纳米二氧化硅对苯丙共聚物/水泥复合胶凝材料凝结硬化的影响

采用纳米二氧化硅作为调凝物质以期解决苯丙共聚物/水泥复合胶凝材料凝结硬化慢的问题。通过测定纳米二氧化硅改性苯丙共聚物/水泥复合胶凝材料的凝结时间及早期强度,分析纳米二氧化硅对复合胶凝材料凝结硬化过程的影响;采用等温量热法测定纳米二氧化硅改性苯丙共聚物/水泥的水化热,并采用X射线衍射仪对其水化产物进行表征;综合以上分析结果探讨纳米二氧化硅的作用机制。结果表明:掺入二氧化硅能有效促进复合胶凝材料的凝结硬化,二氧化硅掺量为1. 25%时促进作用最为显著;掺入纳米二氧化硅可促进铝酸三钙和硅酸三钙的水化,加快钙钒石和氢氧化钙的生成,缩短复合胶凝材料的水化诱导期和加速期,加快水泥水化进程,从而缩短凝结时间,提高早期强度。     

普通硅酸盐-硫铝酸盐复合胶凝体系水化性能和机理研究

对普通硅酸盐(P·O)-硫铝酸盐(R·SAC)复合胶凝体系的凝结时间、胶砂强度进行了分析,利用等温量热仪、综合热分析仪(TG-DSC)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等从水化速率及水化产物微观形貌等方面分析了复合胶凝体系的水化机理。结果表明:当R·SAC掺量约为10%时,复合胶凝体系的凝结时间相比P·O明显缩短,早期强度提高幅度较大,同时也能获得较大幅度的后期强度增长,力学性能较纯组分水泥性能优越。复合胶凝体系的早期水化速率和放热量高于单组分水泥。随着R·SAC的掺入,复合胶凝体系的水化产物中钙矾石(AFt)增多,Ca(OH)₂晶体减少,且AFt的生成量越多,越有利于早期强度的发展,当R·SAC掺量超过30%时,Ca(OH)₂消失。     

稻壳灰-水泥胶凝体系的水化动力学模型

稻壳灰(RHA)是稻壳控制燃烧产生的高活性火山灰材料,广泛用作生产高性能混凝土的矿物掺合料。稻壳灰的加入对水泥水化有着复杂的影响,目前的模型并不能解释所有这些复杂的影响。通过考虑稻壳灰对复合胶凝体系的稀释效应、化学效应、稻壳灰多孔结构对于水的吸收和释放等因素,建立了RHA-水泥胶凝体系的水化动力学模型,并以水灰比、环境温度,RHA颗粒细度和掺量等为变化参数,通过模型计算与试验结果相比较,证明所建立的模型可较好地模拟含RHA-水泥胶凝体系的水化进程,可用于预测RHA-水泥胶凝体系的水化程度随龄期的变化规律。结果表明,RHA-水泥胶凝体系的水化程度与水灰比、环境温度和比表面积是成正比的关系。研究可为稻壳灰在水泥中的应用提供依据,同时达到提高水泥的经济性和节约资源的目的。     

稻壳灰对固井水泥石性能影响研究

本实验通过在实验室制备稻壳灰并测试其相关性能,然后将稻壳灰按照实验设定的方案加入水泥中,待其水化硬化再从宏观和微观两个方面进行分析,以此来评价稻壳灰对固井水泥石的影响因素。结果表明:稻壳灰含有孔状结构,是一种多孔材料,同时它易磨,易制备,经过研磨后的稻壳灰比表面积较大,微集料填充效应良好。另外本实验探究得出稻壳灰掺量为12%时,养护得到的水泥石试样早期强度同比净浆一天增长15%~20%,两天增长25%~30%,因此可得出稻壳灰能改善固井水泥石的早期强度,最佳掺量为12%。利用XRD、SEM、EDS和TG等实验设备分析稻壳灰提高固井水泥石早期强度的原理为稻壳灰可以使水泥石中不同粒度的原料呈最密堆积,提高水泥石的致密度;稻壳灰中的高活性Si O2会与水泥的水化产物Ca(OH)2发生火山灰反应促进水泥的二次水化,生成了大量胶凝相即水化硅酸钙,提高水泥石的力学性能和改善水泥石微观结构。     

赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料的水化特性*

采用XRD、IR、TG-DTA、MIP等手段表征赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料的水化产物及其硬化浆体的孔结构, 研究了解赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料的水化特性。结果表明, 赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料的水化产物主要有C-S-H凝胶、钙矾石和Ca(OH)₂, 前两者对其强度的发展有促进作用; 水化1 d至90 d其中Ca(OH)₂的含量呈先升高后降低的趋势; 随着水化反应的进行在CaO/SiO₂比值较低的赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料中Si-OH基团之间发生聚合反应, 水化产物的聚合度升高; CaO/SiO₂比值为0.95和1.04的赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料的硬化浆体具有较好的孔结构, 而CaO/SiO₂比值为1.13的胶凝材料硬化浆体的孔结构相对较差。     

