纤维水膜极板表面颗粒沉积脱落特性

以极板表面荷电颗粒电子传递及离子定向迁移为基础,对纤维极板表面沉积颗粒粒径分布、粉尘层堆积形貌、颗粒沉积脱落过程及关键影响因素等进行了研究,并与金属极板进行对比。结果表明:静电场同一位置处(取样点15),纤维极板表面沉积颗粒物的粒度(6.900μm)小于金属极板(9.018μm),纤维水膜极板对颗粒物的捕集效率更高;与金属极板不同,纤维水膜极板表面粉尘层堆积形貌与电晕电流密度分布无明显关联性。荷电颗粒是以纤维束凸出处为沉积中心,沉积并聚集成球或链珠状,粉尘层厚薄随机且分布松散;纤维极板液体表面浸润和内部扩散,减小了纤维极板表面与粉尘层间静电力,增大了粉尘层内颗粒间黏结力;流动曳力、液桥力、静电力、重力是纤维极板控制粉尘层脱落的关键因素。     

纤维水膜极板表面颗粒沉积脱落特性

以极板表面荷电颗粒电子传递及离子定向迁移为基础,对纤维极板表面沉积颗粒粒径分布、粉尘层堆积形貌、颗粒沉积脱落过程及关键影响因素等进行了研究,并与金属极板进行对比。结果表明：静电场同一位置处（取样点15）,纤维极板表面沉积颗粒物的粒度（6.900 μm）小于金属极板（9.018 μm）,纤维水膜极板对颗粒物的捕集效率更高;与金属极板不同,纤维水膜极板表面粉尘层堆积形貌与电晕电流密度分布无明显关联性。荷电颗粒是以纤维束凸出处为沉积中心,沉积并聚集成球或链珠状,粉尘层厚薄随机且分布松散;纤维极板液体表面浸润和内部扩散,减小了纤维极板表面与粉尘层间静电力,增大了粉尘层内颗粒间黏结力;流动曳力、液桥力、静电力、重力是纤维极板控制粉尘层脱落的关键因素。     

环流预汽提组合旋流快分系统粒级效率的三区计算模型

在大型提升管冷模实验装置上,系统地考查了带有环流预汽提的旋流快分(CVQS)系统的气相流场和粒级效率。结果表明,随着旋流快分系统喷出口气速的增加,粒径小于7μm颗粒的粒级效率的变化较小,7~20μm颗粒的粒级效率逐渐变小,而超过20μm颗粒的粒级效率则逐渐增大。根据CVQS快分系统的气固分离原理和结构特点,建立了计算CVQS系统粒级效率的三区模型。计算结果表明,在颗粒粒径大于20μm时,模型预测的粒级效率与实验值吻合较好,其最大相对偏差不超过6.1%;在颗粒粒径小于20μm时,模型计算的粒级效率与实验值相差较大,其相对偏差在45.7%~80.3%之间变化,并且随着颗粒粒径的减小,其相对偏差逐渐增加。模型对于主要用于分离20μm以上颗粒的CVQS系统的工程设计,具有重要参考价值。     

颗粒物对惯性除尘器过滤效率影响的研究

为了研究含尘气流中的颗粒物流速与粒径对惯性除尘器过滤效率的影响,采用Fluent软件对惯性除尘器的模型进行模拟分析。结果表明:同样的颗粒物,流速越大,惯性过滤器的过滤效果越差;固定流速为6 m/s时,粒径大于100μm的颗粒几乎全部被除尘器过滤,沉降在底面;粒径在100μm以内的颗粒部分不能被过滤;过滤物颗粒风速越大,粒径越小,则过滤效果越差。惯性除尘器适用于过滤大颗粒低流速的介质。     

