高密度城市面向人类福祉的生态系统文化 服务研究进展

快速城市化进程引发的空间结构失衡加重了城市生 态系统服务的压力,可能导致城市景观风貌被破坏、绿地缩减 和碎片化问题,削弱生态系统服务的生态、美学和文化遗产价 值,最终影响人类福祉。因此,亟待展开面向人类福祉的生态 系统文化服务深入研究。以Web of Science和中国知网为文 献检索数据源,运用文献分析对人类福祉视角下全球生态系统 文化服务研究进行回顾。首先,总结了生态系统文化服务概念 和研究背景,通过文献分析概括了面向人类福祉的生态系统文 化服务研究进展。其次,阐述了供需视角下评估生态系统文化 服务的数据来源和研究方法。最后,梳理了目前相关研究方向 上的不足,并在此基础上提出未来展望,包括构建适用于多区 域多尺度的生态系统文化服务评估机制、更新多学科融合的评 估方法和双向循环的评估视角、量化生态系统文化服务与人类 福祉的复杂关系。研究结果对中国开展城市生态系统文化服务 的研究和实践具有借鉴和启示意义。     

Analyzing growth and mortality in a subtropical urban forest ecosystem

Information on urban tree growth, mortality and in-growth is currently being used to estimate urban forest structure changes and ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration. This study reports on tree diameter growth and mortality in 65 plots distributed among four land use categories, which were established in 2005/2006 in Gainesville, Florida, USA and were re-measured in 2009. Models for mortality and in-growth models were developed by grouping species into hardwoods and softwoods. Annual change in tree diameter at breast height growth was analyzed using three tree species groups based on potential height and longevity. Additionally, the four most common tree species in the study area were modeled to explore factors affecting tree growth. The average annual mortality rate in the city was 9.97%. Trees located in Institutional land use/land cover (LULC) had the highest annual mortality rate (19.2%/yr), and commercial had the lowest (3.1%/yr). Overall, growth rates for the study area (0.70 cm/yr) and residential LULC (0.80 cm/yr) were comparable to other studies. Growth rates for trees in forested areas were higher (0.56 cm/yr) than those previously reported. Individual species-level growth rates such as those for Juniperus virginiana (1.24 cm/yr) and Quercus virginiana (1.08 cm/yr) were different than other species values reported in other studies. Maintenance activities, site conditions, soil properties, tree characteristics, and LULC significantly influenced urban tree growth, mortality, and in-growth. Results can be used to better understand urban forest ecosystem structure and services in medium sized, subtropical cities and to make better decisions regarding planting and maintenance strategies.     

基于“植物功能性状-生态系统服务”评价 框架的园林树种选择方法——以上海为例

园林树木的服务功能直接影响着城市绿地系统和城市生态系统的健康与稳定。但是,多年以来,园林树种选择机制和方法却缺少理论支撑,常常具有主观性和随意性。通过上海50种园林树种"植物功能性状-生态系统服务"评价框架的构建和17个性状变量因子分析发现,树种功能性状与生态系统服务之间存在一定的关联性。在形态上,树高决定了树木形态和树冠大小,对小气候调节、径流调蓄、空气净化和消声减噪等调节服务具有不同程度的贡献。叶片性状影响固碳释氧,以及养分供给等生态系统过程,并最终反馈在树种种间服务差异上。树种的文化服务直接与人类偏好相关,具有复杂性和特殊性,需要根据实际需求做出权衡与取舍。"植物功能性状-生态系统服务"评价框架为园林树种的选择和树种规划提供了一种客观理性的方法,便于针对不同的生态系统服务提供相应的树种选择依据,以实现城市绿地综合效益的定量化与最优化。     

Developing a land-cover classification to select indicators of forest ecosystem health in a rapidly urbanizing landscape

As moderate-sized cities become more urbanized, ecosystems are altered by land-use change. Key ecological services, such as clean air and water, drought and flood protection, soil generation and preservation, and detoxification of wastes are disrupted, risking the health and welfare of society. An understanding of ecosystem responses to urbanization is necessary to evaluate and balance short-term needs with long-term sustainability goals. Our main objective was to develop a land management and planning tool using a land-cover classification to select landscape indicators of ecosystem health near Columbus, GA. Spearman's Rho correlations were calculated to compare landscape and field-based indicators. Results suggest there are significant inverse correlations between ‘percent forest land-cover’ and ‘population, housing, and road densities’; ‘tree species richness’ and ‘forest patch density’; ‘percent urban land-cover’ and ‘lichen species richness’; ‘lichen incidence’ and ‘forest perimeter-area fractal dimension’. Overall, there were 152 significant urban/biological correlations obtained from this assessment (Rho ≥ |0.50| and p ≤ 0.10). Such a tool could prove useful to land managers and environmental planners by providing a quick and simple method to assess broad areas of land in a single analysis.     

