Output Feedback Sliding Mode Control for a Linear Focusing Actuator in Digital Video Cameras

The output feedback sliding mode control offers an effective positioning method by robustness to parameter variation and disturbance rejection. This paper presents the output feedback sliding mode control based on a position estimation algorithm written in the microprocessor for use in the focusing control system of a digital video camera to achieve fast focusing response and accurate positioning despite vibration and friction of the movable part of the linear focusing actuator. The focusing performance by utilizing the output feedback sliding mode control includes a 60-ms setting time and 7-m steady-state error, respectively, which are only half and one-third of those in proportional-integral-derivative control when the movable part of the linear focusing actuator moves at a 5-mm stroke.     

卫星定位终端入栏检测算法的研究与实现

载有卫星定位的设备终端是否在设定范围内的检测方法,决定着电子围栏设计的成败。将分类思想用于此类检测,提出一种基于支持向量机的入栏检测算法。该算法依据卫星定位终端的定位数据特征选择合适的核函数;通过网格搜索法求取核函数及误差惩罚参数的值;视检测准确率高低不断调整确定最优阈值等几个环节来实现。用实测数据进行算法验证,入栏检测准确率可达80%～96%,远高于直接检测得到的43%～67% 的准确率,表明算法可靠有效,具有较高的实用价值。     

Splitting of femtosecond laser pulses by using a Dammann grating and compensation gratings

When a Dammann grating is used to split a beam of femtosecond laser pulses into multiple equal-intensity beams, chromatic dispersion will occur in beams of each order of diffraction and with different scale of angular dispersion because the incident ultrashort pulse contains a broad range of spectral bandwidths. We propose a novel method in which the angular dispersion can be compensated by positioning an m-time-density grating to collimate the mth-order beam that has been split, producing an array of beams that are free of angular dispersion. The increased width of the compensated output pulses and the spectral walk-off effect are discussed. We have verified this approach theoretically and validated it through experiments. It should be highly interesting in practical applications of splitting femtosecond laser pulses for pulse-width measurement, pump-probe measurement, and micromachining at multiple points.     

Numerical modeling of short-pulse excimer lasers with negative branch unstable cavities

A one-dimensional code for the numerical simulation of negative branch unstable resonators with an intracavity aperture that are applied to high-gain, short-pulse XeCl lasers is described. The model predicts near- and far-field performance of the output laser beams. The intracavity aperture size is shown as an important parameter for control of the output beam energy and divergence. A comparison with experimental measurements is presented.     

姿态稳定的深水多波束测深系统归位模型的误差分析

为了获得高质量的深水多波束测深数据,必须考虑归位计算过程中的误差影响.因此,提出了一种基于姿态稳定的深水多波束测深系统归位模型的误差分析方法.首先,建立发射全姿态稳定、接收横滚姿态稳定的波束归位模型,在此基础上,分析归位过程中的误差分量并推导误差传播公式,最终得到了深水多波束测深系统不确定度的计算模型.实验利用系统的传...     

微陀螺动力学建模与非线性分析

建立了微陀螺的动力学模型,采用多尺度方法对微陀螺的非线性模型进行求解,探讨了驱动微弹性梁和检测微弹性梁的非线性刚度对微陀螺输出的影响规律,研究了微陀螺的带宽在非线性刚度作用下的设计原则,结果表明:微陀螺振动系统的检测灵敏度和带宽呈反比关系;微弹性梁的非线性刚度会使得输入角速度与检测输出呈非线性关系。因此,从微弹性梁的设计角度出发,可根据较大的输出或者较小的非线性要求选取合适的驱动微弹性梁;而检测微弹性梁则需要选取较小的非线性刚度。     

A firefly algorithm for optimum design of new-generation beams

This research addresses the minimum weight design of new-generation steel beams with sinusoidal openings using a metaheuristic search technique, namely the firefly method. The proposed algorithm is also used to compare the optimum design results of sinusoidal web-expanded beams with steel castellated and cellular beams. Optimum design problems of all beams are formulated according to the design limitations stipulated by the Steel Construction Institute. The design methods adopted in these publications are consistent with BS 5950 specifications. The formulation of the design problem considering the above-mentioned limitations turns out to be a discrete programming problem. The design algorithms based on the technique select the optimum universal beam sections, dimensional properties of sinusoidal, hexagonal and circular holes, and the total number of openings along the beam as design variables. Furthermore, this selection is also carried out such that the behavioural limitations are satisfied. Numerical examples are presented, where the suggested algorithm is implemented to achieve the minimum weight design of these beams subjected to loading combinations.     

