Characteristics and Causes of the Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages:A Case Study of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone

Studies on the renovation and governance of urban villages have become the interest of human geography since the 1990s.However up to now,there is little literature focusing on the development patterns and dynamic mechanism of the spatial evolution of urban villages based on the theoretical system of urban spatial structure,and there are few scholars doing analyses on the relationship between urban villages and general urban areas in terms of spatial development.In this paper,Shenzhen,the most representative city of China in terms of urban village development,is taken as a case for exploring the characteristics and modes of the spatial evolution of urban villages.With census data of urban village construction in 1999 and 2004 in terms of built-up area,floor area,and construction intensity,the spatial and temporal evolution of the 91 administrative urban villages in the original Shenzhen Special Economic Zone have been analyzed in comparison with that of Shenzhen’s general urban areas.It is indicated that the spatial evolution of urban villages matches with the general rules of the spatial development of general urban areas in three aspects.First,land expansion is the most remarkable mode of spatial evolution in the early stage of development;second,in the period of rapid development,there is the obvious tendency of "distance-decay" in terms of construction intensity accompanied by some anomalous fluctuations at certain points;third,renewal and redevelopment are carried out gradually in the mature stage of development.However,because of historical and institutional restrictions,the spatial evolution of urban villages shows its unique characteristics in the aspects of original spatial distribution and spatial expansion mode in the period of rapid development,etc.The outcomes of this study would help not only enrich the theoretical study on the evolution mode of urban spatial structure,but also strengthen the administration over urban villages,in particular with the suggestions that the spatial evolution of urban villages as a type of urban space should not be the same as that of general urban areas and its unique characteristics should not be ignored;specific rules should be set up to guide the rational spatial evolution of urban villages according to the economic development of the city,as well as the housing demands of various kinds of residents.     

Study on Emphases and Trend of Tianjin Urban Public Safety Planning from the View of Bohai Rim Megalopolis

Nowadays urban public safety has been an important subject of study in urban planning study. And planners realized that a safe city is very important for sustainable development. Traditional urban public safety planning begins to perfect the contents and method. And regional research is an important aspect in the improvement of new era urban public safety planning. This paper chooses Tianjin, the important city in Bohai rim area as the example for research. Tianjin urban public safety planning includes not only comprehensive disaster prevention and reduction, effectively preventing and reducing disasters, ensuring the safety of the life and property of the residents, but also sharing resources and facilities from the view of megalopolis, eliminating hidden area troubles, reducing whole environment risks and so on.     

Mechanism of Agglomerating Development of Industrial Space: A Case Study on Shenzhen

The agglomeration of industries refers to the concentration and aggregation of the same or different industries in a certain area. After analyzing the spatial pattern of the economic activities in the world, it can be found     

Revitalization of Urban Brownfield:Case Study on the Planning of the Central Park of Nanhu Eco-City in Tangshan

The redevelopment and regeneration of coal mining subsidence area has always been a hot topic in the?eld of social and scienti?c research.Relying on remote sensing and the geographic information system(GIS)platform and considering the opinions of experts from various disciplines,this paper intends to take the landscape planning and design of the coal mining subsidence area in Nanhu of Tangshan as an example to discuss the planning design strategies and substantial implementing approaches to transform abandoned urban land into a national urban wetland park,which specifically includes:①anticipation of geological subsidence disaster and construction of ecological security pattern;②coal ash management;③garbage mountain transformation;④application of eco-technologies for solving ground subsidence,etc.,so as to provide technical methods and research ideas for the utilization directions,ecological protection,and construction of urban brown?eld in similar areas all over the world.     

Village Centre Internal Resources Used for New Development

Villages historically have been founded around agriculture but farm land has greatly changed, mainly in the areas of the centralised conception of agriculture from the 1950s. Original parcelling, homestead composition and functional layouts have stopped being useful for current village inhabitants. The Czech Republic is an example of an area where this problem has appeared. According to the Czech Statistical Office, the number of inhabitants working in agriculture is now only 1%. Therefore, we need to concentrate on the village historic centre： the possibilities of restructuring and the definition of its potential and possibilities for new development. The internal resources of the village mentioned in this paper refer to the buildings, structures and land of the village centre core. The case studies worked out by the students of architecture in the Faculty of Civil Engineering of Czech Technical University in Prague from the 1990s were used for the research. Comparing designs can define these basic approaches to the new historic centre＇s use： a spatial solution--urban （non-invasive and invasive） and architectonical （reconstruction, traditional form with modern detail or completely modern design） and a functional solution. The research shown in the original historic village core offers enough opportunities for new usages and non-agricultural functions which are suitable for this area.     

