高温黑体辐射源的性能考核

正一、引言本文就检定辐射温度计的主要设备高温黑体辐射源的性能进行了考核,以广州日奇电子有限公司生产的R-1600球型腔黑体源为例,详细介绍了考核黑体辐射源各整百度点的控温稳定性、均匀性和校准重复性的实验过程,总结、归纳和分析了实验。二、高温黑体辐射源各整百度点控温稳定性考核实验通常辐射源的控温稳定性是指"辐射源在稳定下,10min内温度测量值的最大值与最小值之差,其测温间隔为1min"。将高温黑体辐射源从800℃开始,按     

100～400K真空红外亮温标准黑体辐射源研制

介绍了中国计量科学研究院研制的100~400K真空红外亮温标准黑体辐射源的工作原理、结构、性能测试方法及测试结果。黑体辐射源通过液氮制冷与3温区控制实现了100~400K范围内的温度控制。在真空环境下,测试了其在温度范围100~400K轴向温度均匀性、底部温度稳定性等技术指标,结果表明均匀性优于0.120K,控温稳定性优于0.020K/20min;在室温大气环境下,利用基于控制环境辐射的发射率测量方法测量了黑体空腔发射率,空腔法向发射率为0.9998。采用基于蒙特卡罗黑体发射率仿真计算方法分析轴向温度均匀性对空腔发射率的影响,分析了标准黑体辐射源的不确定度来源,在8~16 μm波长亮度温度的合成标准不确定度优于0.030K。     

辐射测温区域的界定分析

文章讨论了谱色测温系统研究中,基于测温坐标系的辐射测温区域的界定问题。以线性发射率模型以及改进的单调发射率模型为基础,通过测温坐标系标尺的考察,分析了不同光谱发射率模型下的辐射测温坐标系所限定的辐射测温有效区域的规律特征;以实际应用中特定的谱色测温仪器为例,给出该仪器适用的辐射测温的理论区域,并用黑体实验进行了验证。     

自校准红外光谱仪的辐射定标与外场应用

为精确获取目标场地的光谱发射率和场地地表温度,研制了具有自校准能力的傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,用于外场地表光谱辐亮度和大气下行辐亮度的测量。开展实验室定标工作,将面源黑体作为标准辐射源,选取观测地面目标热辐射最理想的8～14μm波段,对仪器进行两点法和线性多点法的辐射定标,确定两点法可满足仪器自定标需求。分析光谱仪测量过程中的不确定来源,得到合成不确定度优于0.22 K。开展外场实验,结合光谱迭代平滑温度和发射率分离算法(ISSTES)实现了地表温度和光谱发射率的分离,将获取的光谱发射率与多通道红外辐射计在同一场地下测得的光谱发射率进行比较,进一步验证了自校准红外光谱仪在外场应用时的测量精度和稳定性。     

有效亮度温度测量中发射率影响的修正

经典的短波高温修正模型不适用于中长波红外温度计的发射率修正和不确定度评定。采用有效亮度温度概念,得到了对于温度范围和测温波长具有广泛适用性的发射率影响模型以及具有简明物理含义的微差近似形式,包含了经典亮度温度理论中的发射率影响修正和环境辐射误差修正。定量分析了经典的短波高温修正模型的误差。针对黑体辐射源的不同溯源方法,讨论了辐射温度计校准中的发射率影响修正方法,并给出修正实例。所用方法可用于辐射测温应用、辐射温度计校准和黑体辐射源校准中的发射率和环境影响修正以及辐射源发射率不确定度对校准结果不确定度贡献的计算。     

大口径高发射率面型黑体辐射源的研制

黑体辐射源作为定标标准器,在红外测量设备的辐射定标中具有重要作用。为应对大口径红外测量设备的辐射定标工作需求,设计了1台辐射面积为400mm×400mm的面型黑体辐射源。采用多路控温和连接固定冷源的方式对黑体进行温度控制;通过热仿真确定合适的传热模型,同时结合高发射率涂层工艺与辐射面的结构设计使黑体具备高发射率,辐射面有效发射率可达到0.992;在真空环境下,利用标准铂电阻温度计测量得到黑体辐射面源的温度均匀性偏差最大为0.101K,稳定性平均值为0.018K/10min,该黑体辐射光源能够满足现阶段大口径红外测量设备的使用需求。     

