高耐热Cu-Al-Mn形状记忆合金热循环特性

利用电阻 温度曲线、形状记忆效应 (SME)测定和X射线衍射分析等方法研究了热循环对高Ms 点 (2 30℃ )的Cu 2 4Al 3Mn(原子百分比 ,下同 )形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响。结果表明 ,热循环使该合金马氏体相变点下降 ,与此相伴随的结构变化是马氏体原子次近邻有序度下降 ,单斜角 β趋近 90°。与传统铜基记忆合金相比 ,该合金具有较高的抗热循环衰减能力 ,最高工作温度可达 35 0℃。该合金的高耐热性来源于 β1母相结构稳定 ,在工作温度下不易分解以及马氏体结构 (β =89.6°)接近于N1 8R ,在一定程度上抑制了热循环过程中M 1 8R向N1 8R的转变 ,从而降低了马氏体发生稳定化的趋势     

强流脉冲电子束熔覆Al-Pb合金涂层的显微组织与摩擦磨损性能EI北大核心

为改善Al-Pb合金的表面硬度和耐磨性能,利用强流脉冲电子束(high current pulsed electron beam,HCPEB)对涂敷在纯铝(Al)表面的铅(Pb)层进行辐照合金化处理,制备具有优异性能的Al-Pb合金化层。采用3D激光扫描显微系统(laser scanning microscope,LSM)测量表面粗糙度;利用带能谱仪(energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)的场发射扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)分析辐照合金化前后Al-Pb涂层的微观形貌、结构与元素分布;随后使用X射线衍射仪(X-ray diffraction,XRD)观察合金层的物相组成;利用透射电镜(transmission electron microscope,TEM)精细表征Al-Pb合金层的微观结构,最后测试辐照前后样品表面的显微硬度、平均摩擦因数与磨损率并分析硬度及磨损增强机理,探究和总结材料表面性能强化机制,建立辐照合金层表面-微观组织-表面性能之间的内在联系。结果表明:经过HCPEB辐照处理后,Al基体与Pb涂层呈现良好的冶金结合,并在30次辐照后制备了10.2μm厚的Al-Pb合金层;与纯铝及原始涂层相比,辐照30次后(111)Al晶面衍射峰发生了宽化,同时衍射峰的位置也向低角度发生微小移动,这表明基体表面Al晶粒在HCPEB表面合金化处理后得到了显著的细化且晶胞发生膨胀,晶格常数增大;HCPEB诱发样品表面形成了亚晶、位错、位错胞、少量的Al(Pb)固溶体以及大量纳米级富Pb颗粒。性能测试结果表明,经电子束辐照后Al-Pb涂层表面的硬度和耐磨性显著提高。     

低温热循环加速非晶合金剪切带在室温的结构弛豫（英文）

低温热循环是实现非晶合金结构回春的一种简单有效方法,但某些非晶合金在低温热循环处理后发生弛豫而不是回春.本研究通过在非晶合金中引入剪切带,在同一块样品上获得了不同区域初始能量不同的非晶合金,系统地研究了不同初始状态对低温热循环处理效果的影响.研究结果发现,在经过低温热循环处理后,同一试样中的剪切带发生结构弛豫,而基体发生结构回春.类似的双向变化趋势还可以从显微硬度、纳米压痕曲线以及压痕形状的变化上得到验证.经历了100次低温热循环处理后,剪切带和基体的焓和硬度均收敛到一个平衡值.低温热循环能够加速剪切带的结构弛豫,实现了在低温热循环的上限温度上做长时间退火所达不到的状态.文中还采用自由体积模型对实验结果进行分析,阐明了非晶合金的初始状态影响其结构演化方向的机理.本研究为低温热循环处理非晶合金提供了新见解,阐明非晶合金初始状态在其焓变方向上的关键作用.     