Transition of Implementation Pattern Under the Predicament of Urban Renewal:A Perspective of Spatial Governance

The recent prevalence of property-led urban renewal in Chinese cities has generated problems such as "nail households"~(1) and the loss of public welfare. This paper begins with the theoretical framework of spatial governance in urban renewal and then discusses the problems of property-led urban renewal. From a perspective of spatial governance, it proposes the framework, process, and policy design for the transition of the urban renewal model characterized by "government leadership and self-renewal of village collectives." By taking an urban village within a large city in south China as a case study, this paper compares the profit distribution among each party between the property-led urban renewal model and the village collectives’ self-renewal. It concludes with the significance of this new model for the establishment of a spatial governance system and highquality urban and rural development in China.     

Glossary

<正>Comprehensive Disaster Prevention and Reduction Planning(综合防灾减灾规划zōng hé fáng zāi jiǎn zǎi gūi huà):In China,the comprehensive disaster prevention and reduction planning is an important part of socio-economic development planning at both the national and local levels,as well as a special plan of city master planning.Through the past years,its focus has been shifted from post-disaster rescue to pre-disaster prevention,from responding to a single disaster to targeting at multiple disasters,and from disaster     

Evolution of Macao’s Urban Spatial Morphology and Its Influencing Factors

After more than 450 years’ development, Macao has evolved into a world heritage city and world tourism and leisure city from a traditional Chinese fishing village. Its urban spatial morphology has gone through six stages. Based on the analysis of the historic events in Macao at different stages, this paper elaborates the process, characteristics, and influencing factors of the urban spatial morphology evolution.     

波兰卡托维兹城市群的环境管理与城市发展

The Katowice experience focuses on the issue of brownfield remediation and how a local authority addressed issues related to the rehabilitation and re-use of industrial sites, and solid waste and sewage management in revitalizing the urban environment. The Katowice agglomeration is considered an exceptional area in Poland owing to its environmental and spatial conditions. The agglomeration is the most urbanized, industrialized and densely populated region in the country. The article introduces the experience of environmental management and city development in the Katowice agglomeration.     

Policy Analysis on Building Regulations and the Recovery of Earthquake and Tsunami Affected Areas

The paper examines the situation and causes of recent big earthquake and tsunami disasters especially in the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, and analyzes the damage to extract lessons on safety of buildings and recovery of cities from the view point of building regulations such as the Article 39 of the Building Standard Law. In addition, the Article 8 of the Ordinance of City Planning Law resulted in not so effective against tsunami in March 2011. Control mechanisms of building construction should be integrated into socio-economic, institutional, technical and other policy tools. In order to mitigate earthquake risk, all stages of building construction, from location, planning and construction to maintenance are important. Awareness creation is instrumental for building culture of safety and demands for intervention in disaster mitigation. The demands ultimately help in creating conducive environment for policy intervention, in realizing institutional mechanism of building code enforcement and land use control for the municipal authorities and in creating demand for competent professionals.     

历史文化城镇与可持续旅游

很多文物保护单位和历史街区 以下几项要求: 建设之风,使历史环境迅速退化——都散布在小城镇。无论从自然环境、　　　　——遗产保护和管理者应当使 此类情况在历史文化城镇中几乎处社会环境、抑或是经济环境的维度来 当地居民和游客理解并认同遗产的处可见。如承德,外八庙周围原来只考察,历史遗产的保护都与其所关联 历史意义; 有几个不甚起眼的小村落,环境十分的小城镇的发展密不可分。 　　　　——旅游运营机构促进旅游业 …     

Design and development and exclusions

Organisations that seek accredited certification to the quality management systems standard ISO 9001: 2000, or transfer to the new edition of the standard from the 1994 version, can exclude any part of sub-clause 7, provided such exclusions can be justified. Exclusions can be easily justified in some cases, but others, such as sub-clause 7.3, 'design and development', are sometimes more difficult to justify. This paper gives an interpretation of sub-clause 7.3, and discusses exclusions in manufacturing companies and service industries (a field marketing company, and nursing homes)     

