Electric field and energy computation on wet insulating surfaces

The paper presents the results of electric field and energy computation on insulating surfaces covered by water in the form ranging from small discrete droplets to large wet patches. The goal of this study was to understand the differences in the flash-over performance of outdoor insulators, in particular nonceramic insulators, under contaminated conditions as a function of surface wettability. The computational algorithm is based on the charge simulation method. A decrease in the maximum electric field at the water droplet tip is obtained as the droplet size increases, however, the electrostatic potential energy increases with the size of the water droplet, which might increase the surface discharge intensity. The role of the coalescence of small water droplets into larger droplets and filaments on the electric field and energy has been investigated. The location of such larger water bodies with respect to the electrodes has been examined. These computations shed some light not only on the role of hydrophobic surfaces but also on the location of hydrophobic surfaces along the insulator on the flashover performance of outdoor insulators. It has been shown that these computations provide quantitative data that compliments information obtained from simpler techniques such as visual observation and surface resistance measurements, for the purpose of assessing the performance of insulators in service     

高压静电聚结破乳技术

为提高原油的电脱水效率,控制乳状液破乳程度,根据电破乳机理推导出液滴在交流电场中碰撞聚结及变形破裂的规律并分析了影响液滴运动特性的因素。研究中用设计的紧凑型静电聚结管道,对油包水乳化物施加50 Hz高压交流电,通过调节聚结管道电极板间所加电压及极板间乳化物流量qV观察液滴大小的变化规律,并计算乳化物通过聚结器前后的时间对液滴颗粒粒径的影响。结果表明,场强升高可增大液滴直径提高液滴聚结效果;但增大到一定程度时会发生电分散影响脱水效果,故应控制场强在一定范围内使得液滴聚结以提高脱水效率;同时液滴在电场中的停留时间也对聚结效果有明显的影响。     

憎水性表面水珠的电场计算及放电研究

用ANSYS有限元分析软件对不均匀电场(针-板电极)中憎水性表面分离水珠的电场进行了计算,比较了无水珠、单个水珠以及多个水珠存在时憎水性表面沿面电场分布的变化情况,计算出水珠存在引起固、液、气三重介质连接点处的畸变,且水珠的存在对强场区电场的畸变作用更显著。同时在实验室中进行了模拟试验,用10000帧/s的高速数字摄影仪对整个放电过程进行了全程捕捉。结果表明,人工布液方式下憎水性表面分离水珠的放电是存在明显熄灭重燃现象并由两端向中间发展并沿水珠顶部贯通的细小电弧连接所致。     

Production of oil/water type uniformly sized droplets using aconvergent AC electric field

The authors proposed a new method to produce uniformly sized insulating liquid droplets (such as kerosene or plastic monomer) in immiscible liquid media (distilled water) by means of an applied convergent electric field generated using AC or pulsed voltage. The disintegration mechanism of the liquid column was observed precisely using video images and still photographs. Kerosene droplets with an essentially uniform diameter ranging from 100 to 250 μm were produced synchronously with the applied AC frequency using a nozzle diameter of 100 μm. When the flow rate of the co-flowing liquid surrounding the oil-phase liquid jet was increased, the synchronous frequency became higher and the size of the resulting droplets was decreased due to the elongation of the liquid jet. The disintegration mechanism is most likely the forced oscillation of the liquid jet stimulated by each cycle change of the applied voltage. The droplet size can be widely controlled by varying the AC frequency, nozzle diameter, liquid flow rate and velocity ratio between the oil-phase and co-flowing water     

Breakup of large water droplets by electric fields

The results are presented of an experimental study of the processes that lead to the breakup of a large water droplet doped with alcohol to approach the density of oil and immersed in an oil dielectric medium to which a strong electric field is applied. The study, which was carried out by means of photography, showed that the deformation of the droplets prior to breakup involves distinct characteristic stages of importance to the induction charging and to the ultimate charge separation phenomena. The experimental results show the conditions and the phenomena that lead to the breakup of an initially uncharged water droplet when subjected to an electric field that is not perfectly uniform and in a gravity field     

