高速双体客船船行波特性现场观测

应用珠江三角洲部分航道中高速双体客船船行波现场观测资料，分析船行波波态和特性。并与普通客船船行波比较，分析船行波对岸坡的影响。     

高速双体客船船行波特性现场观测

应用珠江三角洲部分航道中高速双体客船舶行波现场观测资料，分析船行波态和特性。并与普通客船船行波比较，分析船行波对岸坡的影响。     

三孤立波的斜坡爬高特征

该文采用推板式造波机和改进的Goring造波方法在波浪水槽中生成了由三个等波高孤立波组成的波列,首先在坡度为1/10的斜坡上进行了多个孤立波连续爬高的实验研究。实验测量了等波高双孤立波和三孤立波在等水深波浪水槽中传播和在斜坡上的爬高过程,给出了沿程多点浪高仪测量的波面时间序列和高速摄像记录的水线在斜坡上爬高与回落过程影像。分析了来波相对波高和无量纲波峰间距对每个孤立波爬高放大系数的影响。在基于RANS方程和VOF方法的数值波浪水槽中,模拟了三孤立波爬高过程,给出了最大爬高与破碎特征。实验和数值模拟结果表明,孤立波在斜坡上回落时会产生强劲的回流水流,该反向流动导致后随孤立波破碎,消耗波动能量,使得后随孤立波的爬高放大系数明显小于没有回落水流影响的首个孤立波的爬高放大系数。当孤立的波峰间较大时,若来波相对波高较小,后两个的孤立波爬高基本相同;若来波相对波高较大时,第三个孤立波的爬高大于第二个孤立波的爬高。     

限制性航道中船行波传播特性的数值研究

基于完全非线性Boussinesq方程的开源程序包FUNWAVE-TVD建立了限制性航道中船行波运动的数值模型,重点分析了船舶在该类型航道中诱导生成的最大船首孤立波波高、最大船尾波波高以及最大近岸横向流速的时空分布规律。结果表明：模型能较好地捕捉船行波在限制性航道中的演化过程;根据回归分析得到了最大船首孤立波波高η_max与船舶吃水p、弗汝德数F_r的幂函数型经验关系;最大船尾波波高η_max及最大近岸横向流速u_ymax随船舶吃水p和弗汝德数F_r的不同呈分段式变化规律。研究结果可为限制性内河单线航道的设计以及通航要求提供参考。     

三峡库区典型河段近岸波浪特征研究——以巫山大宁河为例

在三峡库区支流大宁河流域大昌镇河段开展近岸波浪的野外观测,利用高清数码相机和标尺观测了库区水位160 m时风浪、船行波的近岸波高。采用Minitab软件对1 000多组波高实测数据进行参数检验、Weibull分布拟合以及拟合优度检验,分析了近岸波浪的空间、频率特征。结果表明:由风力造成的波浪高度在0～5 cm范围内变动,且分布较均匀;船行波的高度在1～12 cm范围内变动;4组不同库岸的实测有效波高均与Weibull分布拟合较好。近岸船行波的波高集中在6～10 cm,占90%;近岸风浪波高集中在2～4 cm,占85%。该结果对三峡库区消落带的岸坡波浪侵蚀分析提供有效支撑。     

船行波对通航隧道断面尺寸影响的数值模拟分析

为探讨船行波对通航隧道断面尺寸的影响,基于完全非线性Boussinesq方程的开源程序包FUNWAVE-TVD建立了通航隧道内船行波传播的数值模型,重点分析了通航隧道内最大船行波波高及横向流速的时空分布规律,探讨了船舶吃水深度、弗劳德数、通航隧道水深和宽度以及船型对通航隧道内最大船行波波高和横向流速的影响;基于船行波波高历时分析,提出了计算通航隧道垂向断面高度的经验公式,并结合船行波破碎生成的横向流速和现行内河通航标准,给出了通航隧道内安全航行的水流条件及隧道横向断面尺寸的设计建议。结果表明:受隧道两侧直立壁反射影响,船尾波易受通航隧道岸壁影响叠加形成较大波高,越靠近隧道岸壁位置,最大横向流速越小;当船舶达到设计吃水深度时,产生的船行波不易破碎,最大横向流速较小。     

