解峰几乎消失, 表观分解热由309.92J/g提高到711.13J/g; 与简单混合物相比, 复合粒子中的AP高温分解峰温降低11.4℃, 表观分解热由494.06J/g提高到711.13J/g. 表明CNTs与Cu的复合处理可显著提高其对AP热分解反应的催化作用.     

热分解法制备多壁碳纳米管负载铁氧体纳米粒子复合材料

以乙酰丙酮铁作为铁源,三甘醇作为溶剂,采用热分解法制备了原始以及酸化后的多壁碳纳米管负载铁氧体纳米粒子的复合材料。并用扫描电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、穆斯堡尔谱等分析了材料的微观结构和特性。结果表明,铁氧体纳米粒子均匀地修饰在碳纳米管表面,没有明显团聚现象产生,酸化后的碳纳米管表面生成的纳米粒子中包含了Fe3O4与Fe2O3两种粒子。碳纳米管经酸化后,其表面生成了许多缺陷,缺陷处的活泼电子更容易与生成的Fe3O4纳米粒子的外层电子之间进行快速的电子交换,使得Fe3O4纳米粒子中的FeⅡ被部分氧化,使生成的铁氧体纳米粒子更多地表现为Fe2O3的特性。     

Fe2O3纳米粒子的醋酸改性对其催化高氯酸铵热分解的影响

利用表面改性法对Fe2O3纳米粒子进行醋酸改性,用TEM和纳米粒度测试仪对Fe2O3纳米粒子进行了形貌和粒度表征,用FTIR和XPS对改性后的Fe2O3纳米粒子进行了结构表征,用DTA研究了醋酸改性处理对Fe2O3纳米粒子的高氯酸铵(AP)热分解催化性能的影响.结果表明,用凝胶-溶胶法制备了平均粒径为40nm,窄粒度分布的Fe2O3纳米粒子,醋酸改性处理改善了Fe2O3纳米粒子的分散性.FTIR和XPS结果表明,Fe2O3纳米粒子与醋酸分子发生了化学键合.DTA结果表明,Fe2O3纳米粒子的醋酸改性能提高Fe2O3纳米粒子的AP热分解催化性能;随着Fe2O3纳米粒子含量的增加,醋酸改性的效果越明显.     

微波辅助加热乙二醇法制备PtSn/CNT催化剂:pH值对其结构和电氧化甲醇性能的影响（英文）

采用微波辅助加热乙二醇法制备了碳纳米管(CNTs)负载的PtSn双组份催化剂。采用原子吸收光谱,X射线衍射仪和电子透射显微镜对产物进行了表征。结果表明,含金属离子前驱体的乙二醇溶液的pH值对产物的金属催化剂负载量、合金化程度和PtSn粒子的形态有显著的影响。在pH值为5时能得到组分配比为原始设计值的PtSn/CNT催化剂。在pH值2~7的范围内纳米粒子的尺寸较小,随着pH值的进一步提高,纳米粒子直径变大且发生团聚。电化学测试表明在pH值为5时得到的PtSn/CNT催化剂对甲醇电化学氧化具有最佳的催化作用。合适的金属负载比例和良好的纳米颗粒形状和尺寸分布控制是得到优异的催化性能的主要原因。     

肿瘤热疗用CNTs/Fe_3O_4热种子复合材料的制备及表征

采用化学共沉淀结合水热处理的方法,控制一定的反应条件,制备了微波肿瘤靶向热治疗用碳纳米管/四氧化三铁(CNTs/Fe3O4)热种子材料,并对所得的复合材料进行了相应的检测。实验结果表明:Fe3O4纳米小粒子在CNTs的表面包覆均匀,具有普遍性CNTs/Fe3O4复合材料具有纯Fe3O4相似的超顺磁性,当CNTs的质量分数为10%时,其比饱和磁化强度为64.53emu/g,矫顽力为14.03Oe,可以实现CNTs在磁场中的定向;CNTs/Fe3O4复合材料在0～5GHz范围内具有较好的吸波性能,当CNTs的质量分数为4%时,CNTs/Fe3O4复合材料的吸收峰在2.2GHz附近,反射率达-19dB,频宽为1G左右。因此,CNTs/Fe3O4复合材料有望作为热种子材料用于肿瘤热疗。     

碳纳米管/石墨烯负载PtRu催化剂对甲醇的电催化氧化

以碳纳米管(CNT)和石墨烯(GNS)混合材料作为载体,采用微波还原法将PtRu纳米粒子负载到混合载体表面,制备了PtRu/CNT-GNS纳米催化剂。透射电镜(TEM)结果显示,PtRu纳米粒子均匀地分散在混合载体表面,粒径分布范围较窄,平均粒径约为2.17nm。电化学测试结果表明,与单一碳载体负载的催化剂PtRu/CNT相比,PtRu/CNT-GNS呈现出更高的甲醇氧化活性和更好的抗中毒能力。     

