论产品绿色设计

产品的绿色设计是通过产品的设计减少对环境的污染以实现社会和经济的可持续发展,目前国内对绿色设计的理解和运用仍然存在一定的困惑。产品绿色设计是一个系统性工程,地方官员强化绿色设计意识,企业增强绿色生产意识,设计师坚守绿色设计理念,消费者信守绿色生活信念,教育工作者坚持绿色教育,只有这样才能保证产品绿色设计得以推广和实现。     

中国传统图案对现代礼品包装设计的启示

论述了中国传统图案如何运用到现代礼品包装设计中,如何结合现代工艺手段,使现代礼品包装充满文化底蕴和艺术性,满足人们的需求,同时,丰富现代包装设计的面貌,为平面设计带来新的形式.     

The Economies and Diseconomies of Industrial Clustering: Multinational Enterprises versus Uninational Enterprises

This study’s objective is to compare cluster economies and diseconomies for multinational enterprises (MNEs) and uninational enterprises (UNEs) within the London financial services cluster. In contrast to the implicit assumption of the cluster participation literature that the economies and diseconomies of clusters are valued similarly by all firms, we find that economies relating to social capital and labour market pooling are equally important to MNEs and UNEs, economies relating to local competition and diseconomies relating to congestion costs are more important to MNEs than to UNEs, and economies relating to the reputational effects of locating in a world-leading cluster and access to specialised suppliers are more important to UNEs than to MNEs. That MNEs and UNEs do not experience cluster economies and diseconomies in the same way indicates that both cluster participation theory and international business theory need augmentation to recognise that cluster incumbents benefit and suffer from cluster membership differently.     

Analytical evaluation of aircraft operational risks from runway rutting

Runway surface distortions such as rutting allow water to accumulate on the runway surface which may cause aircraft operational risks related to hydroplaning and loss of friction. This may increase the runway excursion risk during wet weather conditions. Several standards relating to airfield pavement maintenance have documented that rutting can cause safety hazards to aircrafts due to hydroplaning risk. This paper proposes an analytical approach to evaluate the hydroplaning potential for aircrafts due to the flooded ruts of a runway pavement and evaluate the operational risk. A finite element model is developed to simulate aircraft tyre hydroplaning under given set of operating conditions. By performing this evaluation for different rut depths, an assessment of the relative severity levels of different rut depths with respect to hydroplaning can be made. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the application of the procedure to evaluate operational risks to aircraft from runway rutting.     

包装工程专业本科教学存在的问题及解决措施

我国各高校包装工程专业本科教学存在课程设置不合理、实践教学环节薄弱、师资力量薄弱等问题。其解决措施主要有：调整课程设置,重新定位教学目标,增加专业课时,将交叉或重复的教学内容进行整合;建构实践教学体系,加强实验室及实践基地建设,加强实践教学环节,改进毕业设计环节,实施国际合作教育;有计划地派遣教师到包装企业进行锻炼,聘请专家、学者和企业工程技术人员担任学校的兼职教师,不断完善师资建设。     

论企业家素质

企业家是以自己的洞察力和创造力发现和消除市场的不均衡性，善于抓住商机、占领和拓展市场，为企业赚取利润、更有效地利用生产要素，为社会创造财富的人，企业家在现代企业的生产经营活动中处于中位。在此对企业家的基本素质进行了初步的论述，这对于我国对培养就适应于市场经济条件下的科技、管理人才具有重要的现实意义。     

Development of an interactive simulation system for the determination of the pressure-time relationship during the filling in a low pressure casting process

An interactive computer simulation system has been developed in this study to aid the determination of the pressure–time relationship during the filling of a low pressure casting to eliminate filling-related defects while maintaining its productivity. The pressure required to fill a casting in a low pressure casting process can be separated into two stages. The first stage is to exer pressure to force the molten metal to rise in the riser tube up to the gate of the casting die, whichvaries from casting to casting due to the drop of the level of the molten metal in the furnace, whilst the second stage is to add an additional pressure to push the molten metal into the die cavity in away that will not cause much turbulence and have the proper illing pattern to avoid the entrapment ofgas while maintaining productivity.