基于区域生态系统健康评估的土地利用 规划研究——以北京市为例

健康的区域生态系统能持续提供生态系统服务,是实现城市可持续发展的基础。同时,城市土地利用直接影响区域生态系统的健康状态,因此如何在健康视角下合理规划与协调城市土地利用方式,成为风景园林与城市规划领域的重点研究课题。以北京市为例,基于2007和2017年的土地利用类型,采用CA-Markov模型对2027年自然发展、快速发展、多目标保护和森林建设4种土地利用情景进行预测,统筹生态系统的物理健康与功能健康评价,构建区域生态系统健康评估框架,探讨4种土地利用情景下更健康的城市土地利用规划新方法。结果表明,与2017年健康状态相比,北京市快速发展情景的区域生态系统健康评估结果呈现负值,其他情景下均呈现良好的增长趋势,森林建设情景下增长最为明显。坚持生态优先、绿色发展、集约化发展建设用地和加强森林建设,可大幅提升区域生态系统的健康状态。     

Ecosystem services and valuation of urban forests in China

Urban forests are integral components of urban ecosystems, which could generate significant ecosystem services, such as offsetting carbon emission, removing air pollutants, regulating the microclimate, and recreation. These ecosystem services contribute to improving environmental quality, quality of life, and sustainable urban development. Despite a long history of inserting vegetation in human settlements in China, modern scientific study of this natural-cum-cultural resource did not start until the 1990s. Specifically, the identification and valuation of ecosystem services provided by urban forests are relatively new but fast growing research fields. This paper reviews studies on the major ecosystem services provided by urban forests in China, including microclimatic amelioration (mainly evapotranspiration-cooling effects), carbon dioxide sequestration, oxygen generation, removal of gaseous and particulate pollutants, recreational and amenity. Various valuation techniques have been applied, most of which are still at the embryonic stage. There are rooms to improve the research scope and methods. Some pertinent research gaps and implications on current and future development of urban forestry in China were distilled from the research findings.     

城市建成环境对鸟类多样性的影响 机制研究评述及展望

城市化带来的环境变化是生物多样性的主要威胁,但城市同样也是生物多样性保护的热点地区。因此,分析和预测城市环境变化对生物多样性的影响对于维护城市生态系统服务,提升人类福祉至关重要。目前,越来越多的研究对城市建成环境进行了详细的分类,分别量化了各个城市特征对生物多样性水平的影响。然而,对影响城市内生物多样性水平的因素仍缺乏多尺度、全球性的分析。借助Web of Science和CNKI,对来自全球37个城市的111篇文献进行了建成环境下鸟类多样性研究方法和结果的系统性分析,并在归纳关键性城市建成环境要素的基础上,提出了以生物多样性为导向的建成环境优化策略,指出了鸟类多样性保护和城市可持续发展的未来方向。     

人本需求视角下基于乡镇单元主导功能的 特大城市半城市化地区生态系统服务优化 研究——以上海为例

已有对城市生态系统服务功能优化的研究通常是"供给"导向下的增量研究,很少考虑到当地的人类价值取向变化下的实际需求对生态系统造成的负面效应,这些当地"需求"的负面效应直接影响城市生态系统服务提供的"供给"效益质量,使其在空间地域上的"供给-需求"错位、失衡,造成地方规划管理上的被动性和盲目性,这一现象在生态用地和建设用地交错的特大城市郊区的半城市化地区最为显著。以上海为例,探讨基于人本需求的特大城市半城市化地区生态系统服务主导功能优化思路;以乡镇街道为基本单元对半城市化地区进行解构,评价其供给、调节、支持、文化娱乐游憩等生态系统服务的功能现状,通过人本需求视角的聚类分析定位乡镇单元的生态主导功能,并据此提出生态系统服务的优化思路;旨在通过支持空间规划决策来有效控制半城市化的负面效应,使局部单元的生态服务价值优化与总体城市生态系统服务提升的目标达成一致。     

