两种TOC测定方法的比较

目前，TOC的测定方法主要有差减法和直接法两种，本文对这两种方法的原理、特点进行了详细的比较，并介绍了德国ELEMENTAR公司生产的liquiTOC系列总有机碳分析仪，使用该仪器测定TOC，可集上述两种方法的优点于一身。[编者按]     

TOC分析在水质监测中的应用

本文采用日本岛津公司TOC－5000A分析仪,综述了TOC分析在国内外水质监测中的应用,包括应用领域、应用特点、应用技术、TOC与CODCrBOD5的关系,燃烧氧化法与过硫酸盐氧化法的比较等五个方面。     

High TOCⅡ分析仪快速测定土壤和黄土样品中的有机碳

利用High TOCⅡ分析仪测量了土壤和黄土样品中有机碳的含量，通过与重铬酸钾氧化法和微波消化法测量结果的比较发现，3种方法的分析结果无明显差异，测量结果是仪器法好于微波消化法，微波消化法好于重铬酸钾氧化法，仪器法具有操作过程简单，样品用量少，分析结果误差小，分析快速和测量结果准确等特点。     

总有机碳及其自动在线监测仪的研制

详细论述了总有机碳的基本概念以及在环境监测中的应用。介绍了总有机碳的各几种测定方法，水中总有机碳与COD、BOD间的相互比较，确定总有机碳与COD、BOD间的相关关系。根据对已售总有机碳自动在线监测仪的调研，确定了采用紫外催化．过硫酸钾氧化法测定水中总有机碳的技术路线，开发研制了适合我国国情的水中总有机碳自动在线监测仪。通过大量试验证明，该仪器完全满足《总有机碳（TOC）水质自动分析仪技术要求》（HJ／T104-2003）的要求。     

在TOC检测中的NDIR传感器设计

使用非色散红外(NDIR)技术的高温催化氧化法和湿法氧化法是检测水样中TOC含量的两种重要方法,能完成对各种高低浓度样品的精确检测。本文通过TOC测定原理、红外检测技术并结合相关电子知识,介绍了一种在TOC检测中使用的NDIR传感器设计。     

Perma Pure干燥器可以消除总有机碳（TOC）分析仪的冷凝水影响

进行总有机碳（TOC）测定时,样气的快速氧化过程中会产生冷凝水,从而干扰精确的测量结果。PermaPure的MD系列和MDH系列干燥器,可以去除多余的水蒸气,使实验室、餐饮、制药、上下水和工业应用中的TOC分析仪免于受损和产生不精确的结果。     

燃烧氧化-非色散红外吸收法测定污水中总有机碳

主要用燃烧氧化-非色散红外吸收法测定了乌鲁木齐市水磨沟河水、污水处理厂排水和不同行业工业废水中的总有机碳（TOC）。结果表明，本法检出限为0．2mg／L，对于TOC浓度在0～250mg／L范围内水样的测定，相对标准偏差在1．2％-12％之间。本方法操作简单、快速，成本较低，灵敏度高，完全能满足废水中TOC项目的监测要求。     

湿法氧化法测定电镀废液中总有机碳含量初探

本文对测定有机碳高温燃烧法和湿化学氧化法进行叙述并加以比较,选取湿化学氧化法的测量方法,对电镀废液中总有机碳含量进行测定。并对湿化学氧化法测定电镀废液中总有机碳的优点作总结和讨论。     

为当今实验室提供四种技术的TOC解决方案

Thermo Electron Corporation(NYSE：TMO)在荷兰的代夫特工厂于2003年10月推出了台式高性能总有机碳(TOC)分析仪-HiPerTOC。具有4种不同的氧化技术，为当今环境实验室提供了功能多和高效率的分析设备。     

在线总有机碳分析应用于清洁验证的可行性研究

探讨在线总有机碳（TOC）分析在清洁验证中的应用。方法：在线TOC分析方法经验证后,结合具体设计方案进行在线总有机碳在清洁验证中的实证研究。结论：在线TOC分析在清洁验证中应用具有可行性,能够在为企业节约成本的同时提升产品质量。     

Mice embryology: A microscopic overview

In this work, we studied the embryology of mice of 12, 14, and 18 days of gestation by gross observation, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Grossly, the embryos of 12 days were observed in C‐shaped region of the brain, eye pigmentation of the retina, first, second, and third pharyngeal arches gill pit nasal region on the fourth ventricle brain, cervical curvature, heart, liver, limb bud thoracic, spinal cord, tail, umbilical cord, and place of the mesonephric ridge. Microscopically, the liver, cardiovascular system and spinal cord were observed. In the embryo of 14 days, we observed structures that make up the liver and heart. At 18 days of gestation fetuses, it was noted the presence of eyes, mouth, and nose in the cephalic region, chest and pelvic region with the presence of well‐developed limbs, umbilical cord, and placenta. Scanning electron microscopy in 18 days of gestation fetuses evidenced head, eyes closed eyelids, nose, vibrissae, forelimb, heart, lung, kidney, liver, small bowel, diaphragm, and part of the spine. The results obtained in this work describe the internal and external morphology of mice, provided by an integration of techniques and review of the morphological knowledge of the embryonic development of this species, as this animal is of great importance to scientific studies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