Gd-Dy-Fe-Co-Ge(Al)合金非晶形成能力及磁性能研究

利用铜模吸铸法和真空甩带法分别制得Gd-Dy-Fe-Co-Ge(Al)合金的铸锭和条带样品.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析了合金的结构及热稳定性.并通过热重分析仪(TGA)、磁热效应测量仪研究了合金的居里温度及磁热效应.结果表明,Dy60Gd15Fe10Co10Ge5合金具有较好的非晶形成能力;用Al替换Dy元素,可以将合金的居里温度c调至室温附近;Dy47.7Gd15Fe10Co10Al12.3Ge5合金非晶条带样的磁热效应要优于铸态,在286K时,其铸态和非晶条带的绝热温变均达到峰值,分别为0.60、1.31K.s     

铜模吸铸法制备的Fe74Al4Sn2P10Si4B4C2块体非晶与块体纳米晶合金

利用铜模吸铸法制备了直径φ1.0mm和2.0mm的Fe74Al4Sn2P10Si4B4C2块体非晶合金和直径2.0mm的Fe74Al4Sn2P10Si4B4C2块体纳米晶合金圆棒.利用X射线衍射、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和差热分析仪(DTA)对Fe74Al4Sn2P10Si4B4C2块体非晶合金的结构和热性质进行了测定.该非晶合金的超冷液相区△Tx为16.7K,约化玻璃转变温度Tg/Tm和Tg/T1分别为0.60和0.57.Fe74Al4Sn2P10Si4B4C2合金接近共晶成分,在10K/min的冷却速率下其过冷度可达86.7K.利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察了制备态的Fe74Al4Sn2P10Si4B4C2纳米晶合金圆棒的结构,为非晶基体上均匀分布的尺寸10～20nm的α-Fe晶粒.Fe74Al4Sn2P10Si4B4C2合金能达到较大的过冷度,具有较高的约化玻璃转变温度(接近共晶合金成分)和过冷合金熔体的二步相析出有利于块体非晶合金和块体纳米晶合金的形成.铜模吸铸法既可制备块体非晶合金,也可制备块体纳米晶合金,是一种很有吸引力的制备块体非晶合金和块体纳米晶合金的方法,并进一步证实利用快速凝固法可以直接制备块体纳米晶合金.     

磁控共溅射Al-Pb合金薄膜中固溶度的扩展

利用磁控共溅射法在液氮冷却的衬底(LNCs)上制备了Al-Pb合金薄膜,运用EDX、XRD、TEM和SEM对薄膜成分、结构及形貌进行了研究.结果表明,Al-Pb薄膜在Pb含量为7.38%～2.73%(原子分数,下同)的宽范围内,均存在Al在Pb中的fcc Pb(Al)亚稳过饱和置换固溶体,固溶度与膜成分相关,随薄膜Pb含量的变化,固溶度在3.03%～5.31%A1之间变化,Al-48.9%Pb膜扩展固溶度最大(5.31%A1),薄膜Pb含量降低或升高时,fccPb(Al)固溶体的固溶度下降.此结果与Miedema理论计算的Al-Pb系混合焓随Pb含量的变化趋势相似.低温衬底下Pb的体扩散弱化并导致相分离倾向降低是固溶延展的动力学原因.     

Ni1.95Mn1.36Ga0.69磁控形状记忆合金的相变与结构有序化

利用差示扫描量热计(DSC)研究了非化学计量Ni1.95Mn1.36Ga0.69合金的马氏体相变及结构有序化处理条件.根据DSC峰型特征的变化,可确定在800℃进行结构有序化处理是合适的.在800℃又进行了不同保温时间的处理,并测定了马氏体相变的特征温度.马氏体相变特征温度随保温时间的增加呈规律变化,相变热滞随保温时间的增加呈下降趋势.经50h的有序化处理后,再继续延长保温时间,马氏体相变特征温度和热滞均不再有明显变化.本文研究结果表明,对于Ni1.95Mn1.36Ga0.69合金,应选用800℃×50h的结构有序化处理工艺.     

Cu对C041Ni33Al26合金马氏体相变和磁性转变的影响

采用金相显微技术、DSC、VSM方法,研究了Cu含量x(x=3,5,8)对Co41Ni33Al26合金马氏体相变和Curie点的影响.结果发现在x≤5%范围内,Co41Ni33-xAl26Cux合金马氏体相变温度与x的关系成直线变化,x每增加1%,马氏体相变温度降低约44K;其Curie点随x增加而缓慢下降,x每增加1%,Curie点约降低3.6K.与L10马氏体结构的Co41Ni33-xAl26Cux(x=0,3,5)合金相比,具有B2结构的Co41Ni25Al26Cu8合金易磁化,并且饱和磁化强度低.     