斜坡非淹没刚性植被影响下孤立波爬高的研究

该文通过物理模型实验和数值模拟研究了孤立波与斜坡上非淹没刚性植被的相互作用。物理模型实验在波浪水槽中进行,运用CCD高速相机测量了斜坡上波浪的爬高,分析了入射波波高和植被密度对爬高的影响,结果表明爬高与入射波高的比值近似为常数,其值取决于植被的密度。采用Boussinesq方程成功地模拟了波浪在斜坡上的传播变形及爬高过程:植被的阻水作用通过添加拖曳力项来实现,底床摩擦阻力系数通过模拟孤立波在无植被影响斜坡上的爬高确定,根据实验数据校核数值模型得到不同入射波高下植被的拖曳力系数。研究发现孤立波作用下斜坡上植被的平均拖曳力系数与平底床恒定流的情况并无明显差异。     

岸坡水平排水孔的渗流场数值模拟

地下水作用是岸坡稳定性的重要影响因素,在航道岸坡整治工程中,岸坡排水设施必不可少。水平排水孔可以有效排出岸坡土体内部地下水,降低地下水水位。通过三维非稳定渗流数值模拟,分析了岸坡水平排水孔的排水效果。首先,对排水孔室内模型试验进行了数值模拟,结果表明数值模拟结果与试验结果较为一致,坡体中地下水向水平排水孔汇集并排出坡体;之后,对典型岸坡渗流场进行了数值模拟,其结果表明,水平排水孔的排水效果较为明显,可以加深对于渗流场的控制范围,孔深越大,排水效果越好。研究成果可为水平排水孔在航道整治工程的应用提供参考。     

岸坡生态治理稳定性影响因素分析

为探究不同因素对内河河道岸坡生态治理技术稳定性影响情况,以实际工程为例,采用有限元分析法,对不同水位、渗流、水位陡降、降雨以及船行波单因素和组合因素下的稳定性进行生态治理前后的对比分析。结果表明:水位陡降对岸坡生态治理的稳定性影响最大,其次是降雨和渗流,对稳定性影响最小的因素为船行波。研究结果对于河道工程岸坡的生态治理具有一定的借鉴意义。     

浅水航道船行波数值模拟研究

浅水航道船行波对于内河航运安全与航道维护存在诸多负面影响,近年来受到越来越多的关注。该文以水面扰动压强区域表达船舶航行影响,在浅水波传播的Boussinesq方程中引入压力梯度项,并据此改写开源程序COULWAVE代码以实现浅水航道船行波的数值模拟。通过对二维槽道和三维槽道等多个案例的模拟研究,再现了浅水航道孤立波现象,得到了船体前后船行波波态的完整信息,通过了模型试验结果的严格验证。研究结果证明了文中所采用浅水航道船行波模拟方法的应用有效性。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SOLITARY WAVE RUN-UP AND OVER-TOPPING USING BOUSSINESQ-TYPE MODEL

In this article,the use of a high-order Boussinesq-type model and sets of laboratory experiments in a large scale flume of breaking solitary waves climbing up slopes with two inclinations are presented to study the shoreline behavior of breaking and non-breaking solitary waves on plane slopes.The scale effect on run-up height is briefly discussed.The model simulation capability is well validated against the available laboratory data and present experiments.Then,serial numerical tests are conducted to study the shoreline motion correlated with the effects of beach slope and wave nonlinearity for breaking and non-breaking waves.The empirical formula proposed by Hsiao et al.for predicting the maximum run-up height of a breaking solitary wave on plane slopes with a wide range of slope inclinations is confirmed to be cautious.Furthermore,solitary waves impacting and overtopping an impermeable sloping seawall at various water depths are investigated.Laboratory data of run-up height,shoreline motion,free surface elevation and overtopping discharge are presented.Comparisons of run-up,run-down,shoreline trajectory and wave overtopping discharge are made.A fairly good agreement is seen between numerical results and experimental data.It elucidates that the present depth-integrated model can be used as an efficient tool for predicting a wide spectrum of coastal problems.     