[学科发展]润滑研究进展

过去20余年，薄膜润滑、纳米润滑、极端工况摩擦与润滑、生物润滑、绿色润滑、微量润滑等取得了重要进展。最近10余年，超滑、仿生润滑、智能润滑与监测，以及摩擦学测试技术和模拟仿真技术等研究飞速发展。微观研究已经成为润滑研究的主要手段，面向风力发电机、高铁、深空探测、深海探测、大飞机、超高速飞行器、新能源汽车等领域的润滑与密封和绿色近零排放润滑研究已经成为工业界关注的焦点。超滑作为润滑领域的新型颠覆性技术，逐步显示出其在工业生产和人类日常生活中的应用优势与勃勃发展生机。生物润滑包括人类器官中的摩擦与润滑和仿生学研究，在人类健康生活方面展示出重要作用。极端环境（高温、超低温、真空、高压等）摩擦与润滑，在卫星、火箭、舰艇、核电站及其他国防设施上用途广泛。而智能润滑等新兴领域发展，也将智能化应用到润滑领域，为设备的智能运行和制造提供了新的思路。在此，对润滑领域几个重要发展方向，如超滑、薄膜润滑、纳米润滑、极端工况摩擦与润滑、智能润滑、生物仿生学、绿色摩擦与润滑，以及摩擦学测试方法等方面进行回顾，介绍了国内外同行最新研究进展，并对未来进行了展望。     

XPN-FMS: A CAD tool for FMS modeling, analysis, animation, and simulation using Petri nets and X window

We propose a CAD tool, XPN-FMS, which is primarily based on a unique Petri net (PN) synthesis method, called the knitting technique, developed by the authors. Petri net theory has been applied to specification, validation, performance analysis, control code generation, and simulation for manufacturing systems. The analysis of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) based on PNs suffers from the complexity problem of reachability analysis (Peterson, 1981). CAD tools are urgently needed. There is no existing CAD tool for FMSs as comprehensive as XPN-FMS, in the sense that the latter integrates the functions of drawing, analysis, reduction (Chao and Wang, 1992; Murata and Koh, 1980), synthesis, property queries, and animation of FMS operations in one software package. Using the X window graphical interface and animation, XPN-FMS makes the modeling and analysis of an FMS visualizable and easy to understand and manipulate. It lets a user draw the factory layout of an FMS on the screen of a monitor using the supplied tools. A corresponding PN model can also be drawn on the monitor screen. XPN-FMS can animate and simulate the overall operating process of the FMS. It is useful for FMS specification, validation, and exploration of different design alternatives, status monitoring, and control. Using XPN-FMS with various inputs and comparing the resulting outputs, the user can determine how to improve efficiency, reduce cost, and pinpoint bottlenecks. For the PN models of FMSs that are decision free, we extend the theory and algorithm of a unique matrix-based method (Chao and Wang, 1993b) to search for subcritical loops (including types A and B) and to support scheduling and dealing with transition periods. XPN-FMS implements this extended method to find the minimum cycle time, critical loop, subcritical loops, next critical loop, and scheduling ranges to avoid the transient period for static scheduling. This is implemented in XPN-FMS for the input sequence control.This project is partially funded by NJIT's Separately Budgeted Research Program. Portions of this article were presented in Chao, Chen, Wang, and Zhou (1992),Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Chicago, Illinois, October 1992. The former name of the first author, which has appeared in some of his earlier publications, was Yuh Yaw.     

The actuality and progress of whole sky infrared cloud remote sensing techniques

Clouds are crucial regulators of both weather and climate. Properties such as the amount,type,height,distribution and movement of them have an impact on the earth's radiation budget and the hydrological cycle,thus cloud observation is very important. The disadvantages of zenith pointing measuring instruments and whole sky visible imagers limit the application of them.A summary of the actuality and application of ground-based whole sky infrared cloud measuring instruments and analyses of the techniques of radiometric calibrations,removal of atmospheric emission and calculation of cloud cover,amount,type are conducted to promote the automatically observation of the whole sky. Fully considering whole sky infrared cloud sounding theories,techniques and applications,there are still a lot of studies on improving the properties of instruments,enhancing the techniques of cloud base height measurements and establishing instrumental cloud classification criterion before actual operations.     