Al表面化学镀Ni-P合金及Al/Ni-P/Cu复合材料电性能的研究

化学镀Ni-P合金中间层可提高Al材表面Cu镀覆性能。采用化学镀工艺,在Al表面沉积均匀连续的Ni-P合金层,再电镀Cu,形成Al/Ni-P/Cu复合材料。研究化学镀Ni-P合金层的表面形貌,成分及其成膜机理,以及Al/Ni-P/Cu复合材料的结构与电性能。结果表明,Al材经碱蚀前处理后,在其表面形成腐蚀坑或凸起,NiP合金在此位置优先沉积,逐渐成膜。碱性镀5min,酸性镀25min后,在Al材表面形成厚约5μm均匀致密的Ni-P合金镀层,再在其表面电镀140μm厚Cu层制备的Al/Cu复合材料的电阻率为2.92×10~(-8)Ω·m,经过150℃,360h热处理后,未发生Al、Cu相互扩散,复合材料的电阻率为3.04×10~(-8)Ω·m,结构与性能十分稳定。     

多元低熔点共晶合金Sn16Bi52Pb32和In21Sn12Bi49Pb18凝固组织和相组成研究

随着环境保护的需要,具有较低Pb含量或不含Pb元素的多元低熔点合金越来越受到工业界的重视和青睐,但是该类合金的组织结构形态、相组成和基本的物理化学数据比较缺乏,不利于其工业化应用。鉴于此,文章对两种具有较低Pb含量的Sn_(16)Bi_(52)Pb_(32)(质量分数)合金和In_(21)Sn_(12)Bi_(49)Pb_(18)(质量分数)合金进行了凝固组织、相组成以及物化性能方面的研究。扫描电镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析测试结果表明:Sn_(16)-Bi_(52)Pb_(32)合金由Bi-(Pb)固溶体相、Sn-(Bi,Pb)固溶体相以及Pb_7Bi_3化合物相组成,具有准规则共晶凝固组织结构。而In21Sn12Bi49Pb18合金由InBi化合物相、PbBi化合物相以及Sn-(Bi,In)固溶体相组成,具有复杂规则的共晶组织形貌。     

Corrosion behaviour and magnetic properties of melt-spun Nd-(Fe·Co·Ni)-B-(Al·Ti) ribbons

The corrosion behaviour of melt-spun Nd-Fe-B alloy ribbons in which Fe was replaced with Co and Ni and small quantities of Al and Ti added was investigated from the viewpoint of anodic corrosion, Although the addition of Ni degraded the magnetic properties of melt-spun ribbons, it improved corrosion resistance. According to EDXS and AES analyses, the corrosion products on the surface of Ni-free ribbons consisted of Nd and Fe oxides, but the Nd oxide corrosion product almost disappeared in the Ni-added samples. Also, the degradation of magnetic properties after the corrosion test was suppressed by the addition of Ni.From these results, it was thought that the improvement of corrosion resistance and the smaller degradation of magnetic properties of Nd-(Fe·Co·Ni)-B-(Al·Ti) ribbons after the corrosion test were associated with the suppressed dissolution of the Nd-rich phase at the grain boundaries.The oxidation of Ni-added melt-spun ribbons also showed similar characteristics and behaviour to the corrosion test in the morphologies of the ribbon surface and magnetic properties after the oxidation test.     

Effects of Additional Elements on Microstructure and Precipitation Behaviour in Rapidly Solidified Al-Ti Base Alloys

Rapidly solidified Al-Ti base alloys were prepared by melt spinning at the cooling rate about 107 K/s. The melt-spun ribbons were used to observe the dricrostructures after heat treatment.In the supersaturated Al-Tl-Si alloy, age hardening occurred after 1 h anneal in the temperature range of 4000~500℃, which seems to be attributed to the precipitation of metastable Ll2- (Al,Si)3Ti phase. However. the microhardness was relatively low because of the low v/o and the insufflcient stability of precipitates. Thus. Cr was added to Al-Ti-Si alloys in order to stabilize the microstructures and to increase the v/o of precipitate5. As a result. the alIoys containing Cr were evaluated to possess the improved properties at the service temperature.     