雾化热分解-氧化五羰基铁制备磁性氧化铁纳米粒子

通过雾化热分解-氧化五羰基铁(Fe(CO)5),在雾化液中添加三乙二醇(TREG)和三正辛基氧膦(TOPO),及在收集液中添加羧基化单甲醚聚乙二醇(MPEG—COOH)等有机修饰剂合成γ-Fe2O3纳米粒子。研究两段加热和单段加热对合成γ-Fe2O3纳米粒子的形貌、粒径、分散性的影响,同时分析温度对γ-Fe2O3纳米粒子结晶性、形貌及磁性能的影响。结果表明:合成的γ-Fe2O3纳米粒子结晶度随温度的升高而增加;MPEG—COOH已经修饰在γ-Fe2O3纳米粒子表面;在单段加热模式下温度为360,390,420℃和450℃时合成的γ-Fe2O3纳米粒子在300K下都具有超顺磁性,饱和磁化强度分别为30,37,41,71A·m2·kg-1;单段加热模式较两段加热模式合成的γ-Fe2O3纳米粒子分散性更好。     

Real gas choked flow conditions at low reduced-temperatures

Real gas choked mass flux is calculated for a frictionless stream expanding isentropically until it reaches the speed of sound and without phase changes. The other parameters associated with the choked state are the pressure, density, temperature ratios, and the speed of sound. Departure of the choked mass flux from the ideal gas model is discussed first in absolute terms and then in relative terms, using the Principle of Corresponding States, for gases with boiling points in the low temperature range. Reduced-stagnation pressures are examined up to values of 30 for hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, methane, krypton, xenon, and R-14 and up to 100 for ⁴He. The corresponding reduced-stagnation temperatures go down to 1.4 and in some cases down to 1.2 for nitrogen and argon. Also discussed are the limiting values of stagnation parameters for which no phase change occurs in the choked state. Compared to the ideal gas, the mass flux may almost double and the critical pressure ratio may decrease by an order of magnitude. The relevance of results is discussed qualitatively and quantitatively for Joule-Thomson cryocooling.     

As-cast microstructures and behavior at high temperature of chromium-rich cobalt-based alloys containing hafnium carbides

Hafnium is often used to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of superalloys but not to form carbides for strengthen them against creep. In this work hafnium was added in cobalt-based alloys for verifying that HfC can be obtained in cobalt-based alloys and for characterizing their behavior at a very temperature. Three Co–25Cr–0.25 and 0.50C alloys containing 3.7 and 7.4 Hf to promote HfC carbides, and four Co–25Cr– 0 to 1C alloys for comparison (all contents in wt.%), were cast and exposed at 1200 °C for 50 h in synthetic air. The HfC carbides formed instead chromium carbides during solidification, in eutectic with matrix and as dispersed compact particles. During the stage at 1200 °C the HfC carbides did not significantly evolve, even near the oxidation front despite oxidation early become very fast and generalized. At the same time the chromium carbides present in the Co–Cr–C alloys totally disappeared in the same conditions. Such HfC-alloys potentially bring efficient and sustainable mechanical strengthening at high temperature, but their hot oxidation resistance must be significantly improved.     

Chitosan-collagen/organomontmorillonite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

A novel composite scaffold based on chitosan-collagen/organomontmo-rillonite (CS-COL/OMMT) was prepared to improve swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio, biomineralization and mechanical properties for use in tissue engineering applications. In order to expend the basal spacing, montmorillonite (MMT) was modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and was characterized by XRD, TGA and FTIR. The results indicated that the anionic surfactants entered into interlayer of MMT and the basal spacing of MMT was expanded to 3.85 nm. The prepared composite scaffolds were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio and mechanical properties of composite scaffolds were also studied. The results demonstrated that the scaffold decreased swelling ratio, degradation ratio and improved mechanical and biomineralization properties because of OMMT.     

Capacitance based mass metering for cryogenic fluids

This paper describes a method for measuring the mass of cryogenic fluids in on-board rocket propellant tanks or ground storage tanks. Linear approximations to the Clausius-Mossotti relationship serve as the foundation for a capacitance based mass sensor, regardless of fluid density stratification or tank shape. Sensor design considerations are presented along with the experimental results for a capacitance based mass gage tested in liquid nitrogen. This test data is shown to be consistent with theory resulting in a demonstrated mass measurement accuracy of ±0.75% and a deviation from linearity of less than ±0.30% of full scale mass. Theoretical accuracies are also shown to be ±0.73% for hydrogen and ±1.39% for oxygen for a select range of pressures and temperatures.     

