层理发育软硬层叠岩体大密集系数爆破技术研究

为了解决露天台阶传统爆破方法难以克服的诸多困难,依据黑岱沟露天煤矿岩体层理发育、软硬岩层叠置的实际条件,提出了利用空气间隔装药技术均衡炮孔内爆轰压力、毫秒延时逐孔起爆和大密集系数爆破技术方案。用三维数值模拟了双排多炮孔在爆炸荷载作用下逐孔起爆时,台阶爆破困难部位的岩体受力状态,证实了方案的可行性,并用现场试验验证了数值模拟确定的主要爆破技术参数的可用性。空气间隔装药、毫秒延时逐孔起爆和大密集系数布孔等技术的综合利用,实现了层理发育、软硬岩层叠置复杂岩性条件下,露天台阶深孔爆破爆堆松散、无根(拉)底和岩石破碎块度均匀、大块率低的良好效果,经济效益显著。     

深孔爆破中不同起爆方式对爆生裂纹的数值模拟

为了分清齐发爆破和逐孔起爆的方式对岩体裂纹的影响,运用LS-DYNA动力有限元分析软件,分别对深孔三孔齐发起爆和深孔三孔逐孔起爆的爆生裂纹扩展机理进行了数值模拟,并描述了深孔爆破时的应力分布云图和裂纹扩展以及损伤演化情况,得到岩体的破碎区和裂隙区的范围。模拟分析结果表明:采用逐孔起爆法使岩石的自由面发生改变,炮孔破坏更为严重,对爆破效果产生很大的影响。并对计算结果进行了分析,对指导工程实践有一定的参考价值。     

深孔爆破中不同起爆方式对爆生裂纹的数值模拟

为了分清齐发爆破和逐孔起爆的方式对岩体裂纹的影响,运用LS-DYNA动力有限元分析软件,分别对深孔三孔齐发起爆和深孔三孔逐孔起爆的爆生裂纹扩展机理进行了数值模拟,并描述了深孔爆破时的应力分布云图和裂纹扩展以及损伤演化情况,得到岩体的破碎区和裂隙区的范围。模拟分析结果表明:采用逐孔起爆法使岩石的自由面发生改变,炮孔破坏更为严重,对爆破效果产生很大的影响。并对计算结果进行了分析,对指导工程实践有一定的参考价值。     

起爆方式对岩石柱状装药爆破作用的影响

为提高炸药的能量利用率,改善岩石爆破的破碎效果,以及在柱状装药条件下选择最佳的起爆方式,通过单炮孔混凝土爆破实验研究了不同起爆方式对岩石柱状装药爆破作用的影响。对不同起爆方式下岩石的裂纹扩展和破碎效果进行了分析,并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立单炮孔岩石爆破损伤模型,对不同起爆方式下岩石损伤过程进行了数值模拟。其结果表明:不同起爆方式对岩石爆破破碎作用影响较大,反向起爆相对于正向起爆和炮孔中部起爆在岩石表面产生的裂纹条数更多,裂纹扩展速度更快,岩石破碎程度更好;数值模拟结果和实验结果具有较好的吻合性,对起爆技术的改进和起爆方式在工程应用上的选择具有一定的指导意义。     

起爆方式对岩石柱状装药爆破作用的影响

为提高炸药的能量利用率,改善岩石爆破的破碎效果,以及在柱状装药条件下选择最佳的起爆方式,通过单炮孔混凝土爆破实验研究了不同起爆方式对岩石柱状装药爆破作用的影响。对不同起爆方式下岩石的裂纹扩展和破碎效果进行了分析,并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立单炮孔岩石爆破损伤模型,对不同起爆方式下岩石损伤过程进行了数值模拟。其结果表明:不同起爆方式对岩石爆破破碎作用影响较大,反向起爆相对于正向起爆和炮孔中部起爆在岩石表面产生的裂纹条数更多,裂纹扩展速度更快,岩石破碎程度更好;数值模拟结果和实验结果具有较好的吻合性,对起爆技术的改进和起爆方式在工程应用上的选择具有一定的指导意义。     

