An innovative study on dyeing silk fabrics by modified phospholipid liposomes

Modified phospholipids from the commercial soybean lecithin were prepared via acetylation of the acetone insoluble fraction phosphatidylethanolamine. N‐Acetyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine was used to prepare liposomes for encapsulating anionic dyes (acid and reactive dyes) to be used in dyeing silk fabric. Size measurements of the liposomes showed that the maximum vesicle size was 36.61 nm for empty liposomes in comparison with 39.08 and 39.75 nm for acid dyes and 51.78 and 59.20 nm for reactive dyes. The efficiency of the micro‐encapsulated dyes to dye silk fabric has been investigated and compared with the conventional dyeing process using different parameters. It was confirmed that the acetylated acetone insoluble fraction liposome shows better encapsulation of the reactive dyes and achieves more dye uptake than the acid dyes. It was also found that fastness properties of dyed silk with micro‐encapsulated anionic dyes did not change significantly more than the conventional dyeing method. Reuse of the micro‐encapsulated dyebath produces low water pollution as the effluent is virtually colourless. As a result, the process is also economic and eco‐friendly.     

BODIPY类荧光染料的研究进展

BODIPY(氟化硼二吡咯)类荧光染料作为一类新兴的荧光染料,因其良好的光物理性质,在过去的二十年内得到广泛的研究。对BODIPY的中心骨架进行官能化,可形成一系列衍生物用于环境监测和生物科学等领域研究。文章主要对近年来有关BODIPY的官能化及作为荧光探针、荧光标记、光敏剂的应用加以综述。     

Luminescence and laser action of coumarin dyes doped in silicate and aluminosilicate glasses prepared by the sol-gel technique

Coumarin dyes are encapsulated in silicate and aluminosilicate polymeric glasses synthesized by the sol-gel technique. The coumarin dyes retain their luminescent properties in all of the aged gels and in many of the dried gels (xerogels). The luminescence spectra of the new optical materials are reported. The luminescence of coumarin 4 provides a probe at the molecular level of the changes which occur during the gelation and drying. The spectral changes are studied and discussed in detail. Gels and xerogels doped with coumarin 460, 480, and 540A exhibit optical gain and laser action. The laser properties of these new solid-state dye laser materials are reported and discussed.     

Sensing with fluorescent nanoparticles

Fluorescent chemosensors are chemical systems that can detect and signal the presence of selected analytes through variations in their fluorescence emission. Their peculiar properties make them arguably one of the most useful tools that chemistry has provided to biomedical research, enabling the intracellular monitoring of many different species for medical and biological purposes. In its simplest design, a fluorescent chemosensor is composed of a fluorescent dye and a receptor, with a built-in transduction mechanism that converts recognition events into variations of the emission properties of the fluorescent dye. As soon as fluorescent nanoparticles became available, several applications in the field of sensing were explored. Nanoparticles have been used not only as better-performing substitutes of traditional dyes but also as multivalent scaffolds for the realization of supramolecular assemblies, while their high surface to volume ratio allows for distinct spatial domains (bulk, external surface, pores and shells) to be functionalized to a comparable extent with different organic species. Over the last few years, nanoparticles proved to be versatile synthetic platforms for the implementation of new sensing schemes.     

Water-soluble BODIPY and aza-BODIPY dyes: synthetic progress and applications

In recent years, boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) and boron-azadipyrromethene (aza-BODIPY) dyes have attracted considerable multidisciplinary attention due to their diverse applications. By introducing various hydrophilic groups, such as quaternary ammonium, sulfonate or oligo-ethyleneglycol moieties into the BODIPY core, the solubilities of these dyes in aqueous solution can be greatly improved while maintaining their high fluorescence quantum yields. Accordingly, applying these fluorescent dyes in aqueous systems to areas such as chemosensors, biomacromolecule labeling, bio-imaging and photodynamic therapy has been achieved. In this article, the recent progress on the synthesis, optical properties and application of water-soluble BODIPY dyes and aza-BODIPY dyes is reviewed.     