Run-up of non-breaking double solitary waves with equal wave heights on a plane beach

The evolution and run-up of double solitary waves on a plane beach were studied numerically using the nonlinear shallow water equations(NSWEs) and the Godunov scheme. The numerical model was validated through comparing the present numerical results with analytical solutions and laboratory measurements available for propagation and run-up of single solitary wave. Two successive solitary waves with equal wave heights and variable separation distance of two crests were used as the incoming wave on the open boundary at the toe of a slope beach. The run-ups of the first wave and the second wave with different separation distances were investigated. It is found that the run-up of the first wave does not change with the separation distance and the run-up of the second wave is affected slightly by the separation distance when the separation distance is gradually shortening. The ratio of the maximum run-up of the second wave to one of the first wave is related to the separation distance as well as wave height and slope. The run-ups of double solitary waves were compared with the linearly superposed results of two individual solitary-wave run-ups. The comparison reveals that linear superposition gives reasonable prediction when the separation distance is large, but it may overestimate the actual run-up when two waves are close.     

AN EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF A SOLITARY WAVE IMPINGE-MENT,RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING ON A SEAWALL

A sequence of laboratory experiments using solitary waves was performed to model the effect of leading form of three types of tsunamis(a bore,an impinging wave and an overtopping wave)on a seawall on a sloping beach.The wave evolution process,impinging pressure along the seawall surface,total overtopping discharge behind the seawall and the maximum run-up height on the rear slope were measured and compared.Laboratory data were employed to re-examine relevant empirical formulae in the literature.The effect of the presence of the seawall in reducing maximum run-up height using the present setup was briefly discussed.The present data can be used for calibrating numerical and mathematical models.     

非淹没刚性植被影响下孤立波在岸滩上的爬高

为探究海岸刚性植被对海啸波的削弱效应,通过物理模型试验和数值模拟研究了孤立波与不同坡度岸滩上非淹没刚性植被的相互作用问题。物理模型试验在波浪槽中进行,测试了不同的入射波波高、植被密度和岸滩坡度对孤立波爬高的影响,并运用物理模型试验数据校核改进后的Boussinesq方程,得到植被的拖曳力系数。结果表明:拖曳力系数随植被密度的增大而增大,随坡度增大而减小;植被后的无量纲透射波高和无量纲岸滩爬高随着无量纲的入射波高的增大而减小,随着植被密度的增大而减小;当岸滩坡度增大时,无量纲透射波高增大而无量纲爬高并无显著差异。最后根据回归分析得出了岸滩爬高与相对入射波高、植被密度和岸滩坡度的幂函数型经验关系式。     

River bank protection from ship-induced waves and river flow

A new equation is proposed for the design of armor units on protected river banks under the combined action of ship-induced waves and river flow.Existing observed field and experimental data in the literature have been examined and a valuable database has been developed.Different conditions,including the river water depth,flow velocity,river bank slope,Froude number,wave height,wave period,and wave obliquity have been considered.Results from an empirical equation(Bhowmik,1978)that only considers the maximum wave height and river bank slope have been compared with the results calculated by the newly developed equation.Calculated results have also been verified against field data.Results show that not only the maximum wave height and river bank slope but also the water depth,flow velocity,wave length,wave obliquity,and wave period are important parameters for predicting the mean diameter of the armor units,highlighting the multivariate behavior of protecting the river bank in the presence of ship-induced waves and river flow velocity.     

Ship waves in rivers: Environmental criteria and analysis methods for measurements

A literature review shows that the most important physical quantities determining environmental impact of ship waves in a waterway are the fluid velocities, maximum and minimum water levels, and size of drawdown events. Fluid velocity can vary strongly in the vertical so that the usual measurements at a single point are not enough unless made near where the effects are most important, often the bed. Customary use of wave height as a measure of impact has been misleading, because the all-important fluid velocity is of a scale given by wave height divided by wave period. A good and simple estimate of the surface velocity as a disturbance scale is shown to be given by the time derivative of the free surface height. The most important role of linear wave theory is to explain and understand the physics and measurement procedures, such as done here in several places. Its use for obtaining numerical results is criticised. Instead, three integral measures of impact are proposed, all of which use surface elevation measurements and which require no essential mathematical approximations or wave-by-wave analysis. The methods are applied to a study of ship waves on the Danube River. A number of results are presented, including examination of the effects of measurement frequency. After a ship passage, due to repeated shoreline reflections of the wake waves, the river is brought into a long-lasting state of short-crested disturbances, with finite fluid velocities. The environmental consequences of this might be important. After the primary and secondary ship waves it could be called the tertiary wave system.     