H500型红外遥感定标高精度真空黑体辐射源的研制

对中国计量科学研究院研制的温度范围覆盖-93~220℃的H500型红外遥感定标高精度真空黑体辐射源进行了介绍。采用圆柱圆锥黑体腔和双层4段PID控温,在真空低背景(液氮冷却)环境下对该黑体进行了性能测试,在大气室温环境下,利用控制环境辐射反射比发射率测量方法测量了黑体空腔发射率和利用红外标准辐射温度计测量空腔底部温度均匀性等指标。实验结果表明,该黑体辐射源升温速率为1℃/min下,控制到温度点的稳定时间优于50 min,并且10 min内的温度稳定性在0.01℃以内;黑体温度设置在20℃、30℃和50℃下空腔发射率的测量结果分别为0.9965、0.9966和0.9963;其黑体底部温度均匀性优于0.03℃;在整个温度区域内扩展不确定度优于0.1℃(k=2)。     

氟利昂热管黑体辐射源性能实验研究

为了满足机场、车站等红外筛检仪器辐射温度现场校准的要求,文章介绍了一种氟利昂热管黑体辐射源。黑体辐射源空腔形状为圆柱-圆锥形,空腔长100 mm,锥角为120腔,法向平均有效发射率计算值为0.995。利用TRT2辐射温度计对黑体辐射源腔底进行辐射温度测量,对热管进行不同角度的倾斜,测得的黑体辐射源温度稳定性优于0.2℃,氟利昂热管空腔内均匀性优于0.2℃,可以满足现场校准需求。     

发射率影响修正近似公式及其适用性分析

黑体辐射源的有效发射率影响是辐射测温计量标准中的重要影响因素.本文利用有效亮度温度概念,对辐射温度计或黑体辐射源检定校准中的发射率影响修正模型的多种简化形式进行了分析比较.定量分析了Wien近似、忽略环境辐射近似和微差近似等几种近似模型的温度与波长适用性.其中微差模型具有简明的物理含义,经典的短波高温修正模型不宜用于常见的8～14μm辐射温度计的测量结果修正.在有效亮度温度测量与校准的发射率修正和不确定度传播计算中,本文分析结果为在不同波长和温度范围合理选择简化公式提供了参考依据.     

浴式黑体辐射源校准方法研究

介绍了几种典型的浴式黑体辐射源,并详细说明了校准方法。校准过程包括恒温槽内工作区域划定、介质温度测量、黑体腔有效发射率评估、辐射温度有效发射率修正等步骤。最终给出了浴式黑体辐射源的校准结果,并进行了不确定度评定。     

中温区真空标准黑体辐射源研制

介绍了中国计量科学研究院研制的中温区真空标准黑体辐射源的结构设计,工作原理,测试结果和不确定度评定.黑体辐射源工作温度范围为320～500 K,黑体空腔开口直径为50 mm,空腔深度为260 mm,表面喷涂了耐高温漆,空腔发射率优于0.999.真空环境下测试了黑体在335～500K温度范围内的轴向温度均匀性,温度稳定性...     

Measurement of surface temperature and emissivity by a multitemperature method for Fourier-transform infrared spectrometers

Surface temperatures are estimated with high precision based on a multitemperature method for Fourier-transform spectrometers. The method is based on Planck's radiation law and a nonlinear least-squares fitting algorithm applied to two or more spectra at different sample temperatures and a single measurement at a known sample temperature, for example, at ambient temperature. The temperature of the sample surface can be measured rather easily at ambient temperature. The spectrum at ambient temperature is used to eliminate background effects from spectra as measured at other surface temperatures. The temperatures of the sample are found in a single calculation from the measured spectra independently of the response function of the instrument and the emissivity of the sample. The spectral emissivity of a sample can be measured if the instrument is calibrated against a blackbody source. Temperatures of blackbody sources are estimated with an uncertainty of 0.2-2 K. The method is demonstrated for measuring the spectral emissivity of a brass specimen and an oxidized nickel specimen.     

