星载全极化微波辐射计海面风向反演仿真研究

全极化微波辐射计是一种可以测量海面辐射全部4个Stokes参数的新型被动遥感仪器,是测量海面风场、尤其是海面风向的新手段。介绍了国际首台全极化微波辐射计WindSat的海面风向信号谐波特征,在分析风向反演180°模糊度现象的成因基础之上,提出了利用WindSat能够进行前-后向双视扫描的优势去除风向反演180°模糊度问题的思路;通过构建海面风场仿真场景,在WindSat模拟亮温数据中加入高斯白噪声后,使用最大似然估计法和中值滤波技术开展了海面风向反演。比较和分析了使用WindSat前向刈幅和WindSat前-后向刈幅观测数据的风向反演结果。结果表明:由于能够有效去除风向反演180°模糊度,使用前-后向刈幅观测数据的风向反演精度要明显优于仅仅使用前向刈幅的反演结果。     

全极化微波信号海面风场反演技术现状与发展趋势

全极化微波辐射计是一种新型的被动微波遥感仪器,可以测量海面辐射的全部4个Stokes参数,提供了测量海面风场的一种新方法。首先介绍了国内外先进微波辐射计的技术特点及其海洋遥感应用情况,然后描述了海面微波发射信号的变化机理,以及海面全极化信号的风向谐波特征及其反演海面风场的优势,归纳了全极化微波信号海面风场反演的总体技术思路和产品精度,最后分析了全极化微波辐射计风场反演的关键技术和难点,并对该项技术的发展进行了展望。     

全极化微波辐射计扫描目标成像方法研究

微波辐射计是被动遥感仪器,对人体无害,这使其对人体辐射信息成像具有很大的优势。全极化微波辐射计可以通过测量目标的4个Stokes参数得到目标的全部极化信息,这对人体亮度温度分布的测量和分析是一种有效的补充,使全极化辐射计在医学方面的应用成为可能。基于上位机软件控制的二维扫描平台,设计出一套软件控制与成像方法,控制全极化辐射计对目标进行平面扫描,得到目标的辐射亮温图像。使用37GHz的全极化辐射计进行在近场条件下的人体扫描成像实验,得到了T_v、T_h、T_3、T_44个通道的人体量温图像,验证了全极化微波辐射计扫描人体成像方案的可行性。     

一种适用于WindSat的地理定位方法

星载全极化微波辐射计WindSat为海面风场的被动微波遥感提供了有效的手段。WindSat亮温需要经过地理定位才能形成包含目标位置信息的有效物理量。地理定位是辐射计数据预处理的重要环节。针对WindSat圆锥扫描方式,将Patt94定位算法进行修改,应用于WindSat地理定位中。详述了定位的计算过程,给出了定位结果,讨论了误差分析方法。通过模拟WindSat轨道,对可能的定位误差来源展开分析,着重分析了辐射计姿态误差、扫描方位误差对定位的影响。最后,就辐射计姿态校正进行了讨论。     

基于FY-3B微波成像仪的海面风速反演

风云三号B星微波成像仪的10.65、18.7、23.8和36.5 GHz频点对海表面粗糙度和介电特性比较敏感,能够用于海面地球物理参数的反演。为获得一种适用于全球大部分海域的海面风速反演算法,利用快速辐射传输模式和再分析大气廓线库模拟微波成像仪海面微波辐射特性,在此基础上建立了半经验反演算式,并利用浮标现场测量数据及WindSat全极化辐射计风速产品对半经验算法和经验算法分别进行了验证和对比。另外,通过分析风向对风速反演的影响,借助AT BV-TBH模型,尝试利用查找表算法对风向造成的晴空区域风速反演偏差进行初步校正。校正风向误差后,反演风速与浮标风速的均方根误差为0.9775 m/s。     