聚焦型微通道内气泡生成特性数值模拟

微气泡因具有比表面积小和稳定性好等特点被广泛应用于污水处理和矿物浮选等领域。为了高效获得稳定的微气泡,利用COMSOL软件研究了聚焦型微通道中气、液相流速、表面张力、液相黏度和壁面润湿性对气泡生成的影响。结果表明:当气相流速增加时,气相克服表面张力的能力增强,气泡的脱离尺寸和频率增大,脱离时间减小;液相流速增加时作用在微气泡上的惯性力和剪切力增大,气泡脱离时间和脱离尺寸均减小;表面张力增大时气泡脱离时间和脱离尺寸增大,脱离频率减小;液相黏度增大时,作用于气泡的黏性力随之增大,气泡的脱离时间和脱离直径均随之减小,脱离频率增大;接触角从40°增大到180°,气泡的脱离尺寸和脱离时间整体先增大后减小,脱离频率先减小后增大。     

A SEM study of the antenna and mouthparts of Omosita colon (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)

There are direct relationships between the behavioral mechanisms and sensilla. To obtain a better understanding of the behavioral mechanisms in Omosita colon (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), we investigated the types, quantities, and distribution of sensilla on the antenna and mouthparts of O. colon by scanning electron microscopy. The clavate antenna comprised the scape, pedicel, and nine segment flagellomeres and had six types of sensilla, including two subtypes of sensilla chaetica (SC), three subtypes of sensilla basiconica (SB) and sensilla trichodea (ST), and one type of sensilla cavity, sensilla styloconica, and Böhm bristles (BB). The chewing mouthparts of O. colon consist of the labrum, mandible, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx and had seven types sensilla, including two subtypes of SC and sensilla placodea, seven subtypes of SB, and one type of BB, ST, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla campaniformia. In this research, we also deduced the relationships between the sensilla on the antenna and mouthparts and their functions.     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

养老服务机器人现状及其发展建议

随着人口预期寿命的增长和生育率的下降,人口老龄化问题日益严重。目前养老模式难以满足养老需求,养老机器人的使用逐渐进入人们的视野,成为当前研究和产业发展的热点。针对这一需求,对现有的服务机器人及相关技术,包括移动机构、执行机构、结构、识别技术、人机交互技术、定位与场景技术、协同技术和控制技术等,进行了综述。在此基础上,针对发展养老服务机器人存在的问题,提出了四方面建议,即要用功能系统分析方法等深入研究养老服务的各种需求,并给出了部分需求;要在性价比和标准化及系列化方面加大研究力度;要开展多养老服务机器人的协作研究,并提出了一种分层式多养老服务机器人系统组织结构和动态任务规划流程;要在这一领域引入新的动力学与控制理论和方法,如U-K理论和模糊理论等。     

水下机器人-机械手系统研究进展：结构、建模与控制

水下机器人-机械手系统（Underwater vehicle-manipulator systems，UVMS）可以完成除观测之外的水下采样、抓取、操作等任务，在海洋科学考察、海洋工程等领域得到广泛应用。通过对近年来国内外UVMS的研究现状进行综述，介绍了不同的UVMS本体结构与机械手构型，总结了UVMS的运动学、动力学和水动力学的建模方法，分析了人机交互式遥控操作控制方式，针对UVMS的自主控制中的运动规划、位置与轨迹跟踪、独立与协调控制、运动补偿控制、力/位置混合控制、视觉伺服控制等问题做了分类阐述。最后总结并对UVMS未来发展方向进行了展望，以期为相关研究人员提供参考。     

Application of microscopy in authentication of traditional Tibetan medicinal plants of five Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) alpine species by comparative anatomy and micromorphology

A comparative analysis was undertaken to conduct an anatomical and micromorphological study of five species of Rhodiola-R. kirilowii, R. yunnanensis, R. crenulata, R. fastigata, and R. quadrifida-collected from the western Sichuan province plateau of China. Rhodiola plants are a popularly used ethnodrug from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau of China. Modern studies have shown that the plants of Rhodiola possess different pharmacological activities, chemical constituents, and efficiencies in clinical application. To distinguish five main species of Rhodiola and ensure their safety and efficacy, microscopic characteristics of roots, rhizomes, and stems, including transverse sections, stem and foliar epidermis, as well as the crude drug powder, were observed. The fixed, sectioned, and stained plant materials, as well as the crude powder, were studied using a light microscope according to the usual microscopic techniques. The results of the microscopic features were systematically and comparatively described and illustrated. The five species have distinct microscopic characteristic differences, thus allowing us to distinguish between the species. Also, semi-quantitative and quantitative micrographic parameter tables were simultaneously presented. Further, a key to the five species and a comparative chart of the key authentication parameters based on these anatomic characteristics analyzed was drawn up and is presented for the Rhodiola species studied. The study indicated that light microscopy and related techniques provide a method that is convenient, feasible, and can be unambiguously applied to the authentication of species of Rhodiola.