汽轮机喷嘴内盐析颗粒分布特性

为深入了解汽轮机内盐析颗粒的微观行为,本文以某超临界汽轮机高压级喷嘴为研究对象,应用计算流体力学与群体平衡模型耦合方法,对汽轮机喷嘴内盐析颗粒在流场中的分布进行数值模拟研究,获得了盐析颗粒在喷嘴内的平均粒径、组分数及浓度分布规律。模拟结果表明：在喷嘴入口附近处盐析颗粒粒径仅发生微小变化,沿介质流动方向盐析颗粒不断长大,但在喷嘴出口截面附近处,颗粒长大的幅度又趋于平缓;此外,在盐析颗粒相互作用的影响下,20μm粒径颗粒的组分数分布沿介质流动方向逐渐减小,而80μm和140μm粒径颗粒则与其相反;20μm粒径颗粒在叶片的吸力面处组分数较高,而140μm粒径颗粒在叶片的压力面处组分数较高;盐析颗粒浓度从叶片吸力面到压力面逐渐增大,最终在压力面附近形成高浓度区。     

一种新型受热面飞灰颗粒的沉积特性

以一种余热锅炉中新型的受热面为研究对象,采用实验研究和数值模拟的方法研究其飞灰沉积特性。建立了菱形受热面飞灰颗粒的沉积模型,对飞灰颗粒的反弹、黏附及脱落过程进行预测,并与叉排管束和顺排管束的含灰烟气流的速度场、温度场和飞灰颗粒沉积率进行比较。结果表明,菱形受热面在换热和飞灰沉积方面优势明显。沉积主要集中于受热面左上部,颗粒由于惯性碰撞在迎风侧沉积。相同速度下,随颗粒粒径增加沉积率先增大后减小,在3 m·s~(-1)的烟气流速下颗粒直径为5μm时飞灰颗粒沉积率最高,为9.49%。保持粒径不变,随速度增大沉积率逐渐降低。     

固相颗粒在旋流场形成过程中的运动分析

通过CFD-DEM耦合计算方法模拟不同粒径颗粒在FX-50水力旋流器内的运动行为,分析旋流器内旋流分离场的形成过程,连续相的运动采用求解平均化的Navier-Stokes方程得到,离散相的运动通过离散元法计算。采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法,通过Freestream曳力模型传递相间数据,分析了流体的速度场、压力场,颗粒群的速度、受力、颗粒-颗粒和颗粒-壁面的接触作用力。结果表明,当循环流与入口流汇合时,颗粒速度损失较大;当旋流场稳定后,60μm粒径颗粒群在旋流器锥段的堆积最严重,分离速度较70μm、80μm颗粒低;颗粒平均速度的变化为先减小再增大,直到以后的稳定变化。旋流场未稳定时颗粒在竖直方向的运移速度大于旋流场稳定后竖直方向的运移速度,80μm颗粒竖直方向平均速度始终大于60μm和70μm。颗粒-颗粒和颗粒-壁面的接触过程中,颗粒的受力以法向方向为主,当颗粒与壁面接触时,所受合力最大;由于流动前期颗粒在旋流器内运动轨迹不稳定,颗粒随机碰撞明显,导致颗粒平均接触力波动较大,当旋流场达到稳定状态以后,数值改变很小。     

多喷嘴对置式气化炉内气固两相流动与炉壁的颗粒捕捉特性

对多喷嘴对置式气化炉内复杂的气固两相流动与炉壁的颗粒捕捉特性进行三维数值模拟。应用Euler-Lagrange模型模拟气固两相流动,采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型计算炉内气相湍流流场,颗粒轨迹跟踪采用随机轨道模型。模拟结果与冷模测试数据吻合,且流场与热模实验现象一致,壁面捕捉颗粒平均粒径与热态水煤浆气化实验数据吻合。工业规模模拟结果表明,壁面捕捉的颗粒平均粒径呈现一定的规律性,存在两个极大值位置,分别在喷嘴平面下方0.2 m及上方2.8 m处,在喷嘴平面上方,壁面捕捉颗粒粒径随颗粒密度的增大而减小;颗粒沉积能基本覆盖整个炉膛内壁,颗粒在撞击流股作用下在喷嘴平面上方1.8 m及下方1.9 m处沉积量最大;缩短喷嘴上方直段高度将影响炉内流场,拱顶对撞击流股产生一定的限制作用,使其变短变宽,并且使拱顶捕捉颗粒粒径增加,颗粒沉积速率增加。     

