Surface Parameters of Carbon-Saturated Nickel-Copper Liquid Alloys

The sessile drop method has been used to determine the temperature dependence of the surface tension for nickel ― copper liquids saturated with carbon. The surface-tension polytherms are fitted to equations with negative temperature coefficients for straight lines. The concentration dependence of the surface tension passes through a minimum. The surface activity of carbon in these liquids is positive.     

Computer simulation of heating of nickel and mercury on graphene

The structural, kinetic, and adhesion properties of nickel and mercury films on two- and one-layer graphene are studied by molecular dynamics simulation upon heating to 3300 and 1100 K, respectively. Two-sided coating of graphene with nickel retards the flow of metal atoms over the surface at T > 1800 K. In the presence of mercury on graphene, Stone–Wales defects and the hydrated edges of the graphene sheet withstand an increase in the temperature up to 800 K. As the temperature increases, the Hg film coagulates into a drop.     

Calculation of the critical size of stable nanopowders

An analytical dependence of the minimum size of nanoparticles synthesized by a chemical-metallurgical method on the synthesis temperature is obtained. The minimum nickel, copper, and tungsten nanoparticle sizes are calculated at various temperatures. Nanoparticles are shown to undergo heating and melting during the formation of a neck between them under the action of interatomic forces. The energy released upon the formation of contact between nickel particles of radius 2 nm is about 0.2 heat of nanoparticle melting, and that for the contact forming between copper particles of the same radius is about 0.4 heat of melting.     

铜电解废液资源化处理工艺

针对铜冶炼厂的铜电解废液, 确定了隔膜电解时在阴极上得到了质量优良的铜片、海绵铜和黑铜,阳极室内得到浓度为23g/L~37g/L的硫酸溶液,扩散渗析法处理脱铜后液时得到较纯净的稀硫酸和硫酸镍的工艺路线,探讨了最佳隔膜电解工艺参数和酸盐分离系数。     

A Precious Metal-Free Electroless Technique for the Deposition of Copper on Carbon Fibers

This article introduces a new technique of electroless copper deposition on carbon fibers in the absence of precious metal as the catalyst. Copper layers were electrolessly deposited on the surface of carbon fiber without using the conventional palladium or silver catalyst to initiate redox reactions leading to metallization. This new technique shows that nickel seeds can serve as excellent catalysts to expedite the redox reactions. By performing experiments, parameters such as activation temperature, nickel ion concentration, and pH value were optimized, and an orbicular copper plating layer of carbon fiber was obtained in the copper sulfate salt-based conventional electroless solution. The surface morphology of copper coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that uniform and smooth copper coating could be obtained by the new precious-metal free activation process. The resulting copper coating thickness is about 1???m.     

Recovery of metal values from copper converter and smelter slags by ferric chloride leaching

A study of the recovery of copper, nickel and cobalt from copper converter and smelter slags by leaching with ferric chloride is reported. The converter slag from Ghatsila, India contained 4.03% copper, 1.99% nickel and 0.48% cobalt and the smelter slag contained 1.76% copper, 0.23% nickel and 0.19% cobalt. Various parameters including the effect of stirring, leaching time, leaching temperature, concentration of ferric chloride, solid-liquid ratio and particle size, on the extraction of copper, nickel and cobalt have been studied. 92% copper, 28% nickel and 24% cobalt could be extracted from converter slag under optimum conditions, whereas 54% copper, 71% nickel and 44% cobalt could be extracted from smelter slag.     

Magnetite reduction in copper converter slag using biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil

In copper smelting process, oxygen-enriched smelting leads to the enrichment of magnetite and increase of slag viscosity, which is not conducive to the sedimentation and separation of copper. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce magnetite in order to improve the recovery rate of copper. In this work, biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil was used to replace carbon and diesel, which should be more economical and environment-friendly. Effects of temperature and reaction time on biodiesel pyrolysis, magnetite reduction and slag viscosity were studied. It was found that the main products of biodiesel pyrolysis were carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and carbon. Because methane will decompose to carbon and hydrogen at 823 K, the main reducing agents during magnetite reduction were hydrogen and carbon. With increasing reduction time and temperature, the magnetite phase in the copper slag gradually decreased, while the fayalite phase gradually increased. After injecting biodiesel into molten copper slag at 1523 K for 4 minutes, magnetite was reduced from 31.6% to less than 0.6% and the viscosity decreased from 1.43 poise to 0.68 poise. This low viscosity is beneficial for separation and recovery of copper from the molten slag.     