新时代的花园城市

在城市发展中,通过接触都市自然环境而产生的城市生物多样性和人类福祉的协同生态系统效益常被忽视,未来30年,随着全球都市趋向密集,这些效益将变得至关重要。回顾园林史可以发现,历史上的园林理想化地重现大自然,提供食物、审美享受、社交、休憩与幸福感。花园和庄园用于激发和恢复使用者的心理能力,而城市公园则将花园对身心的舒缓功效扩展到社会经济地位低的底层人群。数十年来,研究人员证实了接触自然能为人带来多项益处,并且对儿童和社会经济地位低的人群效果尤为突出。除非扭转趋势,否则在未来几十年里,城市密集化只会让花园和城市绿地流失问题更加严重;与之并行的,还有与人类福祉息息相关的生物多样性及生态系统文化服务的丧失。据估计,目前在世界范围内生物多样性的丧失速度比正常水平高出1 000倍。这一点之所以重要,是因为生物多样性的丧失关系到生态系统服务的衰减。然而已有城市发展的经验表明,城市绿地的流失并非不可避免。比如新加坡就在增加人口总量和密度的同时增加了公共绿地面积,另外还有一些高密度城市新添了绿色屋顶、绿墙和绿色建筑。像底特律这样的城市也用新的公共绿地扭转都市衰退。回顾更具生物多样性、更受欢迎且有高复原力的景观属性,并总结可纳入城市规划的规范性原则,以打造生物多样性与人类福祉兼备的新型花园城市。     

Monitoring trends of urban development and environmental impact of Beijing, 1999-2006

The high rates of environmental change and accelerated species loss in the urban development process should be quantified to rebalance the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. In this study, an emergy-based environmental impact assessment model is designed according to the framework of the Eco-Indicator 99 for monitoring the negative effects on human well-being and ecosystem integrity in the urban development system of Beijing from 1999 to 2006. The environmental impact assessment model is based on the sustainability promotion perspective, and emphasizes the determinants of human health and ecosystem integrity in the urban development process. It is vital that the links among human health, ecosystem integrity and urban sustainability are therefore considered especially from the perspective of a supply-side environmental cost evaluation (including ecological service supply, ecological and economic losses and investment for treatment). Results suggest that: (1) out of all the pollutants, ecological services were mainly used to dilute sulfur dioxide and NH₃-N; (2) nitrogen dioxide and greenhouse gases released by the urban system contribute heavily to both ecological and economic losses evaluated in emergy terms; and (3) emissions impact, mainly from airborne pollutants, with small contribution from waterborne emissions, generally increases from 1999 to 2006, undermining the sustainability of Beijing. The emergy synthesis proves to be very appropriate to account for large-scale and indirect costs generated by pollution as side effects of economic activity. Such knowledge is a necessary pre-requisite to perform a reliable cost-benefit evaluation of urban sustainability strategies, and provide guidance for policy decision making to maximize benefits and minimize negative impacts.     

基于ESs的城市绿地健康影响研究：服务功能、内涵及机制

城市绿地不仅具有供给、调节、支持和文化生态服务功能,更对居民健康和福祉提供诸多物质和非物质服务。通过梳理城市绿地生态系统对健康影响的服务功能,提出城市绿地ESs健康影响内涵,基于服务量-暴露水平-接触体验-效益的现实理论路径提出城市绿地ESs之于健康影响的机制解析框架与分析模型,以期为推动城市绿地ESs的健康影响研究奠定理论和技术基础。     

基于城市生态系统健康评价的规划响应策略研究

本文基于城市生态系统特征,选取 活力、组织结构、恢复力、维持生态系统的 服务功能、对人类健康的影响5个要素、30 项指标,构成城市生态系统健康评价指标体 系,并将健康评价指标转换为城市规划策略 指标,构建了一套分层次、分系统的规划响 应策略,实现了城市生态系统健康评价与城 乡规划实践技术的衔接,为通过规划调控、 实现城市可持续发展提供了一个新的维度与 方法。以新疆库车县为对象对该方法进行了 验证,表明该方法可信可行。     