One of the major efforts in this study is to modify the filling simulation system with the capability to directly predict the occurrence of gas porosity developed earlier to interactively determine the proper gate velocity for each and every part of the casting. The pressure required to ill the die cavity can then be obtained from the simulations.

The operation principles and the interactive analysis system developed are then tested on an automotive wheel made by the low pressure casting process to demonstrate how the system can aid in determining the proper pressure–time relations, the p–t curve, required to produce a sound casting without sacrificing productivity.     

Tutorial on the biology of nanotopography

The aims of this short tutorial are fourfold: 1) to introduce readers unfamiliar with the field to major concepts in the field; 2) to inform the reader of major unresolved questions; 3) to inform readers of a few major sources of relevant literature; and 4) to place the subject in relation to its relevance to other areas of science and practical application.     

基于分析软件“CiteSpace”的声景研究英文文献知识图谱分析

国外关于声景的探索经历了数十年的发展,对其进行系统梳理与总结对于中国声景研究具有重要的借鉴价值。文章以"Web of Science"核心数据库中近20年的相关英文文献作为研究对象,依托科学计量分析软件CiteSpace的知识图谱绘制功能,展现国外声景研究的学科及期刊分布特征、理论基础与研究热点。研究发现,国外声景研究呈现出明显的多学科特征。在研究热点上,从接续Schafer的理念、关注人类对声景的感知,到兼顾生物圈中非人类生物对声景的响应,再到以"格局-过程"为指导关注区域层面的声景生态特征与演变机制,是国外声景研究的主要发展脉络。声景研究框架的拓展使国外声景研究得以越来越全面和科学地解释和理解声景现象,并为声景实践的开展奠定了良好的基础。不足之处在于研究内容有待深化、研究学科有待融合、声景标准化建设有待加强、声景普及有待提高,而这也是国内声景研究实现跨越发展需要积极补足的方面。     

Correlating cell morphology and osteoid mineralization relative to strain profile for bone tissue engineering applications.

A number of bone tissue engineering strategies use porous three-dimensional scaffolds in combination with bioreactor regimes. The ability to understand cell behaviour relative to strain profile will allow for the effects of mechanical conditioning in bone tissue engineering to be realized and optimized. We have designed a model system to investigate the effects of strain profile on bone cell behaviour. This simplified model has been designed with a view to providing insight into the types of strain distribution occurring across a single pore of a scaffold subjected to perfusion-compression conditioning. Local strains were calculated at the surface of the pore model using finite-element analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used in secondary electron mode to identify cell morphology within the pore relative to local strains, while backscattered electron detection in combination with X-ray microanalysis was used to identify calcium deposition. Morphology was altered according to the level of strain experienced by bone cells, where cells subjected to compressive strains (up to 0.61%) appeared extremely rounded while those experiencing zero and tensile strain (up to 0.81%) were well spread. Osteoid mineralization was similarly shown to be dose dependent with respect to substrate strain within the pore model, with the highest level of calcium deposition identified in the intermediate zones of tension/compression.     

Impacts of climate change on coastal flood risk in England and Wales: 2030-2100

Coastal flood risk is a function of the probability of coastal flooding and the consequential damage. Scenarios of potential changes in coastal flood risk due to changes in climate, society and the economy over the twenty-first century have been analysed using a national-scale quantified flood risk analysis methodology. If it is assumed that there will be no adaptation to increasing coastal flood risk, the expected annual damage in England and Wales due to coastal flooding is predicted to increase from the current 0.5 billion pounds to between 1.0 pound and 13.5 billion pounds, depending on the scenario of climate and socio-economic change. The proportion of national flood risk that is attributable to coastal flooding is projected to increase from roughly 50% to between 60 and 70%. Scenarios of adaptation to increasing risk, by construction of coastal dikes or retreat from coastal floodplains, are analysed. These adaptations are shown to be able to reduce coastal flood risk to between 0.2 pounds and 0.8 billion pounds. The capital cost of the associated coastal engineering works is estimated to be between 12 pounds and 40 billion pounds. Non-structural measures to reduce risk can make a major contribution to reducing the cost and environmental impact of engineering measures.     