Electroless deposition of metals on alumina powders

Conclusions A study was made of the processes of electroless plating of alumina powders with nickel and copper. Electroless nickel and copper plating with full pretreatment was performed at room temperature. In nickel plating by the process investigated the number of pretreatment operations can be reduced by raising the solution temperature to 50–55°C, although nickel plating with full pretreatment is to be preferred from a practical point of view. The concentrated solutions investigated are suitable for the application of nickel and copper layers of considerable thickness to alumina powder particles.Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, No. 5(209), pp. 14–16, May, 1980.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定镍铁合金中7种元素

使用王水并利用微波消解的方式处理样品,微波消解采用分步升温的方法,第1步升温5 min到120 ℃,维持6 min;第2步再升温5 min到180 ℃,并保持6 min。选择Si 251.612 nm、Mn 293.930 nm、P 213.618 nm、Cr 206.149 nm、Cu 324.754 nm、Co 238.892 nm、Ni 221.647 nm为分析线并设置合适的背景扣除位置,采用基体匹配法绘制校准曲线可消除基体效应的影响,利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同时测定硅、锰、磷、铬、铜、钴、镍,建立了镍铁合金中硅、锰、磷、铬、铜、钴、镍的测定方法。各待测元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.999 5;镍铁中各元素的检出限为0.000 9%～0.003%(质量分数)。方法应用于镍铁合金标准样品JSS 760-3中硅、锰、磷、铬、铜、钴、镍的测定,结果与认定值相符,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)为0.36%～5.2%。     

金川镍阳极液硫化除铜的研究

结合已有的热力学数据,对采用硫化法镍阳极液中除铜过程进行了热力学平衡计算,计算了除铜终点各离子的平衡浓度,绘制出了298.15 K时体系中除铜终点logcMe-logcS图和c-pH图。计算表明,采用硫化法可以成功将镍阳极液中铜和部分铅、锌除去。对所绘的热力学平衡图分析表明,随着总硫浓度的增加,铜、铅、锌、镍依次沉淀;在酸性条件下,改变pH对除铜深度影响不大,但控制适当的pH有利于得到铜镍比较高的渣;此外,适当增加镍电解液中铜含量、降低镍电解液中镍含量有利于提高渣中的铜镍比。除铜实验表明,采用硫化法除铜可以得到含铜0.40 mg/L、铅3.94 mg/L、锌1.61 mg/L的除铜后液。     

氯化铁溶液浸出低冰镍提取镍铜的研究

利用三价铁离子(Fe3+)的氧化性,采用氯化铁溶液浸取低冰镍,提取其中的镍、铜元素。本研究考察了浸出液固比、浸出温度、浸出时间、氯化铁溶液浓度对镍和铜浸出率的影响。动力学研究表明:氯化铁溶液浸出低冰镍时,镍元素的浸出过程由化学反应控制,铜元素的浸出过程由混合反应控制,经计算镍的浸出活化能为70.26 kJ/mol、铜元素的浸出活化能为38.62 kJ/mol。低冰镍和浸出渣的物相分析结果表明,浸出反应发生时,低冰镍中的硫元素被氧化成单质硫。本研究避免了传统工艺中的含硫气体污染问题。      

Preparation of Cu-Ni alloys through a new chemical route

A copper-nickel alloy has been prepared from an aqueous solution of the nitrates of copper and nickel, through co-formation of their ultrafine mixed oxides, by heating around 650 K followed by reduction with hydrogen at a very low temperature (below 623 K). The effect of temperature (473 to 623 K) on the kinetics of the hydrogen reduction of the co-formed oxides of Ni and Cu has been studied. The activation energy of the reduction reaction has been calculated and found to be 35.8 kJ/mole. A mechanism for the kinetics of the process has been suggested. It has been possible to get high-purity Cu-Ni alloy powder (50 at. pct each) free of any detectable oxygen, from their co-formed oxides, by hydrogen reduction at 623 K in less than 20 minutes. Although the X-ray analysis of the co-formed oxides has shown separate peaks for CuO and NiO, the alloy powder has exhibited a single peak with a d spacing lying in between those of Cu and Ni. It is suggested that the alloying of the two metals has taken place during the H₂ reduction of nanosized oxide particles of copper and nickel, prepared by the aforementioned chemical route. The alloy powder has been sintered at 1273 K. The density and hardness of the consolidated alloy have been measured and found to be close to the theoretical values. The alloy has also been subjected to cold reduction and annealing, in addition to metallograph examination and characterization by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), to confirm the homogeneity of the alloy.     

