预热和焊后热处理对G20Mn5/P355NL1异种钢焊接接头性能的影响

为优化转向架构架中铸钢和钢板异种材料的焊接工艺,保证此类型焊接接头的质量,研究了G20Mn5铸钢和P355NL1钢板焊接接头在不同工艺下的显微组织和力学性能的变化。研究结果表明:焊前预热能够细化晶粒,使热影响区(HAZ)的硬度提高了14%;通过焊前预热和焊后热处理,接头冲击韧性得到明显提高。     

焊后热处理对Cu-Cr-Zr合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能的影响

对5 mm厚Cu-Cr-Zr合金板进行搅拌摩擦对接焊,在不同时效温度(400,450,500℃)下对接头进行热处理,研究了热处理对接头组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:焊后热处理后,焊核区晶粒尺寸未发生明显变化,热机影响区弯曲变形的晶粒基本消失;焊后热处理后,在焊接过程中固溶至基体中的强化相重新析出,但500℃焊后热处理后,接头出现过时效现象;焊后热处理后接头的硬度和抗拉强度均明显提高,硬度呈"W"形分布,最低值出现在热机影响区.450℃焊后热处理后接头的硬度和抗拉强度均最大,焊核区的硬度达到母材的83％,接头的抗拉强度为270 MPa,比焊后热处理前的增加了50 Mpa.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织热稳定性

在焊后热处理过程中,搅拌摩擦焊接头焊核区细小的再结晶晶粒在高温下极不稳定,很容易发生晶粒异常长大降低接头性能。研究2024铝合金和7075-2024异质铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织热稳定性,结果发现：增大搅拌头转速、降低焊速有利于提高接头组织热稳定性,接头焊核区晶粒尺寸差异越小,第二相粒子尺寸越小,密度越大,接头组织热稳定性越好;降低固溶温度或缩短固溶时间可以降低晶粒异常长大程度,但接头力学性能将发生下降。对于3 mm厚2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头,在ω=2 500 r/min, v=20 mm/min的焊接参数下,495℃-30 min固溶处理后接头无明显晶粒异常长大现象。对于1.5 mm厚7075-2024异质铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头,在ω=2 500 r/min, v=50 mm/min的焊接参数下,450℃-20 min固溶处理后接头晶粒异常长大基本得到控制,接头强度达到母材的90%。研究结果表明优化焊接工艺参数和焊后热处理工艺参数能获得较好的晶粒异常长大抑制效果,为铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织性能调控提供参考。     

TC17-TC11异种钛合金线性摩擦焊接头弯曲性能分析与改善

分析了TC11和TC17异种钛合金线性摩擦焊接接头的弯曲性能,探寻了焊缝区弯曲塑性的薄弱区。通过测试焊接接头的硬度、分析焊缝区组织、断口形貌,特别是弯曲试样表面滑移线形态,研究了弯曲断裂机制。通过焊后超声冲击以及高温固溶+时效热处理,探索了改善焊接接头弯曲塑性的工艺方法。研究结果表明,采用接头弯曲性能试验,可以更好地表征TC11和TC17异种钛合金线性摩擦焊接接头焊缝区的宏观性能;经焊后时效热处理的线性焊接头的弯曲角度只有TC17母材的38%,TC11母材的30%。弯曲塑性是其力学性能的薄弱环节;焊合区及TC17侧变形区是接头弯曲塑性的薄弱区,弯曲断口均呈脆性断裂特征。焊合区断口为细小等轴晶粒的晶间断裂,焊接界面对TC17侧的滑移有明显的阻碍作用,容易在焊合区TC17侧形成微观裂纹;TC17变形区的弯曲起裂断口是大面积滑移剪切所形成的剪切韧窝,而TC17侧变形区晶粒大而长,有利于形成更长的滑移线和更集中的位错聚集,所以弯曲试验时TC17侧变形区最容易开裂。焊后进行超声冲击处理,在试件表面形成了约20 μm厚度的变形层,接头的弯曲角度相对提高34%;接头进行高温固溶+时效处理后,接头的弯曲塑性提高,最高平均弯曲角度达到31.2°,相对提高82%。为钛合金线性摩擦焊接接头的宏观塑性性能分析与改善提出了一个有意义的研究方向。     