Improvement of the dyeing and fastness properties of a naphthalimide fluorescent dye using poly(amidoamine) dendrimer

In this study, 4‐amino‐9‐methoxypropylnaphthalimide fluorescent dye (dye 1 ) was reacted with poly(amidoamine) dendrimer G = ?0.5 to prepare a naphthalimide–dendrimer hybrid dye (dye 2 ). The chemical structures of the synthesised dyes were confirmed by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy. The solvatochromism of the dyes was evaluated in various solvents with respect to visible absorption properties, and positive solvatochromism was observed by solvent polarity change from chloroform to ethanol. The dyeing ability of the synthesised dyes was investigated by their application onto nylon fabric, and nylon substrates dyed with dye 2 exhibited marked enhancement both in terms of colour strength and general fastness properties. The results of this study clearly demonstrated the high potential and performance of dye 2 as a novel promising fluorescent dye as compared with dye 1 . Overall, it was inferred that the modification of the naphthalimide fluorescent dye with poly(amidoamine) denderimer could markedly improve the dyeing and fastness properties of the naphthalimide fluorescent dye on nylon fabrics.     

Development of novel fluorescent offset ink based on coumarin dyes: Synthesis and properties

Novel fluorescent inks based on coumarin dyes used in offset printing techniques were developed, and their considered chemical and physical properties were investigated. First, the influences of very long alkyd resin, maleic varnish, and phenolic varnish substrates and dye concentrations on the fluorescence properties of these dyes, and secondly, the effects of the presence of fluorescent dyes on the physical properties of inks were examined. Accordingly, two offset inks were prepared: one with an obtained optimum formulation possessing the strongest fluorescence emission in alkyd resin and maleic varnish with a weight ratio of 60:40, and one without fluorescent dyes. Their physical properties, such as rheological behavior, tack, and ink-in-water emulsification, were studied. Both inks showed Newtonian behavior, and the dye induced small increases in the viscosity, thixotropy, and tack values of the fluorescent ink.     

量子点的合成及在生物分析中的应用

综述了量子点的性质,比较了量子点与传统有机染料分子作为荧光标记试剂的优缺点,对国内外量子点的合成进行了归纳,同时对量子点在生物体系中的应用和前景进行了综述和展望。     

用于生物标记的半导体量子点研究

半导体量子点的独特光学性质使之成为理想的荧光探针材料，在生物医学领域具有广阔的应用前景．本文评述了目前量子点合成、表面修饰、结合生物分子的方法，以及半导体量子点在生物标记应用中相对于传统有机染料的优点．     

基于氮杂氟硼二吡咯染料的柱相液晶

近年来Aza-BODIPY染料因其优异的光学性质备受关注。利用"click"反应合成了包含三氮唑及3，4，5-三（十二烷基）苯甲酰胺单元的Aza-BODIPY染料1，并通过¹H NMR、¹³C NMR和MS等方法表征了其化学结构。Aza-BODIPY染料1在偏光显微镜下呈现典型的扇形织构。差示扫描量热法（DSC）研究中观察到了此材料的固相-液晶相以及液晶相-液相的相转变。进一步利用小角X射线衍射（SAXD）研究了液晶相的结构，结果表明Aza-BODIPY染料1形成了六方柱状液晶相（Col_hd）。据我们所知，这是首例基于Aza-BODIPY染料的柱相液晶材料。     

Styryl dyes – synthesis and applications during the last 15 years

One of the most widely used and important groups of functional dyes are the styryl dyes and a review of this functional dye class has not been published for more than 15 years. In this review article, we describe the new trends in the synthesis of a range of novel intermediates and styryl dyes and include the most interesting examples of their high‐tech applications. However, this review is not intended to be comprehensive because of the large number of styryl dye studies that have been carried out in this time. Styryl cyanine dyes are widely used in optical recording media in laser discs, as flexible dyes, laser dyes, as optical sensitisers and in various other fields, for example dye‐sensitised solar cells and dyes with non‐linear optical properties. Additionally, the most important applications for these dyes are in bio‐labelling and in medicinal analysis.     

