流体流速对超声波流量测量精度的影响及校准

采用超声波时差法进行流量测量时,流体流速会使超声波折射角发生变化,但测量计算中超声波折射角仍按固定值处理,就会影响流量测量精度。首先分析流体流速对超声波沿顺流或逆流传播时间和传播位移水平分量的影响,得出超声波传播时间和传播位移水平分量分别与流速呈反比和正比关系,而且其变化趋势逆流比顺流更加明显。其次通过对超声波在流动介质中传播特性的分析,分别获得了流体流速与超声波传播时间及超声波传播位移水平分量的关系,上述关系都间接反映出流体流速使超声波传播轨迹发生了超声波偏移。最后根据超声波偏移会改变超声波折射角的结论,利用折射角正切值与超声波传播时间的曲线关系对流量测量值进行了校准。校准后流量测量精度可提高0.172 9%～1.623 3%,平均可提高0.647 1%,且流速越高,校准效果越好。     

基于时差法和TDC-GP2的新型超声波液体密度计

为解决传统液体介质密度计测量精度低、维护不易、不能实时测量的问题,基于超声波时差法测量原理,利用高速时间数字转换芯片TDC-GP2,设计了一款新型高精度低功耗的超声波液体介质密度计。TDC-GP2芯片精确测量超声波在待测液体介质中一定距离下的传播时间,再结合超声波在液体介质中传播时传播速度受液体介质密度影响的特性,来间接实现该待测液体介质密度的精确测量。实验测试结果表明,设计测量绝对误差小于0. 000 4 g/cm3,相对误差比小于0. 04%,满足工业生产使用标准,具有较强的推广价值。     

TDC-GP21在超声波传播时间测量中的应用

在超声波应用中,超声波传播时间的测量精度非常关键.提出了基于STM32F103单片机和TDC-GP21芯片的超声波传播时间测量方案和一种提高过零点检测精度的测量原理及高信噪比过零点选择比较电路.系统实现的时间检测精度为10 ns量级.     

基于FPGA的新型密度测量仪设计

作为影响生产工艺的一项重要指标,密度的实时、精密测量意义重大。超声波测量技术无损、精确、环保,越来越多地被用来实现高精度密度测量。将传播介质本身作为敏感元件,通过声速法测量超声波传播时间,再结合超声波在介质中传播时传播速度受介质密度影响的特性,只需要精密测量传播时间即可实现介质密度的高精度测量。基于FPGA的控制处理电路,能够完成数据的高速采集和实时存储,结合软件设计中的数字插补算法,为ns级的高精度时间测量提供了软、硬件基础,进而确保了高精度的密度测量。     

基于HC-SR04模块的时差法声速测量

提出了一种基于超声波测距模块HC-SR04的时差法测量声速的软硬件实现方法,并介绍了相应的硬件模块信号处理流程和测量程序运行流程。本方法可通过精确测量已知距离的声传播时间计算声速。利用所设计的实验装置,实际测量了空气中不同温度下多组声传播速度,测量结果与理论值的最大相对误差仅为0.6%,从而证明了本方法的可行性和合理性。与传统的共振干涉法、相位比较法等声速测量方法相比,本文方法具有实时性高、成本低、结构简单和精度高等优点。     

TDC-GP21在超声波热量表中的应用

介绍了基于增强型高精度时间数字转换芯片TDC-GP21的超声波热量表的具体设计方案。流量测量采用超声波时差法原理,利用MSP430F4152单片机控制TDC-GP21进行超声波传播时间和流体温度差的测量,提高了系统的测量精度,大幅降低了系统的功耗和成本。通过流量标定,系统测量结果可达热量表行业标准2级表要求。     

气体超声流量计在压缩空气中的应用

气体超声流量计是利用高频声脉冲在不同流速、不同介质中的不同传播速度．从而通过测量高频声脉冲在顺气流和逆气流中的传播时间差达到测量气体的目的：由上海同济大学研制、上海宝音电子有限公司推出的WZ系列超声流量计采用了具有先进水平的超声波超高灵敏度技术和超锁时技术以及其他专有技术．由于仪表的特定测量原理，不受介质温度、压力、杂质等的影响．可广泛用于煤气、压缩空气、CO2气、过热蒸汽等介质的测量。     