连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱法测定氧化镍中钴铜锌铁钙镁

采用盐酸溶解样品,选择Co 240.72nm、Cu 324.75nm、Zn 213.86nm、Fe 248.33nm、Ca 422.67nm、Mg 202.58nm作为分析谱线,钴、铜、锌、铁选择3个像素点,钙、镁选择9个像素点,建立了连续光源原子吸收光谱法(CS-AAS)同时测定氧化镍中的钴、铜、锌、铁、钙、镁的方法。实验表明:在100mL测定液中加入2mL 200g/L氯化锶溶液,可消除测定介质(体积分数为2%的盐酸)对待测元素的影响;基体镍对测定的干扰可忽略。在优化的实验条件下,钴、铜、锌、铁、钙、镁的校准曲线相关系数均不低于0.999 0,且其方法检出限在0.002~0.092μg/mL之间。按照实验方法对氧化镍样品中钴、铜、锌、铁、钙、镁分别平行测定11次,钙和镁的测定值在0.1%~0.4%之间,其对应的相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于2%;钴、铜、锌、铁的测定值在0.003%~0.04%之间,其对应的相对标准偏差均小于10%。将实验方法应用于电真空镍光谱标准样品(该标样为氧化镍状态)中上述各元素的测定,结果与认定值基本一致。     

CSP-低碳钢DC03冷轧板的组织和织构

研究了CSP工艺生产的0.04%C低碳钢DC03 2.9 mm热轧基板、0.9 mm的冷轧板和退火平整板的组织与织构。结果表明,热轧基板组织为铁素体+少量沿晶界分布的珠光体,铁素体基体中有少量40～100 nm MnS粒子,没有观察到AlN;冷轧板组织为含大量位错的带状铁索体-珠光体,{111}织构的择优取向较明显;退火平整板组织为铁素体和游离渗碳体,并观察到10～30 nm的析出相,{111}织构轴密度达5.15,{100}轴密度减为0.61。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定硅铁钡孕育剂中9种元素

采用硝酸和氢氟酸溶解样品,高氯酸冒烟驱尽硝酸-氢氟酸,盐酸溶解盐类,选择Ba 233.527nm、Fe 259.940nm、Ca 317.933nm、Mn 257.610nm、Cr 267.716nm、Al 394.401nm、Ni 231.604nm、Cu 327.396nm、P 178.284nm为分析线,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定钡、铁、钙、锰、铬、铝、镍、铜、磷,从而建立了硅铁钡孕育剂中钡、铁、钙、锰、铬、铝、镍、铜、磷等9种元素的测定方法。各元素校准曲线的相关系数均大于0.9995;方法中各元素检出限为0.00006%~0.00069%。按照实验方法测定标准样品GSB03-1607-2003中钡、铁、钙、锰、铬、铝、镍、铜、磷,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.63%~3.4%。实验方法用于测定标准样品GSB03-1607-2003和YSB14607-2001中钡、铁、钙、锰、铬、铝、镍、铜、磷,测定值与认定值基本相符。     