Assessing and mapping ecosystem services to support urban green infrastructure: The case of Barcelona,Spain

The ecosystem services approach provides an efficient way to support urban green infrastructure planning. Such an assessment, together with mapping, can effectively produce spatial analyses on a specific scale, helping to maintain multi-functional landscapes and plan urban green infrastructure. In turn, green infrastructure can offer a wide variety of ecosystem services, promoting landscape sustainability. This study develops a methodology for the planning of urban green infrastructure based on an ecosystem services approach that assesses the supply capacity of ecosystem services, and identifies possible spatial characteristic areas for interlinking urban green infrastructure within the study area. More specifically, from a landscape perspective, we use 32 ecosystem services (as X-axis) and different land use types (as Y-axis) to build an ecosystem service assessment matrix. We then take the municipality of Barcelona as an example, using the latter to assess and map ecosystem services within the city through ArcGIS, which shows the spatial distribution characteristics of ecosystem services provision. We identify possible spatial areas - which include ecosystem services provision, barren, and obstructed areas - by overlapping the ecosystem services assessment maps. Ultimately, the results provide a reference for urban green infrastructure planning by recognizing priority protected areas, new construction areas, potential areas, and renewal areas.     

生态系统服务治理框架对国土空间生态 修复规划的启示

在空间治理现代化改革背景下，国土空间生态修复 规划亟待构建对接国土空间系统科学规律与横纵调控机制的综 合路径。国际上，生态系统服务治理研究聚焦于生态系统服务 理论研究与治理政策的衔接，为生态系统调控领域提供了梳理 复杂要素关系和制度优化的方法论框架。通过文献梳理，阐述 了其概念内涵及框架内治理横纵路径构设的基础思路；应用法 国景观生态网络规划案例补充展示了其具体实践策略；对照中 国工作体系，提出统一调控视角、强化适地性人类福祉研究、 引入景观管控单元等具体建议。     

Pattern and divergence of tree communities in Taipei's main urban green spaces

Urban vegetation increasingly contributes to nature conservation and ecosystem services, but lacking understanding of site variations has restricted such uses. This study analyzed the spatial pattern and differentiation of tree communities in three major green landscape types (urban parks, riverside parks and street verges) in Taipei city. In each landscape type, 10 representative tree communities were studied. Statistical tests for ecological communities were employed: Jaccard and Q species similarity indices, two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN), and new species fidelity, landscape fidelity and composite Q indices. Significant recent increase in Taipei's green spaces was traced. The study area contained 164 tree species, but few were shared by the three landscape types and none by 30 communities. Native evergreen broadleaf species with large final dimensions were dominant. Urban parks registered the highest species richness, landscape fidelity, rare species and urban endemics. Such exclusive species constitution deviated notably from riverside parks and street verges, with relatively simple and converging intra-site species ingredients. Pronounced species differentiation between urban parks reflected diversified site topography, natural woodland inheritance, woodland creation, and past landscape fashion. TWINSPAN classified the communities into nine groups each with signature characteristics. Inherent site variations offered main determinants of tree heterogeneity, superimposed by human modification to satisfy pre-determined site functions. A hybrid urban park with high species diversity and nature contents is advocated by amalgamating conventional but polarized designs of country and urban parks. The findings could inform management of urban forest, urban nature conservation, and ecological services of urban green spaces.     

城市时代下的风景园林规划与设计简

城市化进程将会在世界各个领域以不同的速度发生,而且主要将发生在发展中国家。作者基于“城市的成功或失败将决定千年发展目标的实现”,在文章中讨论了以下4个方面：城市动态的类型学;将蔓生的城市作为城市实验室（以上海为例）：城市生态系统服务的重要性和衡量标准：以及在绿道和绿色基础设施中实现监控生态系统服务的方法。文章强调了当代城市发展中,风景园林设计师和城市规划师所面临的机遇和挑战。     