Physical Aspects of Vapor-Mist Dielectrics

In earlier work it was shown that by acoustically cavitating a liquid dielectric, a dense mist (~2 x 105 droplet/cm3) of micron-size droplets could be formed which considerably increased the electrical strength of an insulating gas. The high electrical strength of these vapor-mist dielectrics results from a combination of the vapor from the droplets enhancing the gas strength and the droplets collecting electrons and ions. This latter effect helps prevent the formation of electron avalanches which precede breakdown. Within the vapor-mist dielectrics, complex mechanisms are involved, ranging from the enhanced vapor pressure at the droplet surface to surface tension effects and droplet charge which help prevent droplets from both freezing and evaporating. These aspects of vapor-mist dielectrics are examined and discussed in relation to the acoustic cavitation method used for generating the mist.     

Resonance phenomena of a single water droplet located on a hydrophobic sheet under AC electric field

Resonance vibration of a water droplet located on the surface of a hydrophobic sheet under an AC electric field was investigated experimentally. In order to confirm the effect of the surface property of hydrophobic materials on the resonance phenomena of a water droplet, three kinds of hydrophobic materials, silicone rubber (SR), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polydimethylsiloxane-grafted fluoropolymer (PGF) sheet were used. A single water droplet with a volume ranging from 3 to 30 /spl mu/L was placed between parallel electrodes, where a tangential electric field was formed along the surface of the hydrophobic sheet. A water droplet under the AC field vibrates strongly only at a particular frequency range. The resonance frequency, when the water droplet vibrates, decreases with increasing the volume of the water droplet. The resonance frequency on the SR sheet is lower than that on the PTFE and the PGF sheet. The resonance frequency and the magnitude of the deformation of the water droplet depend on the surface properties of the hydrophobic material.     

Emulsification and Demulsification Processes in Liquid–Liquid System by Electrostatic Atomization Technique

A new electrical emulsification and demulsification apparatus using an electrostatic atomization technique was developed, and the investigation of both processes in a liquid–liquid system was conducted. First, fine water droplets were generated in silicone oil using a nozzle electrode with ac high voltage, and then, a stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion was produced without surfactants. The mode of electrostatic atomization and the trajectory of the fine droplets' flow were observed. The diameter of fine droplets and their distributions were measured as a function of the applied voltage and its frequency. Experiments indicated that electrohydrodynamic (EHD) induced liquid flow with water droplets played an important role in the formation of the emulsion. Next, the demulsification of W/O emulsion was carried out by two injections of oppositely charged water droplets, using the method of electrostatic atomization. The test liquid, which was prepared by the electrostatic atomization technique, was maintained in a state of emulsion for a longer time if no electric field was applied. When the positive- and negative-charged droplets were injected into the test liquid, the emulsion, with a dull color, gradually became transparent as time elapsed. The aggregated droplets fell down due to gravity and the EHD flow effect, resulting in the separation of water and oil. It was found that two injections of oppositely charged water droplets were effective for resolving the emulsion.      

复合绝缘子憎水性表面水滴的电场特性分析

基于复合绝缘子的污闪理论,通过两种简化的硅橡胶平板模型,应用电场有限元计算软件ElecNet分别模拟了复合绝缘子护套表面和伞裙表面水滴的电场特性,着重研究比较了水滴的体积、接触角、形状等参数对水滴表面电场的影响,分析了两种模型中影响水滴表面电场强度的主要因素,并计算了复合绝缘子表面附着水滴时的电场,得出复合绝缘子伞裙上下表面以及护套表面附着的分离水滴使电场大大增强的结论。     