混凝土的收缩、开裂及其评价与防治

长期以来,混凝土的收缩性质受人关注,但除了大坝以外,通常只测定混凝土的干缩值,并以其评定混凝土开裂的可能性。然而,随着对水泥与混凝土工程技术的不断研究发现,温度收缩和自身收缩的引起开裂的主要原因。同时,由于混凝土早期强度发展加速,弹性模量、徐变松弛等参数随之变化,造成开裂趋势明显加大。因此,更新评价和预测混凝土收缩与开裂的方法,寻求改善现今混凝土抗裂性能的方法已经十分必要和紧迫。     

科学合理规划建设和谐美好村庄

通过胡庄镇全镇村庄规划编制现状的分析,对村庄规划编制的必要性和机遇作了一些探讨,并根据已经完成的试点村庄规划提出一些值得注意的问题。     

我国历史文化名城名镇名村保护的回顾和展望

回顾1982年以来30年我国历史文化名城名镇名村保护发展历程,初步分为历史文化名域保护兴起、历史文化街区深入保护、历史文化名城名镇名村全面保护3个阶段.从历史文化名域名镇名村评选评价、保护体系、保护规划等方面探讨了一些概念和方法问题,并对我国今后的历史文化名域名镇名村保护提出了工作和研究建议.     

榫卯的繁简和大小

在古时候,支撑起一栋楼房的是木材,而木材与木材相连接固定的方法,就是榫卯.古时候的木匠,技艺精湛,手艺超群,在没有任何图纸的情况下,可以把楼房建造起来而不倒塌.一根根木材靠着木匠做出的榫卯搭接在一起,最后形成了亭台楼阁.榫卯作为木材和木材之间的连接点、固定点,不仅扮演着结构的角色,也扮演着美观的角色.其质量好坏直接关系到建筑的优劣,榫卯是建筑的重要组成部分,其审美功能不容忽视,它不但能体现建筑的个性和特色,还能增添建筑的美观.文章主要通过研究中国古建筑各个地方的榫卯,结合观察法、现场调研法、文献阅读法、经验总结法,分析探讨榫卯的繁简、大小与构件的承重有何种关系,得出结论并运用于毕业设计当中.     

榫卯的繁简和大小

在古时候,支撑起一栋楼房的是木材,而木材与木材相连接固定的方法,就是榫卯.古时候的木匠,技艺精湛,手艺超群,在没有任何图纸的情况下,可以把楼房建造起来而不倒塌.一根根木材靠着木匠做出的榫卯搭接在一起,最后形成了亭台楼阁.榫卯作为木材和木材之间的连接点、固定点,不仅扮演着结构的角色,也扮演着美观的角色.其质量好坏直接关系到建筑的优劣,榫卯是建筑的重要组成部分,其审美功能不容忽视,它不但能体现建筑的个性和特色,还能增添建筑的美观.文章主要通过研究中国古建筑各个地方的榫卯,结合观察法、现场调研法、文献阅读法、经验总结法,分析探讨榫卯的繁简、大小与构件的承重有何种关系,得出结论并运用于毕业设计当中.     

科教文体建筑的特色及时代感

通过方案设计实践，对建筑设计构思、环境设计要点、建筑空间组织形式和使用功能等方案设计要素作了阐述，并探讨了中学科教体文建筑组群空间组织设计中的技术问题。     

给水排水与城市防灾减灾

随着城市化的进程,城市防灾减灾的问题日益突出。从我国大部分城市防灾规划所考虑的主要灾种出发,文章选择了地震、火灾和洪水这3类灾种来探讨城市防灾减灾问题。同时,结合已发生的典型灾害和潜在的灾害,从给水排水工程专业出发,分析了各灾种对城市的危害,针对性地提出了相应的防灾减灾的措施和建议。     

彩板门窗与不锈钢门窗的发展及应用

１彩板门窗的发展彩板门窗又称彩色涂层钢板门窗 ,在我国是２０世纪８０年代中期最先由山东、北京２个大型门窗厂从意大利赛柯公司 (ＳＥＣＣＯ )引进彩板门窗生产线全套设备生产。９０年代初深圳方大公司、北京依美思建材有限公司等先后引进彩板门窗和彩板幕墙型材生产线 ,到目前为止全国引进线共２０条 ,加上已消化、吸收和国内生产的彩板门窗生产线共有７０多条 ,门窗组装厂约４００家。另外 ,目前我国已有能力生产３２道次液压全自动型材轧机 ,这些都为我国大力发展彩板门窗、彩板幕墙奠定了坚实的基础。１．１彩色涂层钢板彩色涂层钢板…