Infrared-visible sum frequency generation investigation of Cu corrosion inhibition with benzotriazole

Infrared-visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy is used to investigate the corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole (BTAH) adsorbed on Cu(100) and Cu(111) in acidic solution. Potential-dependent in situ spectra indicate that the adsorbed molecule is the benzotriazole anion (BTA-) at all potentials investigated. The Cu(100) surface is shown to form an ordered adlayer at all potentials probed, while the Cu(111) face is shown to be disordered at negative potentials, but to order with applied positive potential. The ordered adlayer is shown to consist of the BTA- in two configurations, one coordinated to the surface and Cu+ ions in solution and the other coordinated only to the surface. The BTA- coordinated to Cu+ is shown to be more stable with respect to Cl- addition than BTA- coordinated to only the surface. This study demonstrates the viability of using sum frequency generation to study corrosion inhibition in situ.     

X-ray fractography of a diesel engine crankshaft

X-ray (XR) diffraction is a well-known experimental technique used for measuring residual stresses in metallic materials. If we apply the XRD technique to the fracture surface of a broken part, it becomes a fractographical technique, that is to say that it is possible to relate the results of the measurement to the loading condition that lead a component to fail. However, in the past this technique was mainly used to analyse standard specimens and not mechanical components and there are few experimental investigations concerning the possibility of using this technique to investigate the cause of fatigue failures. In this paper, after a brief introduction to the technique, XRD fractography is applied to a diesel engine crankshaft that failed under known fatigue loading. It was possible to determine the load that lead the crankshaft to fail and to evidence some original aspects about the application of this technique to real machine parts. Comparison with finite element results served to confirm that XRD can be used as complementary tool to scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation or as a substitute to SEM observation, in the case of damaged fracture surface.     

Minimization of the shadow patterns produced by periodic mesh grids in extreme ultraviolet telescopes

Thin metallic films are used as passband filters in space telescopes operating in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV). Because of their thinness, typically 100 to 200 nm, they are very sensitive to static pressure differentials and to mechanic and acoustic vibrations. Therefore, they are difficult to manage in all phases of a space program, from manufacturing to vacuum testing to launch. A common solution to this problem is to reinforce them with fine mesh grids with pitches ranging from a few hundred micrometers to a few millimeters. Depending on their location in the optical path, the main effect of these periodic grids is either to diffract light or to cast penumbral shadows on the focal plane. In this paper, we analyze the formation of the shadow modulation patterns and derive design rules to minimize their amplitude. The minimization principle is illustrated by an application to a solar EUV telescope.     

The development of ‘green’ airports: Which factors influence willingness to pay for sustainability and intention to act? A structural and mediation model analysis

The study's purpose was to determine which factors influence a consumer's willingness to pay for sustainability and their intention to take action against climate change related to airports. An expanding body of literature relates to assessing whether consumers would be willing to pay for these ‘green’ practices in the aviation industry, such as biofuels or sustainable airport construction/renovations. While previous studies have experimentally examined these scenarios, we are aware of no prior research that has proposed and assessed a structural model related to determining which factors influence consumer's perspectives on ‘green’ airports. A sample of 722 eligible participants from the United States completed the study using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. We examined future time perspective, affect toward climate change, the perceived value of sustainability, and perceptions of climate change on the endogenous variables of willingness to pay for sustainability and intentions to take action against climate change. Six of the seven hypotheses proposed were supported. Affect, perceived value, and perceptions of climate change were all significant and positively related to willingness to pay, which was positively associated with intention to act. Two non-hypothesized paths, between perceived value and future time perspective, were also positively related to intention to act. The model explained 42% of the variance in willingness to pay and 66% in intention to act. These findings offer insights into what factors significantly influence these relationships as they relate to airports. Perceived value and perceptions of climate change had the largest effect sizes in the model and were significantly related to willingness to pay and intentions to act.     