真空镓固定点黑体辐射源研制

为满足红外遥感载荷实验室辐射定标需求,实现红外遥感辐射量值溯源到ITS-90国际温标,研制了真空镓固定点黑体辐射源.黑体腔开口直径为25 mm,深度220 mm,内部喷涂高发射率涂层,通过仿真计算黑体腔的发射率优于0.9999.在真空下测试了镓固定点相变坪台的复现性为4.4 mK,坪台稳定性优于2 mK.测量了镓固定点...     

基于分段线性法的红外辐射计响应度标定研究

基于溯源至国家高温基准的黑体辐射源对SR 5000N型辐射计光谱响应度进行标定。建立了系统响应度标定模型,在373～773K温区进行了响应度标定实验。实验结果表明:在此温区内黑体理论光谱辐射亮度与基于校准的光谱响应度得到的黑体光谱辐射亮度在8～14μm频谱内的相对平均偏差优于1%,具有较好的一致性。     

Remote-sensing infrared thermometer with radiation balancing

What is to our knowledge a novel infrared thermometer (IRT) for remote measurement of the temperature rise (-20-100 K) above the variable ambient (270-320 K) of a distant object is described. A radiation-balancing method is successfully extended to the near-ambient temperature range by variation of the temperature of a built-in blackbody, until the radiation from it equals the radiation from the source, so that its temperature is proportional to that of the source. Another feature believed to be novel is simplifying the design by elimination of the need for cooling the blackbody for subambient temperature range by use of a second blackbody, strategically located, which is heated to achieve radiation balance. Detailed theoretical analysis is given, showing that the IRT can measure remotely the total emissivity or even the electric current or voltage. Resistive inserts are proposed for improving the accuracy of current measurement. A method is proposed for simultaneous remote measurement of absolute temperature and emissivity by variation of the heating current and the aperture of the blackbody for radiation balancing in two bands so that prior knowledge of the object's emissivity is not needed.     

Influence of Non-ideal Blackbody Radiator Emissivity and a Method for its Correction

Demands for accurate temperature measurement and calibration are increasing along with the wider use of radiation thermometry in industry. However, the deviation of a ‘blackbody’ radiator emissivity from the emissivity of an ideal blackbody remains one of the main uncertainty contributions in the calibration of radiation thermometers, although the performance of blackbody radiators has been continually improving. Nevertheless, the influence of this deviation was often ignored due to the complexity of the correction. In this paper, general methods to evaluate the influence of the emissivity deviation of a blackbody radiator from unity for typical radiation thermometer models are described. An approximate practical method for wide-band radiation thermometers is proposed. Moreover, the concept of equivalent wavelength and the corresponding calculation method are introduced to simplify the mathematical model. The calculation result and a mathematical expression for the equivalent wavelength applicable to most popular radiation thermometers with a spectral range of 8–14 μm are given. The analysis and calculation show that the influence of blackbody radiator emissivity on longer working-wavelength radiation thermometer calibrations at mid or high temperatures cannot be ignored.     

真空汞固定点黑体辐射源的设计与研制

介绍了中国计量科学研究院研制的真空汞固定点黑体辐射源的结构、工作原理、性能测试结果和不确定度分析。真空汞固定点黑体辐射源灌注的是纯度为99.9999%的高纯汞,黑体空腔开口直径为25 mm,空腔内径为28 mm,深度为260 mm,表面喷涂了NEXTEL 811-21高发射率涂层,采用基于蒙特卡罗黑体发射率仿真计算的方法,计算了黑体空腔在波长为8~14μm的发射率,结果优于0.9999;在真空环境下,测试了真空汞固定点黑体辐射源的温坪曲线和重复性等主要技术指标,结果表明真空汞固定点黑体辐射源温坪稳定性优于2 mK,多次重复性优于1 mK;分析了真空汞固定点黑体辐射源的不确定度来源,其合成标准不确定度为16 mK。