超细颗粒聚团流化的临界流化速度

在内径50 mm的流化床实验台上,测量SiO_2、Al_2O_3和TiO_2 3种超细颗粒原生粒径从30 nm增加到5μm的临界流化速度(Umf),并以Geldart A类颗粒(粒径45μm)为参照。结果表明:3种超细颗粒的Umf随粒径的变化规律一致,随原生粒径从30 nm增加到5μm,Umf逐渐增大;当颗粒粒径增加到45μm,Umf大幅度减小,其与原生粒径为30和200 nm时接近。对于不同材料,Umf由大至小的顺序依次为TiO_2、Al_2O_3、SiO_2。粉体安息角测量表明:对于同种材料颗粒,原生粒径对超细颗粒的Umf和安息角的影响规律一致,即5μm超细颗粒的安息角最大。聚团尺寸模型计算表明:稳定流化时,聚团尺寸随原生粒径的变化趋势以及随不同材料的变化趋势均与Umf的变化趋势一致。研究结果为超细颗粒流化临界速度预测研究奠定了基础。     

在线气体过滤器

<正> 英国Millipore公司现已开发了一种新型Wafergard在线气体过滤器——WafergardⅡF Mini In-Line。 该过滤器的最大流量为30sl/min,能滞留所有大于0.003μm颗粒。安装后十分钟内就能达到小于10 ppmb湿度和每立方英尺少于一个颗粒(粒径大于0.01μm)的出     

Dust Collection by a Fiber Bundle Electret Filter in an MVAC System

Electret filters are composed of thin, electrically charged fibers that are often utilized in industrial fields that require high collection efficiency with low flow resistance. A bundle-type electret filter in the Mechanical Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (MVAC) system of a Metro-subway was characterized in this study. The particle penetration and pressure drop parameters were examined under a filtration velocity ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m/s. Particle penetration increased significantly in the early stages of filtration, but then became steady. The filter quality, which is a useful index of the filtration performance incorporating pressure drop and filtration efficiency, was evaluated for the test filters. The fiber bundle filter demonstrated a higher filter quality than the mechanical filter or the general panel-type electret filter with a small drop in pressure even at a high filtration velocity. In addition, the three dimensional structure and high electrostatic charge of the fiber bundle filter would enable a long retention time and constant level of pressure drop throughout the filtration.     

A Simulation Study on the Collection of Submicron Particles in a Unipolar Charged Fiber

In this study, we developed a simulation method to predict the initial collection efficiency of a unipolar charged fiber and the particle deposition morphology in the electret filter composed of unipolar charged fibers. The particle sizes considered in this study were in the submicron range, and in the simulation method, Brownian motion of particles was also taken into consideration along with electrostatic forces acting on the particles. The simulation results were compared with other investigator's initial collection efficiency data, and it was found that simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Based on this, we analyzed the effect of operating variables on the particle deposition morphology, which in turn affects the collection efficiency and pressure drop of the filter. In view of the simulation results on particle deposition morphology, it is clear that in the case of electret filters, particle deposition tends to take place onto the entire perimeter of fibers relatively uniformly, which may reduce the increase of pressure drop with time or extent of particle deposition compared to the conventional fibrous filter.     