Scope methodology for safety

The EXTENDED Assessment/Certification task of the ESPRIT project SCOPE is intended to address those issues of Software Assessment/Certification which are not directly covered by its BASIC Assessment/Certification Model. That is it aims to cover some aspects of ‘Fitness of Purpose’ of software products, but, being mindful of the advice emanating from the Legal Study, will not claim to cover all aspects. This may readily be appreciated too, by appreciating the plethora of techniques which are already available to, say, the safety community. The aim is to assess the impact of these techniques upon the SCOPE BASIC model, and to recomment adjustments if necessary.We intend to introduce some of those problems and techniques which may be of relevance to the extended certification task of SCOPE, though it should be borne in mind that the project ultimately has to demonstrate the feasibility of its approach to certification, and that it is not its purpose to develop new tools but rather to investigate, adapt and integrate existing tools to demonstrate the viability of the proposed approach. In the Appendix we introduce a new relativistic software reliability model.This paper is not intended to be complete, it is meant to provoke discussion and reports on progress so far.     

Investigating driving behaviour of older drivers with mild cognitive impairment using a portable driving simulator

While there is a large body of research indicating that individuals with moderate to severe dementia are unfit to drive, relatively little is known about the driving performance of older drivers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The aim of the current study was to examine the driving performance of older drivers with MCI on approach to intersections, and to investigate how their healthy counterparts perform on the same driving tasks using a portable driving simulator. Fourteen drivers with MCI and 14 age-matched healthy older drivers (aged 65–87 years) completed a 10-min simulator drive in an urban environment. The simulator drive consisted of stop-sign controlled and signal-controlled intersections. Drivers were required to stop at the stop-sign controlled intersections and to decide whether or not to proceed through a critical light change at the signal-controlled intersections. The specific performance measures included; approach speed, number of brake applications on approach to the intersection (either excessive or minimal), failure to comply with stop signs, and slower braking response times on approach to a critical light change. MCI patients in our sample performed more poorly than controls across a number of variables. However, because the trends failed to reach statistical significance it will be important to replicate the study using a larger sample to qualify whether the results can be generalised to the broader population.     

Why some road safety problems are more difficult to solve than others

Some road safety problems have persisted for a long time in nearly all motorised countries, suggesting that they are not easily solved. This paper documents the persistence over time of five such problems: the high risk of accidents involving young drivers; the high risk of injury run by unprotected road users; risks attributable to incompatibility between different types of vehicles and groups of road users; differences in risk between different types of traffic environment and speeding. A taxonomy of road safety problems is developed in order to identify characteristics of problems that can make them difficult to solve. It is argued that if a problem is not perceived as a problem, is attributable to a misguided confidence in road user rationality, involves social dilemmas, or is closely related to the physics of impacts then it is likely to be difficult to solve. Problems to which biological factors contribute are also likely to be difficult to solve. The characteristics that can make a problem difficult to solve are to some extent present for all the five problems shown to be persistent in this paper.     

Knowledge management to support fate and transport modeling efforts in risk-based decision-making frameworks – salient issues and paradigm development

Risk-based corrective action goals are increasingly being adopted to regulate and manage contaminated sites all across the world. While the potential benefits of these efforts are laudable and indeed desirable, the success of this knowledge-oriented paradigm shift requires a commitment to continual learning on the part of the regulators. Hence, there is an imminent need for local and state regulatory agencies to promote individual and collaborative learning that is necessary to develop scientifically credible and cost-effective solutions that are both transparent and consistent at all levels. The need to effectively assimilate and disseminate information within an organization has led to the development of an umbrella concept called knowledge management. The objective often is to capture pertinent information that is scattered and localized within an organization and make it accessible to all, using management strategies and information technologies. Fate and transport modeling is an important element of environmental risk-based decision-making process, and knowledge related to this component is often disjointed and even unavailable to regulators in many local and state regulatory agencies. The objective of this study is to develop a knowledge-management paradigm in support of learning related to fate and transport modeling. A knowledge taxonomy is developed here and utilized to guide a proposed five-step management framework that aims to identify, assimilate, acquire, disseminate, and evaluate knowledge pertinent to fate and transport modeling applications in regulatory settings. Several applicable management strategies and information technologies are identified and evaluated to lend additional implementation assistance to the proposed knowledge-management scheme. Electronic Publication