大型地下厂房开挖爆破损伤影响范围及评价研究

针对溪洛渡主厂房浅孔台阶开挖爆破工程,根据C-J爆轰理论和强度统计理论等分别得到炮孔壁上爆炸冲击荷载曲线和考虑压、拉损伤的岩石动力损伤本构关系。在FLAC3D数值软件中应用该爆炸荷载曲线和本构关系,并建立模拟单个垂直炮孔起爆的三维有限差分计算模型,分析岩石爆破动力响应,得到爆破损伤影响范围特性。同时在现场进行了爆破试验、钻孔声波测试和爆破振动速度测试。将现场试验、基于TCK体积拉伸损伤模型的数值计算与考虑压、拉损伤的数值计算的结果对比,验证压、拉损伤数值模型的合理性。研究成果表明,受地表自由面影响,岩石爆破损伤影响范围随深度增加而减小。炮孔顶部损伤影响水平半径最大,且该半径随单孔炸药量增大而显著增大;与最大损伤影响半径对应的水平径向质点峰值振动速度可作为爆破损伤安全判据;相对深度方向,水平径向为爆破损伤的主要扩展方向;数值计算结果较为合理,研究成果可为类似开挖爆破工程提供参考。     

不同水深条件下水下钻孔爆破破岩机理研究

为研究水下钻孔爆破中不同水深对爆炸冲击波和岩石破碎效应的影响,结合重庆万州长江公路大桥防撞设施水下基坑及基槽开挖工程,通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA动力有限元程序,得到不同水深条件下爆炸冲击波拉应力峰值。运用MATLAB软件对不同水深岩石破碎拉应力峰值与炮孔距离的关系进行非线性拟合,计算得到不同水深条件下不同炮孔距离的峰值拉应力理论值,进而获得不同水深条件下的爆破损伤区域。研究表明炸礁区岩石上覆30 m左右水深情况下,爆破损伤区域半径为1.5 m,对水下钻孔爆破工程实践提供了依据。     

起爆方式对台阶爆破根底影响的数值模拟分析

在台阶爆破中,根底率是评价爆破效果的一项重要指标。根据爆前、爆后岩体声波降低率,计算爆后保留岩体的损伤大小,确定临界破碎状态对应的损伤阈值。基于LS-DYNA的二次开发爆破损伤模拟技术,采用拉压损伤模型,对台阶爆破不同起爆点位置的爆破损伤效应进行数值模拟,并重点比较正向起爆和反向起爆条件下,相邻炮孔之间爆破根底的分布情况。模拟结果表明:起爆点位置能够影响能量和应力的分布状态,导致不同的爆破效果,正向起爆对孔底岩体有较好的破碎效果,能够有效地消除爆破根底,提高爆后台阶面的平整度。     

Sino露天磁铁矿台阶爆破方案的确定

为确定澳大利亚Sino露天磁铁矿台阶爆破的排距和孔距,运用HolmbergPerson公式对钻孔爆破岩体损伤范围进行估算,通过迭代法确定椭圆损伤区的长短轴长度。使用动力分析软件LS-DYNA模拟5.5m(排距)×5.5m(孔距)、5.0m(排距)×6.0m(孔距)两种网孔布置方案的岩体破碎效果,结果表明:采用5.5m×5.5m方案时,炮孔之间存在未损伤区,易产生大块,后排孔起爆后出现应力集中现象。采用5.0m×6.0m方案时,爆破能量利用均匀,岩体破碎充分,是比较合理的排距、孔距参数,该方案应用于澳大利亚Sino露天磁铁矿台阶爆破,取得了良好的爆破效果。     

围压作用对爆破裂纹空间形态影响的试验研究

爆破裂纹的空间形态是进行爆破设计的理论依据。地下超深孔爆破炮孔处在围压作用之中,无爆破自由面,此种条件下爆破裂纹空间形态有待进一步的研究。采用4000 kN大型真三轴加载设备和煤矿许用导爆索分别提供围压静载和爆炸动载,并浇筑300 mm×300 mm×300 mm尺寸水泥砂浆立方体试块,采用的等效炸药量均为3 g,围压条件下试块加载的第一、第二、第三主应力分别为8.50 MPa、7.00 MPa、5.75 MPa,对比分析有、无围压两种条件爆破裂纹的空间形态差异。研究发现：围压条件下的爆破裂纹空间形态与拥有爆破自由面条件的爆破裂纹空间形态差异极大,四周拥有爆破自由面条件下试块爆破破碎为碎块,在块度尺寸L<100 mm和100 mm≤L≤200 mm范围内的破碎块度质量分别占试块总质量的30%和70%,其中大尺寸150 mm≤L<200 mm范围内的块度质量占比达到55.32%,但是数量较少,并且都产生于试块表面;围压条件下,在垂直于第二主应力方向产生一个以封孔器为中心对称的宏观破裂面,在试块的其它表面上产生了几条宏观裂纹。试块剖开后,在炮孔壁部产生微裂纹,在预先射孔方向的孔...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.