分布式超声波浆液密度精密测量仪设计

实时的浆液密度测量是灌浆工艺中不可缺少的环节,超声波测量技术也日益广泛地被用来精密检测浆液密度。在传播距离一定时,利用超声波在介质中传播时传播速度受介质密度影响的特性,提出一种通过测量超声波在介质中的传播时间来间接求得被测介质密度的方法,设计出能够实时、精确检测浆液密度的分布式密度测量仪。在灌浆输送管道中,浆液密度多分布不均匀,检测装置采用分布式测头,将多对测头均匀布置在装有被测介质的管道外壁,多通道的测量使得测量结果更加准确可靠。研究中采用的高速信号处理电路以及数字插补算法,确保了ns级的时间测量,使得超声波浆液密度测量仪实现分辨率优于0.01 kg/m~3的高精度密度测量。     

超声法焊缝残余应力检测技术研究

文中基于声弹性理论,研究临界折射纵波(Critically Refracted Longitudinal wave,LCR wave)残余应力检测原理,通过超声波传播速度的变化,反映出构件表面和内部的残余应力,从而验证采用LCR波检测构件中残余应力的关键技术,具体包括LCR波的激发、接收和后续处理。设计并制作了基于声时的残余应力检测实验系统。声时是整个测量系统中的关键量,其测量水平决定残余应力的测量精度。在实现过程中采用"一发一收"的探头布局模式,通过测量固定长度上声时传播的变化,分析残余应力的分布情况。     

基于虚拟仪器的超声波高精度测时系统

提出了一种基于相位法测量超声波信号时间延迟的测量技术,建立了超声波信号飞行时间测量的数学模型。针对超声波测量要求响应速度快、单次测量精度高的要求,依据信号相位匹配原理对超声波信号时延估计的理论和方法进行了理论推导与仿真,得出基于相位法的时间测量精度受接收信号信噪比的影响。通过虚拟仪器平台的实验,表明该测量系统的信号传播时间测量具有ns级的测量精度。     

Nondestructive testing and characterization of residual stress field using an ultrasonic method

To address the difficulty in testing and calibrating the stress gradient in the depth direction of mechanical components, a new technology of nondestructive testing and characterization of the residual stress gradient field by ultrasonic method is proposed based on acoustoelasticity theory. By carrying out theoretical analysis, the sensitivity coefficients of different types of ultrasonic are obtained by taking the low carbon steel(12%C) as a research object. By fixing the interval distance between sending and receiving transducers, the mathematical expressions of the change of stress and the variation of time are established. To design one sending-one receiving and oblique incidence ultrasonic detection probes, according to Snell law, the critically refracted longitudinal wave (LCR wave) is excited at a certain depth of the fixed distance of the tested components. Then, the relationship between the depth of LCR wave detection and the center frequency of the probe in Q235 steel is obtained through experimental study. To detect the stress gradient in the depth direction, a stress gradient LCR wave detection model is established, through which the stress gradient formula is derived by the relationship between center frequency and detecting depth. A C-shaped stress specimen of Q235 steel is designedto conduct stress loading tests, and the stress is measured with the five group probes at different center frequencies. The accuracy of ultrasonic testing is verified by X-ray stress analyzer. The stress value of each specific depth is calculated using the stress gradient formula. Accordingly, the ultrasonic characterization of residual stress field is realized. Characterization results show that the stress gradient distribution is consistent with the simulation in ANSYS. The new technology can be widely applied in the detection of the residual stress gradient field caused by mechanical processing, such as welding and shot peening.     

用临界折射纵波测量切向应力时的影响因素研究

研究了基于声弹性理论,利用临界折射纵波(critically refracted longitudinal wave,LCR波)从构件表面测量内部切向应力时的几个关键问题。应力测量接收到的波形非常复杂,其他的波形影响了对LCR波的识别,相关的影响因素也很多,包括楔块角和试块厚度的影响,进行了这两影响因素在LCR波传播中的对比实验,以构建适合测量切向应力的模型系统,达到对各影响因素优化组合的目的。     

基于TDC的L_(CR)波切向应力检测方法的研究

基于固体中声速与应力的关系以及临界折射纵波(critically refracted longitudinal wave,LCR)的产生机理,提出一种利用LCR波从表面检测物体内部切向应力的实施方法,并对测量系统的硬件结构和工作原理进行详细阐述。针对应力改变导致的LCR波传播时间的微量变化,系统采用基于逻辑门绝对传输时间原理工作的"时间—数字转换器"(time to digi-tal converter,TDC)来满足高精度的时间间隔测量要求。在测量过程中采用"单端发射—双端接收"的布局模式进一步降低测量误差,以提高应力检测的精度。     

TECHNOLOGY OF QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS ON VIBRATORY STRESS RELIEF BASED ON ULTRASONIC TIME-OF-ARRIVAL METHOD