ROBUST DESIGN BY VARIABILITY OPTIMIZATION

A deterministic method of robust design against design parameter uncertainty is described. The method consists of the definition of a variability function for the performance measure under consideration, based on known or assumed uncertainties in the parameters of the measure and its known dependency on these parameters. It is assumed that the design parameters are subject to constraints on their individual values and interactions and that the performance measure (or output variable) is required to have a specified nominal design point value when the design parameters are at their chosen nominal values. An algorithm is then described which determines that set of nominal parameter values which results in a minimum value of the variability function given the specified constraints. The algorithm is applied to two examples, firstly in analytic form to demonstrate the procedure and then numerically to specific design problems. The results are discussed in relation to a probable design strategy and with regard to the advantages and limitations of the method employed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3D Trajectory Planning of Positioning Error Correction Based on PSO-A* Algorithm

Aiming at the yaw problem caused by inertial navigation system errors accumulation during the navigation of an intelligent aircraft, a three-dimensional trajectory planning method based on the particle swarm optimization-A star (PSO-A*) algorithm is designed. Firstly, an environment model for aircraft error correction is established, and the trajectory is discretized to calculate the positioning error. Next, the positioning error is corrected at many preset trajectory points. The shortest trajectory and the fewest correction times are regarded as optimization goals to improve the heuristic function of A star (A*) algorithm. Finally, the index weights are continuously optimized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The optimal trajectory is found by the A* algorithm under the current evaluation index, so the ideal trajectory is planned. The experimental results show that the PSO-A* algorithm can quickly search for ideal trajectories in different environment models, indicating that the algorithm has certain feasibility and adaptability, and verifies the rationality of the proposed trajectory planning model. The PSO-A* algorithm has better convergence accuracy than the A* algorithm, and the search efficiency is significantly better than the grid search A star (GS-A*) algorithm. The PSO-A* algorithm proposed in this paper has certain engineering application value. The researchers will study the realtime and systematic nature of the algorithm.     

Simulated variance optimization for robust design

A method to aid robust design in the presence of design parameter uncertainty is described. For a given relationship between a performance measure (or output parameter) and the uncertain design parameters a probabilistic simulation is used to obtain the variance of the performance measure as a function of the nominal design parameter values. The optimum values of the latter are then obtained as those corresponding to a minimum of the computed variance, determined by means of a particular non-linear optimization algorithm in the presence of constraints. The latter are in the form of limits on the nominal values of the design parameters and a specified value for the performance measure at the nominal design point, i.e. the deterministic design target. Some problems inherent in this type of procedure are discussed and methods of solution are described. A specific example is studied and the results from the present method are compared with those previously obtained by use of another procedure. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of eigenfields in the axicon-based Bessel-Gauss resonator by the transfer-matrix method

The axicon-based-Bessel-Gauss resonator (ABGR) has been proposed for the production of Bessel-Gauss beams. To analyze eigenfields of the ABGR with a plane or spherical output coupler, we present and demonstrate the transfer-matrix method. Since the method is slow to converge to eigenmodes of the ABGR by use of the Fox and Li iterative algorithm, in this paper the Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral equations associated with ray matrices are converted into finite-sum matrix equations, and mode-fields and corresponding losses are described as eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a transfer matrix according to the self-reproducing principle of the laser field. By solving the transfer matrix for eigenvectors and eigenvalues, we obtain field distributions and losses of the dominant eigenmodes. Moreover, eigenfields across arbitrary interfaces between the axicon and the output coupler, and the propagation of output beams, are simulated by using the fast-Fourier transform (FFT). The calculation results reveal that because of the ABGR's poor transverse mode discrimination the ABGR should be improved to produce good-quality Bessel-Gauss beams.     

Economic parameter design for ultra-fast laser micro-drilling process

The basic requirement in this type of micro-drilling process is to achieve high product quality with the minimum machining cost, which can be realised through parameter design. In this paper, we propose a new economic parameter design under the framework of Bayesian modelling and optimisation. First of all, the Bayesian seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models are utilised to develop the relationship models between input factors and output responses in the laser micro-drilling process. After that, simulated response values which reflect the real laser micro-drilling process are obtained by using the Gibbs sampling procedure. Moreover, a novel rejection cost function and a quality loss function are constructed based on the simulated responses. Finally, an optimisation scheme integrating the rejection cost (i.e. rework cost and scrap cost) function and the quality loss function is implemented by using multi-objective genetic algorithm to find feasible economic parameter settings for laser micro-drilling process.     

钢筋混凝土深梁的拓扑优化模型

钢筋混凝土深梁的拓扑优化模型的获取是一个既有理论意义又有工程背景的设计问题。由于钢筋混凝土材料的特殊性,特别是混凝土拉压性能极端差异的特点以及变量的离散性使得问题复杂化。介绍了一种基于演化原理的结构优化算法——演化结构优化算法(GESO算法),这种算法通过以一定的概率淘汰构件中利用率不高的材料获取构件的优化桁架模型。在计算中考虑钢筋混凝土构件的受力特点,充分发挥钢筋受拉和混凝土受压的优势,给出能反映钢筋混凝土深梁工作机理的拓扑优化桁架模型。给出的钢筋混凝土简支梁和开孔深梁的计算实例,说明了方法的有效性和可行性。     