Numerical optimization and experimental investigation of the aerodynamic performance of a three-stage gas-solid separator

The present research investigates and optimizes the aerodynamic performance of a newly designed compact size three stage mobile gas-solid separator. This separator is designed to collect solid particles with different characteristics at a minimum pressure drop. The minimum particle diameter to be completely collected is 1 μm at solid loading 20 g/m³. The first stage of the separator is a settling chamber which is designed to collect coarse particles (particles down to particle diameter 100 μm). The second stage is a cyclone separator where medium to fine particles (particles down to particle diameter 15 μm) are to be collected. Particles escaping the cyclone separator are collected in the third stage which is a bag filter.A separator conceptual aerodynamic design is first performed to obtain overall separator dimensions. CFD simulation is used in order to optimize the separator aerodynamic performance and reduce the separator size. The separator is then constructed and experimentally investigated. Comparison between CFD results at design point and measured separator total pressure drop shows good agreement.     

Penetration of Sub-50 nm Nanoparticles Through Electret HVAC Filters Used in Residence

Pleated electret HVAC filters are often used in residence to mitigate the particles that originate both indoors and outdoors. These filters are usually tested with particles larger than 300 nm. However, residential particles can contain a significant amount of nanoparticles with size below 50 nm due to cooking, smoking, cleaning, wood burning, and outdoor infiltration. In order to characterize the nanoparticle removal by electret HVAC filters, penetrations of 3–50 nm silver nanoparticles through five different flat sheet electret media used in commercial residential HVAC filters were tested with face velocities of 0.05, 0.5, and 1.0 m s^–1. Experimental results showed that all media had significantly high penetrations with 0.35–0.8 at the most penetrating particle sizes (MPPSs) for all three velocities, which were in the sizes of 10–30 nm. A model based on single fiber theory for particle penetration predictions was used and compared with the experimental data. Results showed that the model predicted the nanoparticle penetrations very well for all media and all face velocities tested. According to the model, for enhancing the nanoparticle efficiency of the current commercial HVAC filters, the fiber diameter should be reduced or the number of pleats should be increased. However, by doing these, pressure drop and cost may be largely increased. On the other hand, this study found the existing commercial mechanical HVAC filters were much capable for sub–50 nm nanoparticle removal when their minimum efficiency reporting values (MERVs) were larger than 13 and it is concluded mechanical HVAC filters can do a better job than electret ones. However, the quality factor analysis showed electret filters could be regarded as the best filter media for removing particles smaller than 300 nm.

Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Effect of particle loading on the collection performance of an electret cabin air filter for submicron aerosols

Electret filters are composed of permanently charged electret fibers and are widely used in applications requiring high collection efficiency and low-pressure drop. We tested electret filter media used in manufacturing cabin air filters by applying two different charging states to the test particles. These charging states were achieved by spray electrification through the atomization process and by bipolar ionization with an aerosol neutralizer, respectively. Polydisperse solid NaCl particles with 0.1%, and 1% solutions or liquid dicotyl sebacate (DOS) particles were generated from an atomizer, and they were loaded on the filter media. The amount of charge, the mean particle size, and the particle material significantly affected the collection performance of the electret filter media for submicron particles. The collection efficiency of the electret filter media degraded as more particles were loaded, and showed minimum efficiency at steady state. The electret filter media captured the highly charged particles more efficiently during the transient state. At steady state, the filter media loaded with smaller NaCl particles showed lower collection efficiency. The filter media loaded with liquid DOS particles showed collection efficiency much lower than those loaded with solid NaCl particles.     

Preparation and Properties of PVDF/Fe3O4 Nanofibers with Magnetic and Electret Effects and their Application in Air Filtration

Electrospun electret filter material is widely studied because of its excellent removal effect on particulate matter from air streams. Here, a kind of high efficiency and low pressure drop nanofiber (NF) membrane with both electret effect and magnetic effect is developed, and compounded it with glass fiber mesh and polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) mesh to prepare a sandwich structure of NF anti‐haze window screen. Under the synergistic effect of magnetic particles, when the density is 2.06 g m^?2, the filtration efficiency of NF anti‐haze window screen can reach 99.95% for the fine particles below 0.3 µm, while the filtration pressure drop is only 58.5 Pa, with good light transmittance and excellent breaking strength (6.32 MPa). Therefore, polyvinylidene fluoride/Fe₃O₄ composite NF membrane has a potential application prospect in the field of air filtration.     