X波段全极化微波辐射计的计算机仿真

全极化微波辐射计是未来星载遥感海面风场的重要微波遥感仪器,可为短期天气预报、气候学和海洋学研究提供重要的有价值信息,利用软件平台对全极化辐射计进行计算机仿真对于系统设计和全极化定标技术仿真验证具有重要的意义。对X波段相关型全极化微波辐射计进行了计算机仿真,基于ADS软件平台建立了相关型全极化微波辐射计系统仿真模型,对仿真模型有效性进行了验证,并在仿真模型基础上对全极化定标技术进行了仿真验证。结果表明仿真模型准确有效,可为系统设计和全极化定标仿真验证提供参考。     

23.8GHz数字相关型全极化微波辐射计的定标及其影响分析

为实现全极化微波辐射计对海面风场的高精度测量,不但需要特殊的全极化定标基准,同时需要高稳定性的接收机系统。恒温控制是提高系统稳定性简单有效的途径之一。基于23.8GHz的数字相关型全极化微波辐射计,考虑温度对于定标的影响,采用特殊的温控方案,设计出一套恒温控制系统,使辐射计工作在一种稳定的状态下。实验结果表明:通过恒温控制可以使辐射计工作维持在一种稳定的状态,从而可以简化定标过程,延长定标周期,同时保证定标精度的要求。     

相关型全极化辐射计研究

全极化微波辐射计对海洋风场的测量和研究具有重要意义。全极化微波辐射计通过测量目标的Stokes矢量来得到目标的全部极化信息,这对传统的海洋风场测量是一种有效的补充。全极化辐射计主要包括组合型和直接相关型两种类型,通过着重介绍直接相关型极化辐射计,给出了相关型辐射计的系统框图并从原理上对其进行了分析。任何微波测量都离不开定标,对全极化微波辐射计的定标原理和硬件实现技术也作了详细介绍。     

全极化微波辐射计与传统微波辐射计星上定标方法比较分析

高精度星上定标是辐射计测量数据稳定可靠的关键。概述了传统微波辐射计两点定标方案和全极化微波辐射计星上定标的特点,对已提出的3种全极化定标方案应用于星上定标的可行性展开初步分析,并针对传统辐射计和全极化辐射计星上定标方案的差异,从定标方程、定标误差和定标精度3方面进行了对比分析。
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一种一维综合孔径微波辐射计的定标方法

综合孔径微波辐射计是被动微波遥感发展的新方向。综合孔径技术利用了以小口径天线阵列合成大的观测口径的技术，解决了在较低频率时天线物理口径要足够大才能得到期望的空间分辨率的严重缺陷。土壤湿度和海水盐度是影响全球气候和水气循环的重要因素。这些参数一般是在L波段范围观测得到，综合孔径辐射计就是减少天线孔径和重量，并最终可以观测反演出这两个参数的一项新兴技术。综合孔径辐射计不同于全功率辐射计，它测量的是视场亮温分布对于天线阵中不同基线长度的可视度函数分量。它的系统主体是稀疏天线阵和多通道相关接收机。在实际应用中，要得到土壤湿度等参数的反演，较高的系统亮温分辨率以及亮温与测量量之间的准确对应是至关重要的，这即是定标工作要完成的任务。定标直接影响微波辐射图解译和判读的准确度，是实现定量化微波遥感的前提。针对一雏综合孔径辐射计系统，给出了一种定标方案。其中分析了天线阵以及多通道相关接收机部分的定标，由得到的矩阵形式的空间频率响应信息推出了亮温图像的反演公式。     

Use of an optimum interpolation method to construct a high-resolution global ocean surface vector wind dataset from active scatterometers and passive radiometers

This study presents a new 0.25° gridded 6-hourly global ocean surface wind vector dataset from 2000 to 2015 produced by blending satellite wind retrievals from five active scatterometers (QuikSCAT, ASCAT-A, ASCAT-B, OSCAT, and HY-2A), nine passive radiometers (four SSM/I sensors, two SSMIS sensors, TMI, AMSR-E, and AMSR2) and one polarimetric radiometer (WindSat) with reanalysis from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) employing an optimum interpolation method (OIM). The accuracy of this wind product is determined through various comparisons with buoy measurements, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and the cross-calibrated multi-platform (CCMP) winds. The comparisons indicate that OIM winds agree well with buoys, showing a root-mean-squared difference of 1.32 m s^?1 for wind speed and 24.73° for wind direction over 0–30 m s^?1 wind speed range. And the quality of OIM winds is improved significantly relative to NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and can be comparable with CCMP winds. Furthermore, OIM winds can reveal abundant small-scale features that are not visible in reanalysis data. In addition, the wind speed and direction retrievals of most satellites are proved to play an important role in generating the high-quality product, but the procedure for including HY-2A winds and WindSat wind directions should be further explored.     