非淹没双直立圆柱系统波浪爬升的数值模拟

波浪爬升是近海构筑物和海洋平台结构设计中的重要参数。全面掌握波浪的爬升特性有利于结构的安全保证和优化。采用有限元方法建立了求解Berkhoff缓坡方程的数值模型，并计算了非淹没单个直立圆柱周围的波高分布，计算结果与解析解吻合很好。以非淹没双直立圆柱为研究对象，探讨了圆柱间距对波浪爬升的影响。结果表明:上游圆柱周围的波高分布曲线波动较大，但最大相对波高和最小相对波高的发生位置基本与单个圆柱的情况相同；当圆柱间距为1/4波长的奇数倍时，最小相对波高明显减小，圆柱肩部出现第二峰值；而当圆柱间距为1/4波长的偶数倍时，最小相对波高则明显增加，圆柱肩部出现第二谷值。下游圆柱周围的波高分布曲线与单个圆柱的情况相似，但波高相对较小。     

水库滑坡涌浪爬坡特征试验研究

由滑坡引起的涌浪灾害不仅严重威胁航运安全,还会冲毁码头、大坝等水工建筑物并造成沿岸居民生命财产的损失。采用物理模型试验的方法对散粒体滑坡涌浪的爬坡特性开展了研究。试验结果表明：影响涌浪爬坡高度的主要因素有滑坡入水速度、滑坡体规模、滑动面倾角、水深、传播距离和爬坡角度等;当涌浪远场传播形态类似椭圆余弦波或孤立波时,涌浪爬坡高度较高,岸坡处水流紊动剧烈,涌浪对岸坡的破坏能力也最强。根据试验结果还建立了近岸坡处涌浪最大波幅计算模型,并结合经典波浪爬坡经验公式推导出了新滑坡涌浪爬坡高度计算公式。以长江新滩滑坡为例,验证了新涌浪爬坡高度计算公式的精度。研究结果能为实际工程中可能存在的滑坡涌浪爬坡灾害范围预测和涌浪避险方案制定等提供一定参考。     

Effects of turbulence models on numerical simulations of wave breaking and run-up on a mild slope beach

The performance of the standard k−ε model, the high-Reynolds-number k−ω model, the 1-equation k model, and the non-friction Euler model is examined against the case of wave run-up on a mild slope. A numerical model based on N-S equations and Volume Of Fluids (VOF) method is employed. Comparisons of elevation, velocity and shear stress are made among the four turbulence models against experimental data of wave run-up on a mild slope beach. It is found that before wave breaking on the slope, the outputs of the four different turbulence models agree reasonably well with each other. This suggests that during the run-up process the turbulence effect is negligible before wave breaking. Moreover, in the wave breaking zone, both the standard k−ε model and the high-Reynolds-number k−ω model predict the mean velocity field quite well, but generally under-predict the velocity and turbulent kinetic energy using wall functions on the solid slope surface.

     

滑坡涌浪影响下船舶航行限制范围试验研究

三峡库区滑坡时有发生,滑坡产生的涌浪对航道中的船舶航行安全构成巨大威胁。以万州沱口码头河段为原型,设计岩体滑坡涌浪物理模型试验。试验中测得不同工况下首浪高度和沿程涌浪高度,运用回归分析方法得到首浪高度和沿程涌浪衰减的经验计算式,并由此推算得出船舶航行限制范围的计算式。运用船舶模型试验的方法对船舶航行限制范围计算式进行了验证,同时对波流场中如何计算进行说明。船舶航行限制范围的确定可为船舶避险措施研究提供重要依据,对减少滑坡涌浪对船舶损坏及人员伤亡具有重要的现实意义。