Equipment using a “static-analytic” method for solubility measurements in potentially hazardous binary mixtures under cryogenic temperatures

A new apparatus designed to study, at cryogenic temperatures, thermodynamic equilibria of potentially explosive binary systems such as hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures is described herein. This equipment has an equilibrium cell which was especially designed to minimize hazards while allowing accurate phase equilibrium measurements. Reliability of results, obtained with this equipment has been verified by working on the nitrogen-propane system, for which data are already available in literature, over a large range of compositions and at various temperatures. Four isothermal curves describing liquid phase compositions at 109.98, 113.77, 119.75 and 125.63 K have been determined. Our experimental data are represented within 2% in compositions and in pressures through the Peng-Robinson equation of state implying Mathias-Copeman alpha function and Huron-Vidal mixing rule. Comparisons to literature allow pointing out: good agreement is observed with Kremer and Knapp data (1983) while the three sets of Poon and Lu data (1974) presenting systematic positive deviation are consequently judged as suspicious.     

Gas gap thermal switches using neon or hydrogen and sorption pump

The very low pressure obtained thanks to adsorption phenomenon at low temperature can be used to build cryogenic heat switches, which offer the possibility to make or break thermal contact between two parts of a cryogenic system. The ON (conducting) and OFF (insulating) states of the switch are obtained by varying the gas pressure between two copper blocks separated by a gap of 100 μm. This pressure is controlled by acting upon the temperature of a small sorption pump (activated charcoal) connected to the gap space. For a “high” sorption pump temperature, the gas previously adsorbed in the sorption pump is released to the gap between the two blocks, allowing a good thermal conduction through the gas (ON state). On the opposite, cooling the sorption pump allows a very good vacuum between the copper blocks, which efficiently break the thermal contact (OFF state). Experimental thermal characteristics (Conductance in the ON and OFF state, ON-OFF switching temperature) of such a “Gas Gap Heat Switch” are described using hydrogen or neon as exchange gas and are compared with theoretical calculations.     

Development of No-Vent™ liquid hydrogen storage system for space applications

A number of technological advances required to store and maintain normal-boiling-point and densified cryogenic liquids, including liquid hydrogen, under zero boil-off conditions in-space, for long periods of time, have been developed. These technologies include (1) thermally optimized compact cryogen storage systems that reduce environmental heat leak to the lowest-temperature cryogen, which minimizes cryocooler size and input power, and (2) actively-cooled shields that surround the storage systems and intercept heat leak. The processes and tools used to develop these technologies are discussed. A zero boil-off liquid hydrogen storage system technology demonstrator for validating the actively-cooled shield technology is presented.     

Development of a miniature cryogenic fluid circuit and a cryogenic micropump

This article presents the development of a miniaturized cryogenic fluid circuit for distributed cooling of low-temperature tracking detectors in high-energy physics (HEP). The heart of the circuit is a prototype cryogenic micropump. This volumetric pump is compatible with cooling powers of about 10-100 W, and capable of producing pressure heads of up to around 0.3 MPa. Besides detector and electronics cooling in HEP, potential applications are found in the field of superconductor technology.     

Integrated Resonant Self-Pumped Loop and pulse tube cryocooler for cryogenic cooling distribution

Cooling distribution is a vital technology concerning cryogenic thermal management systems for many future space applications, such as in-space, zero boil-off, long-term propellant storage, cooling infrared sensors at multiple locations or at a distance from the cryocooler, and focal-plane arrays in telescopes. These applications require a cooling distribution technology that is able to efficiently and reliably deliver cooling power (generated by a cryocooler) to remote locations and uniformly distribute it over a large-surface area. On-going efforts by others under this technology development area have not shown any promising results.This paper introduces the concept of using a Resonant Self-Pumped Loop (RSPL) integrated with the proven, highly efficient pulse tube cryocooler. The RSPL and pulse tube cryocooler combination generates cooling power and provides a distributive cooling loop that can be extended long distances, has no moving parts, and is driven by a single linear compressor. The RSPL is fully coupled with the oscillating flow of the pulse tube working fluid and utilizes gas diodes to convert the oscillating flow to one-directional (DC) steady flow that circulates through the cooling loop. The proposed RSPL is extremely simple, lightweight, reliable, and flexible for packaging. There are several requirements for the RSPL to operate efficiently. These requirements will be presented in this paper. Compared to other distributive cooling technologies currently under development, the RSPL technology is unique.     

Helium liquefaction with a commercial 4 K Gifford-McMahon cryocooler

This paper describes helium liquefaction using a commercial cryocooler with 1.5 W cooling power at 4.2 K (Sumitomo model RDK415D with compressor CSW-71D, consuming 6.5 kW electrical power), equipped with heat exchangers for precooling the incoming gas. No additional cooling power of cryoliquids or additional Joule-Thomson stages were utilized. Measurements of the pressure dependence of the liquefaction rate were performed. A maximum value of 83.9 g/h was obtained for 2.25 bar stabilized input pressure. Including the time needed to cool the liquefied helium to 4.2 K at 1 bar after filling the bottle connected to the cold head, and correcting for heat screen influences, this results in a net liquefaction rate of 67.7 g/h. Maintaining a pressure close to 1 bar above the bath during liquefaction, a rate of 55.7 g/h was obtained. The simple design enables many applications of the apparatus.