Russian scatterometer: discussion of the concept and the numerical simulation of wind field retrieval

Orbital scatterometry is briefly overviewed and its trends are indicated. Two scatterometer concepts are currently considered for trade-offs: with fixed and rotating antenna systems. The concept with a rotating antenna system was selected and SeaWinds was chosen as the prototype for the first Russian scatterometer. The scatterometer concept was then further developed and instead of two pencil beams, a fan-beam antenna was proposed (about 1° × 6°). The fan-beam antenna allows successive measurements for horizontal and vertical polarization in each wind vector cell (WVC). This increases the number of observations of the WVC at different incidence and azimuth angles during flight. The scatterometer parameters required to implement the proposed measurement geometry for an orbit altitude of 650 km and a swath width of 1525 km are discussed. A numerical scatterometer model that accounts for both the specifications and the observation geometry is developed. The scatterometer performance, with subsequent formation of a swath and splitting into WVCs, is simulated. The procedure of wind vector retrieval includes two stages: 1) determining wind speed and wind direction in a single WVC; and 2) using the information from adjacent WVCs to correct wind direction. It is shown that the accuracy of wind direction retrieval by a WVC can be increased by simultaneous radar cross-section (RCS) measurements at vertical and horizontal polarization. The basic error in determining wind direction is due to a 180° wind direction ambiguity caused by the form of RCS azimuth dependence. Two-dimensional median filtering is commonly employed in scatterometry to increase the accuracy of wind direction retrieval. In this study, two-dimensional angular median filtering was employed and it is shown that the error in wind direction retrieval significantly decreased. The results of the research indicate that wind field can be retrieved by the new scatterometer with the level of precision required.     

The effect of orbit drift on the calibration of the 3.7 µm channel of the AVHRR onboard NOAA-14 and its impact on night-time sea surface temperature retrievals

The orbit drift of National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-14 towards the terminator has caused the deterioration of the radiometric calibration of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 3.7?µm channel at night. This deterioration is a result of solar contamination of the radiometric calibration system when the sun strikes the instrument from the spacecraft horizon. The long-term trend and seasonal variation of the contamination are analysed in this study based on trending data from 1995 to 2000. The calibration bias is evaluated and its effect on the sea surface temperature retrievals is quantified. The solar contamination in late 2000 affected as much as 25% of an orbit of data, compared to an average of 7% in 1995. The NOAA/NESDIS operational calibration algorithm partially corrects for the bias but residual effects can still contribute bias on the order of 0.5?K in scene brightness temperature.     

In-flight calibration of the Modular Optoelectronic Scanner (MOS)

Since March 1996 the Modular Optoelectronic Scanner (MOS) of the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) has provided spectral radiance data of the atmosphere-surface system in 18 spectral channels and up to 420 pixels in a 200 km swath from a 817 km sun synchronous polar orbit. The MOS consists of two imaging spectrometers, MOS-A (four channels with a halfwidth Delta lambda 1.4 nm in the O2 A absorption band) and MOS-B (13 channels between 400 and 1010 nm with Delta lambda 10 nm), and a camera, MOS-C, at 1.6 mu m. Beside the onground laboratory calibration as the basis for calculation of the spectral radiance data, a mission of such long duration requires a periodic recalibration or at least a stability check of instrument properties in orbit to support the reliability of the remote data. In this paper the two in-flight calibration methods will be described and their capabilities will be demonstrated on the basis of the real data during MOS's first year in orbit: the relative checking of the instrument parameters with internal lamps and the absolute calibration with the extraterrestrial sun radiation.