Harmonic spraying of conducting liquids employing AC-DC electricfields

This paper reports the results of the work carried out to investigate the breakup process of charged conducting liquid jet under the influence of an AC field superimposed onto a DC field. The main aim of this paper is to optimize the spraying parameters and to generate uniform droplets of highly conducting liquid in a controlled fashion by varying the strength and the frequency of the applied AC field. The electric field at the tip of a blunt needle facing a ground electrode was examined using a finite-element modeling technique. Three types of ground electrode configurations were investigated. A mathematical model for the electrostatic force on the leading edge of the droplet as a function of the liquid flowrate, the applied voltage, and distance between the capillary tip and the ground electrode has been developed. The breakup and droplet formation processes were investigated using a telemicroscopic lens and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The video data was processed using frame grabber software installed on a PC. The digital images were then analyzed utilizing image analysis software to give information on the breakup process and the size of droplets. A frequency range was identified where the formation of the droplets was synchronized with the applied AC field frequency. The effects of liquid flowrate on the synchronous bands were examined. The experimental results showed the dependency of the droplets size and the emission frequency on the applied AC frequency     

活化器中钙基吸着剂的增湿活化过程模拟

建立了一维活化器中吸着剂颗粒的活化效率预测模型。模型全面考察了水雾蒸发、减速、粒径分布以及液－液凝并等的影响。计算结果表明,液滴初始直径和初速度对颗粒活化效率有最大的影响,使用大粒径、窄分布和高初速度的雾化方式可强化增湿活化效果。通过对颗粒活化效率与实测脱硫效率的相关性分析,证实了活化颗粒的溶液反应是脱硫过程的主要机理     

Dielectric Liquid-in-Liquid Dispersion by Applying Pulsed Voltage

Liquid-in-liquid dispersion, such as organic liquid in water or water in organic liquid, has been performed using dc or ac voltage applied between nozzle and ground electrode. In the present study, pulsed high voltage was applied to produce droplets with controlled diameter in wide range. The high voltage pulse source was capacitor discharge type with 20 - 50 Hz and ranged from 0 to several kV. Water glass was atomized in alcohol solution into diameters ranging from several mum to sub-mm, depending on applied voltage. The atomized water glass droplets were solidified by removing water molecules from the water glass. Synchronized droplet formation with pulse frequency was possible by controlling pulse voltage, width and frequency, which produced uniform sized droplets successively. When the pulse voltage was raised, the droplet formation mode changed from the synchronized formation to dispersion mode through transient mode. In the dispersion mode, droplets of several mum diameter having high uniformity were produced. Utilization of high voltage and high-speed pulse to liquid-liquid dispersion could make it possible to atomize in a conductive liquid without electrolysis.     

Production of Nano-silica Particles in Liquid-liquid System by Pulsed Voltage Application

Electrostatic atomization in liquid-in-liquid media has been performed to produce fine droplets with narrow size distribution. The droplet diameter was controlled from mm to mum with applying dc voltage. When ac superimposed on dc voltage was applied, uniformly-sized droplets were produced. The high frequency pulsed voltage was effective to disperse liquid into nm-sized droplets. Water glass aqueous solution was dispersed in alcohol solution, and then they were solidified into solid particles by dehydration. The diameter of the dispersed particles was measured with a laser scattering particle analyzer. Particle diameter was depended on the applied pulse frequency and voltage, flow rate of the water glass, and water glass concentration. With increasing applied pulse frequency, the particle diameter and size distribution were decreased. Particles with 200 nm average diameter were produced at 1 kHz and 5.3 kV of applied pulse.     

碱回收锅炉脱硫喷枪的模拟研究

以碱回收锅炉的脱硫喷枪为对象,运用数值模拟的方法研究雾化粒径大小、喷射速度和雾化角度对脱硫效果的影响。结果表明:液滴初始雾化直径对蒸发完全时间和水蒸气分布均有较大影响,粒径为400μm的液滴蒸发完全所需时间是粒径100μm的3.96倍;喷射速度和雾化角度对蒸发完全时间和水蒸气分布的影响程度各有不同,但均远小于雾化粒径的影响。     

A basic study on the effect of voltage stress on a water droplet on a silicone rubber surface

Observations and analyses have been conducted on the behavior of water droplets deposited on the surface of polymer insulators. As an index to characterize the repellency of water droplets on the polymer surface, the contact angle was measured for different situations. Experiments were conducted to see the behavior of water droplets of different volumes and their size distribution on silicone rubber. Electric field strength calculation was performed to analyze the effect on water droplets. Finally, effects of the Maxwell stress and the Coulomb?s force were compared, to conclude that, even if there is some true charge on the water droplet, the Maxwell stress is predominant.     