Ti600/TC17钛合金惯性摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能研究

采用惯性摩擦焊方法对TC17和Ti600钛合金进行了连接,着重分析接头焊态和热处理条件下的组织特征与力学性能。接头焊态TC17一侧：在热力影响区原始β晶粒发生破碎,晶界以及晶内α相扭曲变形;在再结晶区β晶粒发生动态再结晶形成细小的等轴晶粒,晶内为亚稳态的β相;接头Ti600一侧：在热力影响区片层组织随着金属流动发生变形;在再结晶区,α片层团簇发生再结晶形成大量细小的α片层团簇片层。经过热处理后,TC17钛合金一侧亚稳态β相析出细小的层片状α相,Ti600钛合金一侧层状α相长大,但是不明显。热处理使接头的显微硬度升高,TC17钛合金焊缝一侧显微硬度增加明显。接头抗拉强度与Ti600母材相当,断裂发生在Ti600钛合金一侧,断口为典型的杯锥状断口。     

热处理对摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

研究了热处理对摩擦焊接头力学性能和显微组织的影响。研究结果表明,焊前热处理对摩擦焊接头的组织与性能有显著影响。正火态与调质态母材相比,后者可得到强韧性较高的接头。文中对产生不同摩擦焊接热影响区显微组织的机理进行了探讨。采用适当的焊后接头局部回火热处理可改善焊缝韧性。     

45钢/W8Co3N高速钢刀具的摩擦焊接研究

对 45钢 /W8Co3N高速钢刀具的摩擦焊接工艺及焊接效果进行了试验研究 ,结果表明 ,采用优化的摩擦焊接工艺参数及合理的焊后热处理工艺可获得具有良好显微组织和力学性能的焊接接头。     

焊后热处理对高氮奥氏体不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

对高氮奥氏体不锈钢进行搅拌摩擦焊接。焊接过程中没有出现氮元素的损失及其他相的生成。对焊接接头进行焊后热处理,以得到具有不同组织差异性的搅拌摩擦焊接头。微观组织分析表明：在焊态的接头中,焊核区晶粒细化且含有大量的小角度晶界,母材区与焊核之间存在明显的组织差异;热处理态接头中,焊核区的晶粒尺寸略小于母材,各种特征晶界的比例分数都与母材基本相当,接头内组织差异性减小。力学性能分析表明：大的组织差异使焊接接头呈现出典型的高匹配特征,屈服强度、抗拉强度明显升高,伸长率有所降低。较小组织差异的接头匹配模式发生变化,进而导致力学性能发生明显改变,屈服强度、抗拉强度降低,伸长率恢复到母材水平。     

焊前和焊后热处理对2195铝锂合金双面搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用双面搅拌摩擦焊方法对6 mm厚2195铝锂合金板进行焊接,对比研究了焊前与焊后热处理(410℃×1 h退火+510℃×1 h固溶+155℃×1 h人工时效)对接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:焊前热处理的接头焊核区晶粒呈细小等轴状,平均晶粒尺寸约为9.2μm,而焊后热处理的焊核区晶粒发生了异常长大现象,平均晶...     