复合水泥基自流平材料的研究进展

详细介绍了复合水泥基自流平材料的胶凝体系,分析了二元胶凝体系和三元胶凝体系的水化机理及其对自流平材料的凝结时间、流动性、力学强度、体积稳定性等性能的影响;同时指出,复合胶凝体系水化反应生成钙矾石是实现材料改性的关键所在。在此基础上,系统地探讨了胶凝材料、骨料和化学外加剂对材料性能的影响。最后,综述了当前的应用状况,并对今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

碱激发锰渣胶凝材料的探索研究

以锰渣为主要研究对象,采用X射线衍射分析、差热分析等测定方法对原材料进行了物性分析,锰渣的主要矿物组成有SiO_2和CaO,属于碱性废渣,当温度低于550℃时其热稳定性较好.通过对复合碱激发剂的探索可知,当水玻璃模数为1.6时,25%水玻璃、2.5%NaOH和1%K_2CO_3复合激发锰渣后,其碱胶凝材料的凝结时间满足浆体的一般工作要求.在该复合激发剂作用下,以10%硅酸盐水泥熟料等量替代锰渣后,制成的碱激发锰渣胶凝材料的力学强度发展符合胶凝材料的一般规律;其水化过程分析表明,随水化龄期的延长,SiO_2被剥蚀解体量增多,生成较多的C-S-H凝胶及少量沸石类结构复杂的物质,强度逐渐提高.     

钢渣矿渣基全固废胶凝材料的水化反应机理

以钢渣、矿渣和脱硫石膏为主要原料制备胶凝材料,使用XRD、IR、TG-DTA和SEM等手段探究胶凝材料的水化反应机理,研究了钢渣掺量对全固废混凝土强度的影响,以及胶凝材料浆体的p H值和代表性离子浓度的变化规律。结果表明,当原料质量比为m(钢渣):m(矿渣):m(石膏)=30:58:12时,全固废混凝土3 d、7 d和28 d可以获得较优的强度。随着反应龄期的增加胶凝材料水化溶液的pH值先减小后增大,Ca2+浓度和硅(铝)溶解物的早期浓度较低,后期浓度有所提高。在脱硫石膏的激发下钢渣和矿渣相互促进水化,水化产物以钙矾石(AFt)和水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶为主。在反应的后期,水化产物的数量迅速增加。针棒状的AFt晶体穿插在C-S-H凝胶内,使硬化浆体的结构更加致密。     

钢渣粉性能优化及制备无熟料混凝土的试验研究

为提高固体废弃物综合利用率,通过钢渣分段除铁优化试验和钢渣粉对无熟料混凝土抗压强度影响试验,研究以钢渣-矿渣-脱硫石膏作为胶凝材料制备无熟料全固废混凝土。结果表明,经分段磁选可获得金属铁含量低于0.5%的高性能钢渣粉;当钢渣粉比表面积为640m~2/kg,m(钢渣)∶m(矿渣)=1∶2.5时,无熟料混凝土同时获得较优的3d和28d强度。XRD、TG-DSC、IR和FE-SEM分析表明,在脱硫石膏的激发作用下钢渣和矿渣可以相互促进水化,水化产物以AFt(钙矾石)和C-S-H(水化硅酸钙)凝胶为主。早期钢渣水化促进矿渣的解聚并结合脱硫石膏生成AFt网状结构,随着水化反应的进行胶凝体系生成的C-S-H凝胶充填于AFt网络中使硬化浆体结构致密从而保证强度的增长。     

硫铝酸盐水泥和丁苯乳液对水泥基修补材料性能的影响

将硫铝酸盐水泥与硅酸盐水泥复合,并引入丁苯乳液作为聚合物改性剂制备高性能修补材料,研究硫铝酸盐水泥和丁苯乳液对修补材料的强度、凝结时间和黏度的影响和作用机制。结果表明:硫铝酸盐水泥明显提高复合水泥的早期强度,缩短初凝和终凝时间,增大黏度;适量丁苯乳液能在复合水泥浆体中形成网状结构,提高力学强度;丁苯乳液中的羧基能够减小熟料矿物铝酸钙、硅酸三钙和硅酸二钙的水化速率,复合水泥净浆的初凝和终凝时间均明显延长,黏度减小。     

石膏对石灰石粉水泥基材料水化及硬化性能的影响

针对我国目前非荷载作用下混凝土严重开裂的问题,以"比表面积较低的水泥熟料-比表面积较高的掺合料-足够掺量的石膏"构成的胶凝材料体系为研究对象,通过水化热速率、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、压汞法(MIP)及热重-差示扫描量热法(TG-DSC)等手段,研究石膏对石灰石粉水泥基材料水化及硬化体微结构的影响。结果表明,石灰石粉能够加速C3A与石膏作用生成钙矾石相,在足量石膏存在的条件下,能够阻碍钙矾石向低硫型硫铝酸钙转变;石灰石粉的掺入与石膏一起延缓了C3A的水化;在石灰石粉和足够石膏同时存在的情况下,C3A水化生成具有膨胀性的水化碳铝酸钙和高硫型硫铝酸钙,补偿了收缩,提高了水泥基材料的抗裂性能;熟料粗磨、掺合料细磨及较高石膏掺量的胶凝材料体系配制的C30和C50等级混凝土,强度能持续增大,从28d到180d,强度分别提高了36.7%和33.3%,混凝土结构紧密、孔隙率低、有害孔含量少。     