超细钼铜复合粉体及细晶钼铜合金的制备

采用“缺碳预还原+氢气深脱氧”方法制备了不同Cu含量（5%、20%、40%,质量分数）的超细Mo–Cu复合粉末。通过高温煅烧钼酸铵和硝酸铜混合物制备了MoO₃和CuO复合氧化物,再利用炭黑预还原脱除煅烧产物（CuMoO₄–MoO₃）中绝大部分氧的方法制备了含有少量MoO₂的超细预还原Mo–Cu复合粉体;少量MoO₂的存在可以极大降低预还原产物中碳的残留;最后,经氢还原脱除残留的氧制备得到超细、高纯度Mo–Cu复合粉体,粉体粒度约为200 nm。以Mo–Cu复合粉体为原料,经过压坯和烧结制备得到细晶Mo–Cu合金。结果表明,经过1200 ℃烧结后,随着Cu质量分数由5%增加到20%,合金相对密度由96.3%增加到98.5%,且Mo、Cu两相分布均匀。Mo–Cu合金硬度随Cu含量的增加而先增加后降低,这是由合金相对密度和铜含量对硬度的影响不同所导致的。随着Cu质量分数由5%增加到40%,Mo–Cu合金的热导率由48.5 W·m?1·K?1增加到187.2 W·m?1·K?1,电导率由18.79% IACS增加到49.48% IACS。     

羰化渣处理工艺的研究

介绍了国外现有的羰化渣处理工艺，提出了一种新的羰化渣处理工艺流程，此流程的特点在于：它采用低压低酸浸出，最终实现了羰化渣中镍、铜、钴与贵金属的有效分离及贵金属的富集。     

Surface segregation of phosphorus, carbon, and sulfur in commercial low-carbon grades of steel

Surface segregation behavior of solute atoms has been studied on low-carbon steels used in producing galvannealed sheet steels for automotive body panel applications. Samples of cold-rolled low-carbon steels with different amounts of carbon and phosphorus in solution were heated in a vacuum chamber and their surface chemistries analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy. For the steels studied here, one or more of the elements carbon, phosphorus, and sulfur accumulated significantly at the surface within a temperature window of 300 to 973 K. As the temperature was increased, carbon appeared on the surface first, followed by phosphorus, and then sulfur. Each succeeding segregating element displaced the previous one from the surface. The free solute concentration in the bulk and the temperature were critical factors controlling the amount of solute accumulation at the surface. Once segregated, the solute atoms remained on the surface as the samples cooled. Carbon and/or boron in steels retarded the transport of phosphorus to the surface. The implications of these findings in understanding the galvannealing behavior of these steels are discussed.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定精炼镍中10种杂质元素

精炼镍是冶炼不锈钢的优质原材料,产品有通用镍、镍豆等,需要检验其中的杂质元素。采用硝酸(1+1)溶解样品,选择Si 251.612nm、Mn 257.610nm、P 178.217nm、Fe259.940nm、Cu 324.754nm、Co 238.892nm、Mg 279.553nm、Al 396.153nm、Zn 206.191nm、Cr 267.716nm为分析线,离峰扣背景校正法消除背景干扰,无镍基体匹配的方法绘制校准曲线,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了精炼镍中硅、锰、磷、铁、铜、钴、镁、铝、锌、铬等10种元素。方法中各元素校准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.999 5;各待测元素的检出限为0.000 12%~0.001 9%。按照实验方法测定精炼镍样品和Nickel200标准样品中硅、锰、磷、铁、铜、钴、镁、铝、锌、铬,样品测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)在1.0%~10%之间,而标样的测定值和认定值相符。对精炼镍试样的加标回收率在90%~105%之间。     

电解重量法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法在测定氧化镍中镍钴铜锌铁锰中的应用

使用硝酸和高氯酸溶解氧化镍样品,溶液过滤后,采用恒电流电解重量法测定滤液中镍。加入10 mL 500 g/L柠檬酸铵,电解液酸度为pH 10,电解过程中所需的电解电流和电解时间为2 A/2 h。选择Ni 341.486 nm、Co 238.892 nm、Cu 324.752 nm、Zn 206.191 nm、Fe 259.940 nm、Mn 257.610 nm作为分析谱线,采用基体匹配法绘制校准曲线消除基体效应,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定沉积在铂阴极上的钴、铜、锌、铁、锰,并测定电解残余液和酸不溶残渣中的镍、锰、铁。镍、铁、锰含量分别为电解在铂阴极的镍、铁、锰,电解液中残余镍、铁、锰,残渣回收浸出液中镍、铁、锰共3个部分测定值的总和。实验方法各元素的检出限为0.002 4～0.020 μg/mL,校准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.999。按照实验方法测定氧化镍样品中镍、钴、铜、锌、铁和锰含量,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)在0.11%～7.5%之间。实验方法用于氧化镍样品的测定,结果与国标方法以及原子吸收光谱法的测定结果相吻合。