0 INTRODUCTIONVibratory stress relief (VSR) is a technology to eliminate theresidual stress of workpieces with the method of applying thevibration of certain frequency on them. In practice, VSR not onlyconsumes less energy but also rectifies the welding d…     

Residual stress evaluation in dissimilar welded joints using finite element simulation and the L CR ultrasonic wave

Subsurface stresses in welded structures increase the likelihood of fatigue cracks and environmental induced material degradation. The ability to evaluate stresses at the surface as well as in the interior of welded structural members would substantially increase the accuracy of structure life estimation. The longitudinal critically refracted (L _CR) wave is a bulk longitudinal mode that travels within an effective depth underneath the surface. It may be used to detect in-plane subsurface stresses in the structures. This paper presents a three dimensional thermo-mechanical analysis to evaluate welding residual stresses in dissimilar plate-plate joint of AISI stainless steel 304 and Carbon Steel A106-B type. After finite element simulation, the residual stresses were evaluated by L _CR ultrasonic waves. Finally the results of two methods were compared and verified by hole-drilling method. This paper introduces a combination of ??Finite Element Welding Simulation?? and ??Ultrasonic Stress Measurement using the L _CR Wave?? which is called as ??FEL _CR??. The capabilities of FEL _CR??. The capabilities of FEL _CR in residual stress measurement are confirmed here. And also this paper evaluates residual stresses of dissimilar welded joints by LCR ultrasonic waves. It has been shown that predicted residual stress from three dimensional FE analyses is in reasonable agreement with measured residual stress from LCR method and also the results of both are verified with hole-drilling experimental measurements.     

用超声波波速推定基桩平均波速的研究

针对基桩动测中经常出现的应力波波速难以确定的情况，提出了一种通过测定基桩砼的超声波传播速度间接推定基桩低应变应力波波速的方法，对于特定的基桩而言，超声波波速和动测应力波波速之间存在相关关系，通过一定量的对比试验建立了两者之间的关系式，文中对该方法进行了理论推导和误差分析，并介绍了有关操作技术和工程实例。     

基于单片机的高精度超声波测距系统

研制了一种收发一体式超声波测距系统,介绍了发射驱动及接收转换电路、随时间变化的自动增益控制(AGC)电路及环境温度补偿电路的电路结构,详细阐述了发射驱动及接收转换电路的工作机理及实现方式,提出了解决收发一体式超声波测距电路难题的新方法,设计的自动增益控制(AGC)电路,有效地解决了回波信号过于微弱而导致系统测量误差加大的难题。在此基础上,设计了相应的超声波测距系统的软件。在实验室对系统进行了实地测试,给出了实测结果并分析了产生误差的原因。实验表明,该测距系统具有较高的测量精度。     

Ultrasonic defect detection of a petroleum pipeline in a viscoelastic medium

During detection of the defects in the inner wall of a petroleum pipeline via an ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation method, the defect echo and the inner-wall echo often overlap. It is difficult to identify the arriving time of the defect echo. When an ultrasonic wave propagates in a viscoelastic medium, the stress relaxation and creep deformation result in a signal characterized by frequency. The wave speed and attenuation rate are dependent on the frequency; thus, the ultrasonic signal has different shapes along the wave propagation path. Sometimes the wave shape is wry. The empirical mode decomposition technology used for separating the overlapping echo signals has been presented in this paper. With such technology, the original ultrasonic signal can be decomposed and then some intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and a residue can be obtained. Different IMFs contain different echo signals. Some useful IMFs are selected to reconstruct the ultrasonic signal. The peaks of the reconstructed ultrasonic signal envelope indicate the arriving time of the echo signals. The experimental results show that this method is effective for detection of the defects in the inner wall of a petroleum pipeline. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

一种面内行波旋转超声电机的模态试验方法

为检验一种面内行波旋转超声电机定子结构动力学设计的优化设计方法,探讨了一类利用圆环面内弯振模态超声电机定子的模态试验方法.首先,分析了该面内行波旋转超声电机的工作原理;然后,基于有限元分析软件建立了电机的有限元模型,分析了其工作模态的特点;最后,结合PSV-300-B型激光扫描多普勒测振仪的测量原理,提出了通过测量圆环轴向振型识别该类型超声电机工作模态的测试方法.试验结果表明,该方法能够有效地检测出该面内行波旋转超声电机的工作模态,为利用圆环面内弯振模态的一类超声电机的模态试验和进一步优化设计提供了参考.