Removal characteristics and distribution of indoor tobacco smoke particles using a room air cleaner

The objective of this study is to analyze the removal characteristics and distribution of indoor air pollutants by a room air cleaner. A pollutant removal effect according to room volume and measurement point was evaluated in an indoor room. A series of filtration efficiency tests were performed on only the electrostatic precipitator of the room air cleaner. The measurements of filter efficiency and pressure drop across the electrostatic precipitator were made using an ASHRAE 52.1-1992 filter test system and an opacity meter to measure the particle concentration upstream and downstream of the test filter. Also the performance of the air cleaner in the room was evaluated by examining tobacco smoke particle concentration. The size distribution of the tobacco smoke particles was 1.27 μm in mass median diameter and a geometric standard deviation of 1.313 μm. The efficiency of the electrostatic filter was measured as 78.6% with dust particles of 1.96 μm in mass median diameter and 1.5m/s face velocity. The tobacco smoke particle concentration as a function of time decayed exponentially. The contaminant removal effect was increased when increasing the effective clean air exchange rate (ηQ/V), which is 0.0780 min^?1 for 51 m³ room and 0.0235 min^?1 for 149 m³ room. This study clearly shows that a room air cleaner with an electrostatic precipitator is effective in removing tobacco smoke particles. The removal characteristics and distribution of indoor air pollutants in other rooms is predicted based on empirical modeling.     

Retracted: Effects of the Operating Conditions and Geometry Parameter on the Filtration Performance of the Fibrous Filter

The gas‐solid two‐phase flows in fibrous filters were simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology. The pressure drops and filter efficiencies with different operating conditions and geometry parameter, including face velocity, particle size, and solid volume fraction (SVF) were calculated. The effects of the operating conditions and geometry parameter on the filter performance of the fibrous filter were obtained. The results indicate that the pressure drop increases linearly with the face velocity and the predicted values of the pressure drops are in excellent agreement with the experimental correlation. Filtration efficiency decreases with the face velocity for submicrometer particles (0.1 μm) and, for larger particles (1 μm) the tendency is just the opposite. The filtration mechanism is different for different particle sizes. For the filter in this paper, when the particle size is smaller than 0.2 μm, Brownian diffusion plays a significant role in the filtration process. When the particle size is greater than 0.5 μm, inertial impaction becomes an important capture mechanism. For particle sizes in the range of 0.2–0.5 μm, the Brownian diffusion and inertial impaction are both relatively weak and, therefore, the filtration efficiency has the least value in this range. Additionally, the SVF distribution is an important geometry parameter in the filter. The filtration efficiency of the filter with a decreased SVF (geometry B) along the thickness of the filter is higher than that of the filter with the even SVF (geometry A), while maintaining a low pressure drop.     

Aligned carbon nanotube sheet high efficiency particulate air filters

Aerosol filters, made with conventional micro-fiber fabrics, are designed to efficiently capture small particles from the air. Filters constructed of nano-fiber fabric structures provide even greater filtration efficiency than conventional micro-fiber fabrics due to their higher surface area and smaller pore size. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are very small diameter fibers that have the potential to be integrated into filters to further increase particle capture efficiency. In this study, CNT sheets, drawn from millimeter tall CNT arrays, were integrated between traditional micro-fiber fabrics to produce aerosol filters. The filtration performance of the novel filters showed that when the number of CNTs layers increased, the filtration efficiency increased dramatically, while the pressure drop also increased. In order to meet high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter requirements with a reasonable pressure drop, CNTs were laid in a cross-plied structure within the filter. The results demonstrated that the three layer cross-ply structure provided 99.98% filtration efficiency at 0.3 μm particle size at a 10 cm/s face velocity, making it a viable method for producing low basis weight HEPA filters utilizing CNTs as the main filtration component.