焊接速度对镁/铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊接头显微组织与力学性能的影响

在不同焊接速度(23.5,47.5,75.0mm·min~(-1))下采用搅拌摩擦焊技术对AZ31镁合金和6061铝合金进行对接焊,研究了焊接速度对接头显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:不同速度焊接后,接头焊核区存在条带状组织,焊核区晶粒发生细化;在前进侧焊核区/热机影响区界面处生成了少量金属间化合物Al_3Mg_2和Al_(12)Mg_(17);随着焊接速度的降低,各区域的晶粒尺寸有所增大,材料混合均匀程度有所增强;随着焊接速度的增大,后退侧不同区域的硬度均先降后增,前进侧的硬度整体呈增大趋势,接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度均有所下降;拉伸断裂均发生在接头前进侧焊核区/热机影响区界面处,断裂模式均为脆性断裂。     

Development of a dynamic surface roughness monitoring system based on artificial neural networks (ANN) in milling operation

In the current research, a new method is applied to modify the conventional friction stir welding (FSW) process. Fixture, which fixes the workpieces, is shaken mechanically during FSW in a direction normal to weld line in order to increase the straining of weld region material. In other words, vibration of workpieces is accompanied by the rotating motion of tool. This new process can be described as friction stir vibration welding (FSVW). Al 5052 alloy specimens are welded by two welding methods, FSW and FSVW. Microstructure and mechanical properties of welded specimens are compared. Metallography analyses indicate that grain size decreases and hardness increases as FSVW method is applied. Tensile test results also show that strength and ductility values of friction stir vibration (FSV)-welded specimens are greater than those relating to friction stir (FS)-welded specimens. It is because of more work hardening of plasticized material, during FSVW, which leads to more generation and movement of dislocations. Correspondingly, grain size decreases and mechanical properties improve. Additionally, it is observed that the mechanical properties of the weld improve as vibration frequency increases.     

焊接热循环对U71Mn铁轨钢热影响区粗晶区组织性能的影响

U71Mn铁轨钢为高碳钢,其热影响区的粗晶区是焊接接头的薄弱部位。本文利用焊接热模拟技术、金相显微镜、维氏硬度计、冲击试验机、扫描电镜,研究分析了U71Mn铁轨钢在不同热循环下的热影响区的粗晶区显微组织、显微硬度、冲击韧性和断口形貌。研究结果表明,增加冷却时间t8／5能减少组织中马氏体含量,当t8/5〉100s时,马氏体消失;第2次热循环时,由于热循环峰值温度为1000℃,位于热影响区的细晶区,第2次热循环对第1次热循环产生的粗晶组织有细化作用,能增加硬度,提高韧性。     

焊后涂装工艺对6063-T6铝合金MIG焊T型接头组织和性能的影响

采用金属熔化极惰性气体保护(MIG)焊制备6063-T6铝合金T型接头,之后对T型接头进行涂装,研究了焊后涂装工艺对接头组织与性能的影响。结果表明:涂装工艺对接头各区域晶粒形态和尺寸没有影响,涂装后热影响区中针状β″相析出量明显增加;焊后涂装可以显著提高接头的力学性能,抗拉强度较涂装前的提高了13%,热影响区的显微硬度较涂装前的提高了18.8%;涂装完成前,接头最薄弱区域为热影响区,而涂装完成后,最薄弱区域为焊缝处;涂装后镁、硅原子在热影响区富集形成溶质原子富集区(GP区),同时针状β″相析出量的增加干扰位错运动,导致热影响区的硬度大幅提高,而使焊缝处成为接头的最薄弱区域。     

Correlated macrostructural parameters of weld and weld current in the SMAW of small pipes

The present research investigated the effect of increased weld current on the apparent discontinuities, macrostructure, and hardness in the shielded metal arc welding of pipes. Thin, small pipes were butt welded, and the section view of the weld was observed using an optical microscope equipped with an image analyzer. Vickers hardness measurements were also made. The results indicated that the area of the melting zone and the width of the weld at the midpoint of pipe thickness were the appropriate parameters for assessing the weld current. In contrast, the lengths of the columnar grain zone and hardness values were not correlated with the current levels. A moderate current level caused the mechanical properties of the melting zone to become closer to those of the parent metal.     