Liposomes of phosphatidylcholine: a biological natural surfactant as a dispersing agent

Disperse dyes are very hydrophobic molecules that in their commercial form are usually milled in the presence of large amounts of dispersing agents (synthetic surfactants). Other dispersing agents are added as auxiliaries during the dyeing process. These synthetic surfactants were substituted for liposomes prepared with phosphatidylcholine, a well-known biological surfactant of natural origin which is environmentally friendly, and liposomes were studied as a dispersing agent in polyester dyeing.
The physicochemical behaviour of dye dispersion was analysed by two experimental measurements: the aggregation process of dye particles by filtration of dispersion and the determination of the turbidity ratio. The results obtained show the usefulness of liposomes as a dispersing auxiliary in a dyeing process, avoiding aggregation of dye molecules at high temperatures. Moreover, polyester dyeing shows similar final exhaustions, approximately 90%, at different kinetics, when liposomes are used.     

Silica cross-linked nanoparticles encapsulating fluorescent conjugated dyes for energy transfer-based white light emission and porphyrin sensing

This work demonstrated that water-soluble fluorescent hybrid materials can be successfully synthesized by use of silica cross-linked micellar nanoparticles (SCMNPs) as scaffolds to encapsulate fluorescent conjugated dyes for pH sensing, porphyrin sensing and tunable colour emission. Three dyes were separately encapsulated inside SCMNPs (short to dye-SCMNPs). Each of the dye-SCMNPs indicated longer lifetime in water than that of free dye dissolved in organic solvent. The 7-(hexadecyloxy) coumarin-3-ethylformate (HCE) encapsulated inside SCMNPs (HCE-SCMNPs) exhibited fluorescence quenching by pH change in aqueous media. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the radiative and nonradiative energy transfer processes both occurred between HCE-SCMNPs and tetraphenyl-porphyrin (TPP), which were used to synthesize the water-soluble TPP sensor. Significantly, HCE-SCMNPs doped with 5,12-dicotyl-quinacridone (8CQA) and TPP showed water-soluble white light emission (CIE (0.29, 0.34)) upon singlet excitation of 376 nm due to colour adjustment of 8CQA and energy transfer from HCE (donor) to TPP (acceptor).     

Structure and hydrophilicity of azo‐dye‐derived rotaxane: density functional theory approach

We investigated the most probable molecular structure, energy, and corresponding properties, including the solvation energy and binding free energy in solution, for non‐encapsulated azo dyes using quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT). The structures of non‐encapsulated azo dyes with six conformations were optimised to find the most stable conformation with the lowest energy, but the energy differences among the conformations were within ~2.2 kcal mol^?1. The LUMO–HOMO gaps were also similar, meaning that their interaction with light would be similar. The energies of alpha‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) encircling the phenyl ring fragments were significantly higher than other conformations, because α‐CD tends preferably to encircle azo fragments to create a thermodynamically stable form. From solvation free energy calculations, the hydrophobic non‐encapsulated azo dye and hydrophilic α‐CD showed reasonable values for solvation free energy with respect to dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and water: the former has more solvation in DMSO, while the latter has more solvation in water. Rotaxane formation is thermodynamically feasible in water (?3.06 kcal mol^?1) but not in DMSO (25.56 kcal mol^?1) according to calculation of binding free energy in solution state.     

Synthesis of yellow pyridonylazo colorants and their application in dye–pigment hybrid colour filters for liquid crystal display

Nine yellow azo dyes were designed and synthesised by using different diazo components and pyridonyl coupling components for application in dye–pigment hybrid colour filters for liquid crystal displays. The synthesised dyes were characterised by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. The thermal stability was examined by thermogravimetric analysis, and solubility was estimated in industrial solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and propylene glycol methyl ether acetate. The dyes, which exhibited suitable physical properties for use in a dye–pigment hybrid colour filter, were fabricated into colour filters, and their optical properties were measured.     