Microstructural change and precipitation hardening in melt–spun Mg–X–Ca alloys

Mg–Al–Si–Ca and Mg–Zn–Ca base alloys were rapidly solidified bymelt spinning at the cooling rate of about a million K/s. The melt-spun ribbons were aged in the range 100–400%C for 1 h. The effect of additional elements on microstructural change and precipitation hardening after heat treatment was investigated using TEM, XRD and a Vickers microhardness tester. Age hardening occurred after aging at 200%C in the Mg–Al–Si–Caalloys mainly due to the formation of Al₂Ca and Mg₂Ca phases, whereas in the Mg–Zn–Ca alloys mostly due to the distribution of Mg₂Ca. TEM results revealed that spherical Al₂Ca precipitate has the coherent interface with the matrix. Considering the total amount of additional elements, Mg–Zn–Ca alloys showed higher hardness and smaller size of precipitates than Mg–Al–Si–Ca alloys. With the increase of Ca content, the hardness values of the aged ribbons were increased. Among the alloys, Mg–6Zn–5Ca alloy showed the maximum value of age hardening peak(H_v:180) after aging at 200%C for 1h.     

Morphological characteristic of the conventional and melt-spun Al-10Ni-5.6Cu (in wt.%) alloy

The Al-10Ni-5.6Cu alloy was prepared by conventional casting and further processed melt-spinning technique. The resulting conventional cast and melt-spun ribbons were characterized using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy together with energy dispersive spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and microhardness techniques. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that ingot samples were α-Al, intermetallic Al₃Ni and Al₂Cu phases. The optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy results show that the microstructures of rapidly solidified ribbons are clearly different from their ingot alloy. Al-10Ni-5.6Cu ribbons reveal a very fine cellular structure with intermetallic Al₃Ni particles. Moreover, at high solidification rates the melt-spun ribbons have a polygonal structure dispersed in a supersaturated aluminum matrix. The differential scanning calorimetry measurements revealed that exothermic reaction was between 290 °C and 440 °C which are more pronounced in the ternary Al-10Ni-5.6Cu alloy.     

Microstructural change and precipitation hardening in melt-spun Mg–X–Ca alloys

Mg–Al–Si–Ca and Mg–Zn–Ca base alloys were rapidly solidified by melt spinning at the cooling rate of about a million K/s. The melt-spun ribbons were aged in the range 100–400°C for 1 h. The effect of additional elements on microstructural change and precipitation hardening after heat treatment was investigated using TEM, XRD and a Vickers microhardness tester. Age hardening occurred after aging at 200°C in the Mg–Al–Si–Ca alloys mainly due to the formation of Al₂Ca and Mg₂Ca phases, whereas in the Mg–Zn–Ca alloys mostly due to the distribution of Mg₂Ca. TEM results revealed that spherical Al₂Ca precipitate has the coherent interface with the matrix. Considering the total amount of additional elements, Mg–Zn–Ca alloys showed higher hardness and smaller size of precipitates than Mg–Al–Si–Ca alloys. With the increase of Ca content, the hardness values of the aged ribbons were increased. Among the alloys, Mg–6Zn–5Ca alloy showed the maximum value of age hardening peak(H_v:180) after aging at 200°C for 1 h.     

Ductilization of Ni_3Al by Alloying with Substitutional Elements

This paper reviews recent research on ductility improvement of B-undoped Ni_3Al alloys.Ni_3Al binaryalloys with hypostoichiometric compositions show appreciable ductility at room temperature whenthe samples are prepared by recrystallization annealing after cold pressing,although the alloys withstoichiometric and hyperstoichiometric compositions remain brittle.Melt-spun ribbons withhypostoichiometric compositions contain fine anti-phase domains (APDs),while no APD can beseen in melt-spun ribbons with a hyperstoichiometric composition.The ductility inhypostoichiometric Ni_3Al alloys is associated with low ordering energy of the alloys.The addition ofternary elements,which have been classified as γ formers such as Pd,Pt,Cu,Co and Ag.improvesductility of Ni_3Al alloys.Correspondingly,the microstructure of the melt-spun ribbons consists offine APDs.The addition of γ' formers such as Si,Ti,Zr,V,Nb and Ta leads to brittle intergranular frac-ture.No APD was observed in the melt-spun ribbons of these ternary alloys.     