Some investigations on microstructure and mechanical properties of submerged arc welded HSLA steel joints

This paper investigates the influence of the submerged arc welding (SAW) process parameters (welding current and welding speed) on the microstructure, hardness, and toughness of HSLA steel weld joints. Attempts have also been made to analyze the results on the basis of the heat input. The SAW process was used for the welding of 16 mm thick HSLA steel plates. The weld joints were prepared using comparatively high heat input (3.0 to 6.3 KJ/mm) by varying welding current (500–700 A) and welding speed (200–300 mm/min). Results showed that the increase in heat input coarsens the grain structure both in the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ). The hardness has been found to vary from the weld centre line to base metal and peak hardness was found in the HAZ. The hardness of the weld metal was largely uniform. The hardness reduced with the increase in welding current and reduction in welding speed (increasing heat input) while the toughness showed mixed trend. The increase in welding current from 500 A to 600 A at a given welding speed (200 mm/min or 300 mm/min) increased toughness and further increase in welding current up to 700 A lowered the toughness. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces of impact test specimen was carried out to study the fracture modes. Electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) was carried out to investigate the variation in wt.% of different elements in the weld metal and HAZ.     

铝合金双面双弧同步立焊工艺特征与接头组织性能分析

采用双面双弧同步立焊工艺方法,对8 mm厚5083铝合金进行自熔试验,I形坡口一次熔透,焊缝成形美观。通过调节两侧电弧热量配比研究熔池成形规律,并从焊接接头的微观组织、力学性能分析其连接机理。研究结果表明,随着热输入的增加,双面双弧同步立焊热量加速集聚,熔深以三次幂函数的速度增大。双面双弧同步立焊接头轮廓呈“双曲线形”,而相同热输入下的单面焊接头则呈“倒马鞍形”。总热输入一定的情况下,双面双弧接头正面熔宽随能量配比系数的增大而增大,反面熔宽随能量配比系数的增大而减小,中间熔宽基本不变,熔化面积随能量配比系数的增大先增大后减小;能量配比系数一定时,随着焊速的增大,接头熔宽和熔化面积均减小。母材组织为条带状纤维织构,热影响区发生静态回复与再结晶,变形组织消失,产生新晶粒,焊缝区主要由α-Al固溶体、β相(Al8Mg5)质点和骨骼状的Mg2Si析出相组成。焊缝的抗拉强度随着能量配比系数的增大而减小,拉伸断裂形式为韧性断裂。热影响区出现软化现象,双弧交汇区硬度低于正面焊缝区。     

Statistical analysis to predict grain size and hardness of the weld nugget of friction-stir-welded AA6061-T6 aluminium alloy joints

AA6061 aluminum alloy has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of light weight structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Friction-stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The FSW process and tool parameters play a major role in deciding the joint strength. Joint strength is influenced by grain size and hardness of the weld nugget region. Hence, in this investigation an attempt was made to develop empirical relationships to predict grain size and hardness of weld nugget of friction-stir-welded AA6061 aluminium alloy joints. The empirical relationships are developed by response surface methodology incorporating FSW tool and process parameters. A linear regression relationship was also established between grain size and hardness of the weld nugget of FSW joints.     

Effect of heat treatment and number of passes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed AZ91C magnesium alloy

In this paper, the effect of heat treatment and number of passes on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir processed AZ91C magnesium alloy samples were investigated. From six samples of as-cast AZ91C magnesium alloy, three plates were pre-heated at temperature of 375°C for 3 hours, and then were treated at temperature of 415°C for 18 hours and finally were cooled down in air. Three plates were relinquished without heat treatment. 8 mm thick as-cast AZ91C magnesium alloy plates were friction stir processed at constant traverse speed of 40 mm/min and tool rotation speed of 1250 rpm. After process, microstructural characterization of samples was analyzed using optical microscopy and tensile and Vickers hardness tests were performed. It was found that heat treated samples had finer grains, higher hardness, improved tensile strength and elongation relative to non-heat treated ones. As the number of passes increased, higher UTS and TE were achieved due to finer grains and more dissolution of β phase (Mg₁₇Al₁₂). The micro-hardness characteristics and tensile improvement of the friction stir processed samples depend significantly on grain size, removal of voids and porosities and dissolution of β phase in the stir zone.