优化方法建立钢筋混凝土梁压杆-拉杆模型

压杆-拉杆模型是复杂钢筋混凝土结构设计的标准方法之一,但很少扩展到浅梁的设计。钢筋混凝土梁压杆-拉杆模型的建立方法很多,但由这些方法得到的压杆-拉杆模型是否能反映结构最本质的受力状况尚无定论。该文采用寻优能力强的拓扑优化算法——遗传演化结构优化算法(GESO)来构造钢筋混凝土梁的压杆-拉杆模型,同时为了确保所得结果的最优性,采用经典的Michell准则和试验方法判断和解释GESO算法的计算结果。该文以跨高比从7变化到1的简支梁和两跨连续深受弯构件为例证明了采用GESO算法能构造满足Michell准则的钢筋混凝土梁压杆-拉杆模型,由该文总结出的钢筋混凝土梁的压杆-拉杆模型的规律有助于设计类似构件。     

Transmission trap detectors

Polarization-independent trap detectors, in which light is strongly absorbed through multiple reflections, are generically described in terms of the symmetry planes of a cube. The detailed design of a four-element transmission trap with coaxial input and output beams is presented. It is shown that such a trap retains polarization-dependent loss and that six detectors are required for a polarizationindependent transmission trap with coaxial beams.     

Scalable TFETI algorithm for the solution of multibody contact problems of elasticity

A Total FETI (TFETI)‐based domain decomposition algorithm with preconditioning by a natural coarse grid of the rigid body motions is adapted to the solution of multibody contact problems of elasticity in 2D and 3D and proved to be scalable. The algorithm finds an approximate solution at the cost asymptotically proportional to the number of variables provided the ratio of the decomposition parameter and the discretization parameter is bounded. The analysis is based on the classical results by Farhat, Mandel, and Roux on scalability of FETI with a natural coarse grid for linear problems and on our development of optimal quadratic programming algorithms for bound and equality constrained problems. The algorithm preserves parallel scalability of the classical FETI method. Both theoretical results and numerical experiments indicate a high efficiency of our algorithm. In addition, its performance is illustrated on a real‐world problem of analysis of the ball bearing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical study of grid distribution effect on accuracy of DQ analysis of beams and plates by error estimation of derivative approximation

The accuracy of global methods such as the differential quadrature (DQ) approach is usually sensitive to the grid point distribution. This paper is to numerically study the effect of grid point distribution on the accuracy of DQ solution for beams and plates. It was found that the stretching of grid towards the boundary can improve the accuracy of DQ solution, especially for coarse meshes. The optimal grid point distribution (corresponding to optimal stretching parameter) depends on the order of derivatives in the boundary condition and the number of grid points used. The optimal grid distribution may not be from the roots of orthogonal polynomials. This differs somewhat from the conventional analysis. This paper also proposes a simple and effective formulation for stretching the grid towards the boundary. The error distribution of derivative approximation is also studied, and used to analyze the effect of grid point distribution on accuracy of numerical solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

One-dimensional collimation of laser array outputs

We consider a computer-generated hologram for the one-dimensional collimation in x of the output from a linear laser-diode array in y. Our concern is to produce one-dimensional pencil beams from each laser diode with small cross talk between the output from the separate laser diodes. Such outputs can be used in matrix-vector, neural net, and interconnection applications. The efficiency and the design of the computer-generated hologram are detailed, and initial optical laboratory results with an electron-beam recorded computer-generated hologram are presented.     

Miniaturized acceleration sensors with in-plane polarized piezoelectric thin films produced by micromachining

Miniaturized acceleration sensors employing piezoelectric thin films were fabricated through batch micromachining with silicon and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. The acceleration sensors comprised multiple suspension beams supporting a central seismic mass. Ferroelectric (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti) O(3) (PLZT) thin films were coated and in-plane polarized on the surfaces of the suspension beams for realizing electromechanical conversion through the piezoelectric effect. Interdigital electrodes were formed on the PLZT films and connected in parallel. Finite element analyses were conducted for the stress and strain distributions, providing guidance to the structural design, including optimizing electrode positioning for collecting the electrical output constructively. Uniformity of the beam thickness and sample consistency were significantly improved by using SOI wafers instead of silicon wafers. The measurement results showed that all the sensor samples had fundamental resonances of symmetric out-of-plane vibration mode at frequencies in the range of 8 to 35 kHz, depending on the sample dimensions. These sensors exhibited stable electrical outputs in response to acceleration input, achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio without any external amplifier or signal conditioning.     

Evolution of arbitrary moments of radiant intensity distribution for partially coherent general beams in atmospheric turbulence

The evolution law of arbitrary order moments of the Wigner distribution function, which can be applied to the different spatial power spectra, is obtained for partially coherent general beams propagating in atmospheric turbulence using the extended Huygens–Fresnel principle. A coupling coefficient of radiant intensity distribution (RID) in turbulence is introduced. Analytical expressions of the evolution of the first five-order moments, kurtosis parameter, coupling coefficient of RID for general beams in turbulence are derived, and the formulas are applied to Airy beams. Results show that there exist two types for general beams in turbulence. A larger value of kurtosis parameter for Airy beams also reveals that coupling effect due to turbulence is stronger. Both theoretical analysis and numerical results show that the maximum value of kurtosis parameter for an Airy beam in turbulence is independent of turbulence strength parameter and is only determined by inner scale of turbulence. Relative angular spread, kurtosis and coupling coefficient are less influenced by turbulence for Airy beams with a smaller decay factor and a smaller initial width of the first lobe.