A study of partial discharges from water droplets on a siliconerubber insulating surface

This paper presents measurements of partial discharge (PD) from water droplets on a silicone rubber insulating surface in an ac field. Tests are done by placing droplets on the surface using a micro-pipette, and by condensing water in a controlled humidity chamber. The field enhancement factor due to droplets placed on the insulation surface is experimentally and numerically determined. Values in the range of 3.8 to 6.3 are obtained depending on the size and number of droplets. The time resolved analysis of PD from water condensation indicates a threshold field, between 3.0 and 3.5 kV/cm, above which the PD activity increases with time, and brings the insulation to a surface breakdown. The corresponding field enhancement factor obtained for the condensation experiments is between 5.8 and 6.8. The results therefore suggest that the PD activity on the hydrophobic surface can be used effectively to learn about the insulation surface conditions     

雨天交流输电线路电晕放电判据

电磁环境是制约特高压输电线路结构设计与导线选型的关键因素,通过高速摄像机和放电脉冲的同步观测,研究了水滴下落、附着和离开导线时的放电特征;利用有限元软件分析了水滴和导线之间的电场分布;基于有效电离积分分析了水滴位置、大小、导线电压对水滴滴落放电的影响,提出了水滴滴落放电的起始判据。研究发现,雨滴与导线之间的间隙放电产生的放电电流脉冲远高于雨滴附着在导线表面时产生的电晕放电,是造成雨天交流线路电磁环境问题的主要原因;伴随水滴的滴落过程,有效电离积分经历了一个先升高后降低的过程;有效电离积分的极值随电压的升高而显著上升,随水滴半径的增加而小幅增加。     

Aerodynamic effect on charged droplet train ejected from a 26 /spl mu/m nozzle

The fundamental characteristics of motion of a droplet ejected from a nozzle with 26 /spl mu/m aperture have been carefully investigated. Droplets ejected are periodically charged and deflected by the deflection field. The behavior of charged and uncharged droplets in air is examined by a CCD camera, and from its images velocities and deflection distances are calculated. The results indicate that droplet train is decelerated linearly by the aerodynamic resistance, which is much smaller than the Stokes resistance for a single particle. It was found that there are two types of coalescence: one is due to Coulomb force between a charged and an uncharged droplet and the other is due to purely aerodynamic effect which is caused by the vacancy of the train. Deflected charge droplets showed complicated motion because of Coulomb and aerodynamic effects when they are proceeding in air. A factor to the Stokes resistance is shown to be between 0.5 and 0.6. Thus, the aerodynamic resistance for the train of droplets is much smaller than for the single particle.     

Atomization of superheated water: Results from experimental studies

Results from experimental studies of characteristics of atomization of water superheated relative to saturation temperature are presented. The data on disperse composition of a droplet flow are obtained depending on the temperature of water superheat. It is shown that, at a water temperature of 200–240°C, the distribution of droplets as to their size appears to be bimodal, with about 70% of droplets (by mass) having a diameter of not more than 5–6 μm.     

Characterization of an electrodynamic balance for suspendingcharged droplets

The electrical characteristics of an electrodynamic balance used for suspending charged droplets were determined by constructing a computer model based on the charge simulation technique. This device is traditionally constructed with hyperbolically shaped endcaps and ring electrodes since an analytical solution exists for the electric field in this geometry. Using the charge simulation technique, other electrode shapes (some with observation portals) were evaluated for their effectiveness in suspending and stabilizing droplets. In this stability study, the motion of a droplet within the electrodynamic balance was evaluated using a numerical solution of the equations of motion for a droplet in the calculated electrodynamic force field. Four shape attributes were considered: electrode curvature; chamber size and geometry; and electrode extension. Three end cap curvatures were examined: flat, hyperbolic, and more steeply curved. Two principal findings are: (1) viewing ports should be embedded within an axially symmetric groove, in which case they do not affect the function of the balance; and (2) the voltage needed to balance a particle against gravity is a strong function of the chamber geometry