基于系统地图法的城市生态系统负面 服务研究进展述评

城市绿色空间有益于人类健康福祉的积极作用已成为全球共识,但其可能产生的生态系统负面服务还未受到足够关注,展开相关研究有助于提升城市绿色空间促进健康福祉的能力。以Scopus、Web of Science和Google Scholar为文献检索数据源,运用系统地图法对全球的城市生态系统负面服务研究进行全面回顾。首先,总结了研究的时空分布特征和研究对象特征,阐明了城市生态系统负面服务的定义,指出了城市生态系统负面服务的4种主要类型。其次,阐述了城市生态系统服务量化评估研究的主要评估内容、数据收集方法和主要评估方法。再次,总结了当前研究中各类型生态系统负面服务的影响机理及规避路径。最后,从正视城市生态系统负面服务问题、加强基础性科学研究、重视研究成果转化3个方面提出了国际经验对中国研究和实践的启示,并针对性地提出了面向风景园林专业的基本性策略。研究结果对我国开展城市生态系统负面服务的研究和实践具有借鉴和启示意义。     

国土空间规划背景下城市生态空间研究进展

生态系统服务综合管理是保障城市生态安全和优化国 土空间格局的重要途径。城市中心城区生态空间稀缺、生态环 境压力大、居民需求多样,面临着生态系统服务供需空间分异 大、生态管控复杂的问题。因此,量化城市生态系统服务供给 和需求,识别生态供给与居民需求的空间分布差异,是提升生 态系统服务供给效率的重要途径,也是支撑城市用地空间进行 科学规划管控的关键。以桂林市中心城区为例,利用生态系统 服务供需比测度城市水源涵养、降温效益、雨洪调节、碳汇服 务、土壤保持、生物多样性保护和游憩服务7项生态系统服务供 需水平,并基于聚类分析识别了5类生态系统服务供需簇,耦合 供需匹配与失衡区、生态保护区,划定三级生态保护与管控区 和两类生态修复与功能提升区。依据分区的生态本底特点、分 区内各类服务供需水平等,提出分级分类的管控指引和优化策 略,以期为城市生态空间的规划与管理提供参考。     

Prioritizing urban rivers' ecosystem services: An importance-performance analysis

The importance-performance analysis (IPA) has been developed and widely utilized to understand customer satisfaction and prioritize provision strategies based on the assumption that satisfaction is resultant from a preference (perceived importance) for a service and a relevant judgment of its performance. However, little work has been performed to examine to what degree different social groups are satisfied with diverse ecosystem services provided by urban rivers, being a unique yet underinvested public good. This study pioneers the IPA application to systematically analyze local communities' perceived importance of urban rivers' ecosystem services and their perceptions about how well those ecosystem services have been provided by urban rivers in Guangzhou (south China). We found notable importance-performance gaps for 10 out of 12 ecosystem services. The local residents were more dissatisfied with provision performance than the non-locals even though both groups of residents could explicitly recognize the importance of urban rivers' ecosystem services. Enhancement of water purification was ranked first amongst all ecosystem services by all respondents, irrespective of respondents' hukou status (Chinese household registration system) and residing environment. Thus, this ecosystem service should be prioritized in relevant management and restoration initiatives. These data provide an accurate picture of potential approaches for the improvement and prioritization of ecosystem services that would satisfy the respective target groups' needs. The IPA offers a mechanism to help match local residents' needs with ecosystem services provision. The IPA also has promise as a means of helping decision-makers and practitioners to communicate effectively with various social groups holding diverging expectations and levels of satisfaction. Such communication is essential to curate urban spaces enjoyed and appreciated by diverse social groups via inclusive urban ecosystem governance.     

An Assessment of Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Spaces Based on i-Tree

Ecosystem services of urban green spaces play an important role in the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem. How to quantify the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and evaluate their ecological services is a hot topic in related fields. Currently, with the advancement of science and technology, the assessment method has been developed from the traditional ones such as the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers(CTLA) method, afforestation cost method, and carbon tax method to CITYgreen and i-Tree. The latter two models have been widely used in countries of Europe and America, while the use of i-Tree has not been promoted in China. In this paper, i-Tree Eco(UFORE) was selected for research, and its application in the assessment of the ecosystem services of urban green spaces, including energy saving, air quality improvement, interception of rainwater, and aesthetic benefits, were analyzed. This study aims to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the introduction and localization of i-Tree, as well as its generalization in the assessment of forest ecosystem services domestically.