矿物掺合料对水泥基材料耐海水侵蚀性能的影响研究

加入适当矿物掺合料是使水泥基材料达到高性能的重要手段之一。本课题从工程应用的角度出发,以磨细矿渣和磨细矿渣-粉煤灰复合掺合料为研究对象,着重研究了矿物掺合料对水泥基材料耐海水侵蚀性能的影响。     

Study of aluminum sulfate and anhydrite on cement hydration process

The influences of aluminum sulfate (AS) introduction and dosage on setting time, hydration heat evolution, hydration product type and pore structure of Portland cement were studied, and the influence of AS on concrete strength was investigated also. The results indicate that AS can effectively accelerate setting time of Portland cement and enhance concrete at early age (1 day) strength. AS can promote hydration process of calcium aluminate but inhibit that of calcium silicate. The effect of AS on hydration process becomes more significant along with the increased dosage; and the introduction of AS can promote the formation of AFt. The research results of this paper favor the opinion of the existence of AFt precursor; and the AFt precursor is amorphous AFm which could not be identified by XRD. With anhydrite as setting regulator, the amorphous AFm retention time is prolonged, and the endothermal peaks produced by amorphous AFm during DSC–MS measurement correspond to 80–160 and 830–910 °C, losing H₂O and SO₂ respectively.     

Using a new composite expansive material to decrease deformation and fracture of concrete

Using minerals of dolomite, serpentine and magnesite produce a new composite material which provides an expansive stress to decrease deformation and fracture of hydraulic concrete. The compositions of the expansive material are mainly MgO, CaO and C₂S by X-ray techniques. Adding the expansive material to concrete, the shrinkage of concrete may be compensated by the hydration of CaO to Ca(OH)₂ in early ages and the hydration of MgO to Mg(OH)₂ in later ages respectively, so decrease deformation and fracture of concrete.     

Assessing the Efficiency of Chemical and Mineral Admixtures in Early Cement Hydration

A procedure is proposed for evaluating the efficiency of chemical and mineral admixtures in early cement hydration with the use of calorimetric data and with allowance made for the selective effect of admixtures on the hardening process. The concepts of admixture efficiency and admixture–cement compatibility are formulated and are shown to be of practical importance. The proposed approach is substantiated using thermokinetic results on the effects of various admixtures on the hydration of different cements, and the underlying mechanisms are discussed.     

Properties of Metakaolin blended cements

Metakaolin is a supplementary cementitious material with pozzolanic properties. Its activation by triacalcium silicate (C₃S), triacalcium aluminate (C₃A), and ordinary Portland cement is reported. The early hydration period of pastes containing metakaolin was investigated using isothermal calorimetry and conductivity. Differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry were used to follow the consumption of calcium hydroxide (CH) and identify the products of reaction. Compressive strength and porosity were also determined. The results show that CH is quickly consumed, the microstructure is rich in CSH and strätlingite (C₂ASH₈), and the pore size distribution is displaced toward smaller values. Advanced Cement Based Materials 1994, 1, 161–168     

Self-cleaning engineered cementitious composites

Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is a strain hardening cementitious composite with extreme tensile ductility of several percent. Few emerging applications of ECC, including lightweight building façade and pavement, make self-cleaning a desirable functionality to be added into the material. This study aims to impart photocatalytic properties into ECC for engaging self-cleaning. Influence of TiO₂ content on mechanical properties, cleaning efficiency, surface wettability, and dirt pick-up resistance of white ECC was studied. It shows that the inclusion of TiO₂ in ECC engages photocatalysis, facilitates the decomposition of RhB, and enhances photo-induced hydrophilicity significantly. As a result, TiO₂-ECC possesses self-cleaning with higher dirt pick-up resistance than normal ECC. However, TiO₂ photocatalysis may adversely affect the flexural strength and ductility of ECC due to weakened fiber/matrix interface bond after UV/sunlight irradiation.     

Investigation on micronized biomass silica as a sustainable material

Micronized biomass silica (MBS) is an agricultural waste obtained from controlled burning of rice husk and grind in jar mill. This paper investigates the optimum percentage of MBS for the replacement of cement by conducting several experiments with the blended cement paste and mortar with MBS percentages varying from 0, 4, 8 and 12. In addition, hydration products were also investigated in the blended cement paste through X-ray diffraction. Due to the pozzolanic reaction of MBS with cement hydrates, secondary calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) were formed and also MBS which has a potential to reduce the intensity of Ca(OH)₂ exhibited improved properties. The experimental results showed that the optimum percentage of MBS for the replacement of cement was 8% for the materials used in this study. The mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete by replacing cement with 8% MBS were also carried out and it was found that the concrete exhibited improved properties. There by, using MBS one can overcome the drawbacks of recycled aggregate concrete as it acts as a supplementary cementitious material. Thus, by combining recycled concrete aggregate with MBS will achieve sustainable development.