Fluorescence based temperature measurements and applications to real‐time polymer processing

We have used temperature sensitive fluorescent dyes, doped into polymer resins, to monitor the true resin temperature during extrusion processing. Two types of temperature sensitive fluorescent dyes were used: mobility dyes and fluorescence band definition dyes. When mixed with the resin at dopant concentrations, the fluorescent dye resides in a molecular neighborhood composed of resin molecules. Under these circumstances, its fluorescence spectrum reflects the resin temperature in its neighborhood. We apply this measurement concept to extrusion processing by using an optical sensor that accesses the machine at standard instrumentation ports. We show that, under processing conditions, the true resin temperature is significantly different from The machine temperature. Two examples of real‐time process monitoring arc presented: first, the effects of shear heating during extrusion were measured, and second, the effects of poor temperature control during extrusion were observed. The effects due to pressure on the fluorescence temperature measurements are examined. The fluorescence temperature measurements are compared to melt temperature thermocouple measurements.     

1,8‐Naphthalimide Derivative Dyes with Large Stokes Shifts for Targeting Live‐Cell Mitochondria

An ideal fluorescent dye for staining cell organelles should have multiple properties including specificity, stability, biocompatibility, and a large Stokes shift. Tunable photophysical properties enable 1,8‐naphthalimide to serve as an excellent fluorophore in biomedical applications. Many naphthalimide derivatives have been developed into drugs, sensors, and other dyes. In this study, a series of 1,8‐naphthalimide derivatives targeting live cell mitochondria were synthesized. Among these probes, Mt‐4 was characterized as the best one, with highly specific mitochondrial localization, low cytotoxicity, and a large Stokes shift. More importantly, Mt‐4 stood out as a potential mitochondrial dye for living‐cell experiments involving induced mitochondrial stress arising from the treatments because Mt‐4 shows enhanced fluorescence in mitochondrial stress situations.     

Optical fiber chemical sensors utilizing dye-doped silicone polymer claddings

Transparent dimethyl siloxane network polymers with refractive indices near 1.40 may be applied to fused silica fibers (n = 1.458) as they are drawn to produce plastic-clad silica (PCS) optical fibers. The evanescent tail of the light energy propagating in the core of such fibers extends into the silicone cladding, where it interacts with chemical species present in the polymer. If the silicone is doped with a dye, the absorption spectrum or fluorescence spectrum of the dye is reflected in the transmission spectrum of the fiber. Further, if the dye changes its absorption spectrum or fluorescence spectrum as a result of diffusion of a chemical species into the silicone, the change is detectable in the fiber output. The polymer material properties which determine the performance of these sensors are described, along with examples of sensors for ammonia and oxygen which utilize either color changing or fluorescent dyes.     

Dual drug release from CO2‐infused nanofibers via hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions

This study investigated the effects of hydrophobic–hydrophilic interactions on dual drug release from CO₂‐infused nanofibers scaffolds (PCL, PCL–gelatin, and PCL “core” PCL–gelatin “shell”) using BODIPY 493/503 and Rhodamine B fluorescent dyes as drug models. Favorable dye–scaffold interactions increased total dye loading and promoted steady, more linear release. Unfavorable dye–scaffold interactions reduced overall loading and led to a greater burst release of dye. However, when CO₂ was used to infuse dye into an unfavorable scaffold, the changes in loading and release were less pronounced. When two dyes were infused, these behaviors were accentuated due to interactions between the dissolved forms of the dyes. Core–shell composite nanofibers displayed radically different release properties versus pure PCL–gelatin fibers when treated with dyes via CO₂ infusion. Dye release from core–shell scaffolds was highly sensitive to both interactions with scaffolds and the phase of CO₂ used to infuse the compounds of interest. By using different phases of CO₂ to partition dyes into hydrophobic and hydrophilic sections of core–shell nanofibers, such interactions can be manipulated to develop a bimodal drug release system with potential application in drug delivery or tissue engineering. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42571.     

Liposome-protoplast interactions

A large number of different biological compounds can be encapsulated in liposomes and then delivered into the cytoplasm of cells by fusing these lipid vesicles with protoplasts. The essential properties of protoplasts and liposomes are briefly described. Examples of two liposome-protoplast interactions, involving the delivery of intermediates of antibiotic biosynthesis into fungi and DNA into Streptomyces are discussed. References are made to other experiments suggesting that liposomes may be useful in many areas of biotechnology.