Formation of Omega-like Nanocrystalline in the Melt-Spun Nd_(85)Al_(15) Alloy by Phase Transformation

Microstructure and subsequent phase transformations on heating of the melt-spun Nd85Al15 alloy have been studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The melt-spun Nd85Al15 alloy shows two-stage transformation processes as follows: amorphous+72 nm supersaturated bcc-Nd(AI) solid solution-7 nm omega-like phase-AlNd3+hexagonal Nd. The activation energies for the first and second transformation were found to be 100 kJ/mol and 188 kJ/mol, respectively. The formation mechanism of nanoscale omega-like phase is discussed.     

An experimental study on the melt spinning of AA2618 alloy

The commercial AA2618 alloy was treated through melt spinning at rotation speeds of 20 and 40 ms^–1, respectively. The melt-spun ribbons were characterised by a combination of optical microscopy (OPM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microstructural evolution of ribbons in the continuous heating process was investigated. Microhardnesses of samples treated under different conditions were measured. It was found that due to the low solubilities of iron and nickel Al _x FeNi was very prone to precipitate in AA2618 alloy. At chilling sides of melt-spun ribbons fine Al _x FeNi particles presented along the grain boundaries, while at free sides Al _x FeNi presented not only along the grain boundaries but also in the interior of grains. The microhardnesses of melt-spun ribbons decreased significantly from chilling surfaces to free surfaces. During heating Al _x FeNi precipitated uniformly throughout the matrix until melting, which was one of the reasons responsible for the lowering of hardness.     

Isothermal nanocrystallisation behaviour of melt spun Al86Ni9 Mm5 (Mmmischmetal)amorphous alloy

Abstract

The structure and mechanical properties of melt spun Al₈₆Ni₉Mm₅ alloy ribbons in both as solidified amorphous and heat treated nanocomposite conditions were investigated using DSC, XRD, TEM, and Vickers microhardness techniques. Primary crystallisation of the amorphous alloy resulted in the formation of fine nanocrystalline fcc-Al particles embedded in an amorphous matrix forming a nanocomposite. The growth behaviour of the primary fcc-Al particles under isothermal conditions was investigated. The hardness ofthe composite varied with the solute content in the amorphous phase and the microstructure after heat treatment. The hardening in these nanocomposites was quantitatively explained using a rule of mixtures model based on the volume fraction of the amorphous matrix and the Al particles. The nanometre sized particles were treated as perfect materials and the matrix was treated as an amorphousmaterial, in which the solute concentration increased as the volume fraction of the Al particles increased. The calculated results for the heat treated specimens using the rule of mixtures based on the isostress model have been found to be in good agreement with the experimentally obtained results.     

Effects of composition on microstructures of rapidly solidified Ni–Al alloys

Microstructures of melt-spun Ni–Al alloys with compositions from 61–85 at% Ni were studied by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and optical microscopy. The microstructures of as-quenched ribbons exposed to cooling rates of the order of 106 K s-1 reflect the transition from primary -NiAl to -Ni solidification with increasing nickel content. In 70 at% Ni alloy ribbons, martensitic NiAl grains were detected near the wheel-side surface contrasting with anomalous and lamellar eutectic microstructure in the top part. Directly ordered Ni3Al grains with single (or large) antiphase domains (APDs) and a minor eutectic fraction were observed in 75 at% Ni alloy ribbons. Samples containing 80 at% Ni exhibit mainly single-phase Ni3Al grains with 10–20 nm sized APDs indicating sequential ordering. Weak L12 ordering was even detected in 85 at% Ni ribbons which displayed ordered antiphase zones of 1 nm size. Disordered -(Ni) films on grain boundaries can be discounted for 80 at% Ni ribbons, but occurred near the top of 85 at% Ni samples. The results are explained in terms of the reassessed Ni–Al phase diagram employing recent corrections near to the Ni3Al composition and new results on phase formation in undercooled Ni–Al melts. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers